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Results for “bit error rate (BER)”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Multi-rate OCDMA system BER performance evaluations for different ML-code sequences

This paper analyzes Bit Error Rate (BER) of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) networks for different class of services which are data, voice, and video; whereas Multi-Length Weighted Modified Prime Code (ML-WMPC) sequences are utilized as a spreading code in with respect to previously used ML-Optical Orthogonal codes. Due to variations in bit rates between the mentioned services, each of them assigns a different WMPC sequence length. In addition, the shot noise, thermal noise, and the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) are included and considered as sources of noise in the BER performance analysis. Furthermore, Pulse Position Modulation, Manchester encoding and MAI cancellation (MAIC) technique are utilized to improve the network performance at a higher number of active users. For analysis, the BER performance calculations are investigated for three types of OCDMA receivers such as simple receiver, receiver with MAIC technique, and receiver with MAIC and Manchester encoding. Moreover, the BER mathematical models have been introduced for different bit rates according to the type of service in the presence of the ML-WMPC and the last of three mentioned OCDMA receivers. Finally, these models and their results are compared with the other existing models, where the results show an improvement in BER performance in the proposed approach.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

New Total-Ionizing-Dose Resistant Data Storing Technique for NAND Flash Memory

This paper describes a new non-charge-based data storing technique in NAND flash memory called watermark that encodes read-only data in the form of physical properties of flash memory cells. Unlike traditional charge-based data storing method in flash memory, the proposed technique is resistant to total ionizing dose (TID) effects. To evaluate its resistance to irradiation effects, we analyze data stored in several commercial single-level-cell (SLC) flash memory chips from different vendors and technology nodes. These chips are irradiated using a Co-60 gamma-ray source array for up to 100 krad(Si) at Sandia National Laboratories. Experimental evaluation performed on a flash chip from Samsung shows that the intrinsic bit error rate (BER) of watermark increases from 0.8% for TID = 0 krad(Si) to 1% for TID = 100 krad(Si). Conversely, the BER of charge-based data stored on the same chip increases from 0% at TID = 0 krad(Si) to 1.5% at TID = 100 krad(Si). Overall, the results imply that the proposed technique may potentially offer significant improvements in data integrity relative to traditional charge-based data storage for very high radiation (TID > 100 krad(Si)) environments. These gains in data integrity relative to the charge-based data storage are useful in radiation-prone environments, but they come at the cost of increased write times and higher BERs before irradiation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Performance Evaluation of High-Temperature Ultrasonic Communication System

Ultrasonic communication is a technique that allows transmitting information through a solid material such as tubes or bars using high-frequency elastic waves. The communication channels often extend into a high-temperature range in the field of power, oil, or nuclear industry. When the temperature is taken into consideration, the ultrasonic wave propagation through the solid channel is complex and unpredictable. It is necessary to study the influence of temperature on the ultrasonic guided wave to improve ultrasonic communication. In this study, a temperature control system is assembled to adjust the temperature of a steel pipe channel ranging from room temperature to 150 degrees C. The temperature performance evaluation is conducted to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) of transferring the ultrasonic signal. The work aims to develop a reliable ultrasonic communication system in a high-temperature environment. The system temperature can be maintained at 150 degrees C and the LiNbO3 transducers are used as transmitters and receivers. No power amplifier is used in the communication system. The high-temperature ultrasonic communication system (HT-UCS) is feasible at 150 degrees C and can achieve a bit rate of 10 kbps without any error.

HT-UCS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Power distribution and BER in indoor VLC with PPM based modulation schemes: a comparative study

Visible light communication (VLC) uses an intensity-modulation and direct-detection scheme to transmit data. The light source utilized in VLC structures is constantly switched on and off rapidly, resulting in flickering. Furthermore, most of illumination systems exclude dimming support to permit customers to dim the light source to the desired stage. Therefore, the modulation scheme for information transmission in VLC should consist of flicker mitigation and dimming manage abilities. Double inverse pulse position modulation (DIPPM), sub-carrier pulse position modulation (SC-L-PPM), and M-ary variable pulse position modulation (M-VPPM) are recommended for minimizing the flicker issues and supporting an excessive degree of dimming for VLC systems. In this paper, a comparison is introduced between DIPPM, SC-L-PPM, and M-VPPM according to error performance and bit rate. In addition, a simulation is carried out to measure the optical power distribution for a LED lamp in an indoor room topology for each modulation technique. The obtained results indicated that SC-L-PPM is the best choice regarding the bit error rate (BER) and optical power distribution compared to the other two schemes. A 10{sup −6} BER is achieved with a very low power requirement at L = 8, while a remarkable power distribution of 1.5–6.5 dBm is observed from 3 × 5 × 5 m{sup 3} room corners to the center, respectively. According to the bit rate, it is noticed that, M-VPPM is the most efficient one compared to the two other schemes. It achieves 2.3 × 10{sup 7} bps at a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 22 dB and M = 8.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Outage probability and average BER estimation of FSO system employing wavelength diversity

Free space optical (FSO) communication has gained significant attention among researchers for high bandwidth and secured data transfer applications. However, its performance is limited by the local atmospheric conditions. This paper focusses on an FSO system employing a diversity method to compensate signal loss occurred due to atmospheric turbulence conditions varying from moderate to strong. We derive a closed-form expression for two important parameters, viz.: average bit error rate (BER) and outage probability over gamma–gamma distribution channel. The numerical results for different combining schemes are presented in this paper. Enhancement in reliability and performance of FSO communication system with wavelength diversity is investigated. Effect of different wavelengths 850 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm on average BER is analysed and minimum BER is achieved for optimal combining at 1550 nm at diversity order R=3.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

GFDM performance in terms of BER, PAPR and OOB and comparison to OFDM system

Generalized frequency division multiplexing is a multicarrier modulation technique which can be foreseen as a potential alternative for upcoming wireless networks. GFDM attractive features include reduced out-of-band radiation(OOB) and low peak-to-average ratio(PAPR), which are the crucial shortcomings of OFDM used in present day wireless communication networks. This paper gives detailed description of GFDM system model and further studies and validates through simulations, the performance of GFDM in terms of OOB, PAPR and Bit Error Rate (BER) and compares the results obtained with OFDM system.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Testing of a Line Driver With Configurable Pre-Emphasis on Lossy Transmission Lines

Rare-event physics experiments such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) or the next Enriched Xenon Observatory (nEXO) experiment search for rare, low-energy events, detected by sensitive detectors immersed in a cryogenic noble liquid (e.g., liquid argon or xenon). Readout electronics used within such detectors must consume minimal power while operating reliably in cryogenic environments. Furthermore, in the case of nEXO, maximizing the radiopurity of the environment is vital to minimize background noise, thus placing strict limits on the volume of dielectric materials, leading to high-loss data cables spanning distances up to 12 m. Such cables cause high attenuation and intersymbol interference (ISI), resulting in a high bit-error rate (BER). These issues were addressed by developing an integrated line driver with configurable pre-emphasis in a 65-nm CMOS process. The pre-emphasis parameters can be programmed to minimize BER for specific cables and data rates under power constraints. Here, the driver was tested at both room and cryogenic temperatures. In both cases, the output BER was found to be strongly correlated with the pre-emphasis settings. Furthermore, analysis and simulation showed that adapting the pre-emphasis settings based on the incoming bit sequence can further improve performance with minimal changes to the current solution.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Flat gain C + L band using optical amplifiers for 200 × 14 Gbps DWDM system

This paper has shown the analysis of 200 channels dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system with the data rate of 14 Gbps for attaining the flat gain for the channel spectrum from 1520 to 1640 nm. Analysis has also extended with the power amplification of erbium–ytterbium co-doped optical amplifier (EYBCDOWA) and Raman optical amplifier for the transmission distance of 120 km to mitigate the effect of crosstalk and bit error rate (BER). Final analysis has also recommended that this proposed system is capable to deliver the flat gain of 19.5 dB with minor variation of 0.95 dB to maintain the acceptable dense communication for long distance.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Error performance enhancement of satellite to earth FSO downlink employing hybrid subcarrier intensity modulation scheme with aperture averaging technique

In this work, we have evaluated the bit error rate (BER) of free space optical downlink using hybrid-subcarrier-intensity-modulation (hybrid-SIM) scheme. Also, we have employed the aperture averaging technique for the improvement of its error performance. The required BER analysis has been performed over the gamma–gamma channel model with the scintillation effects. The BER analysis is simplified using Meijer-G function and it is simulated in MATLAB. The simulation results show that the improvement in error performance is observed by hybrid-SIM technique compared to other modulation schemes like PPM and BPSK-SIM and also the BER improves significantly with the increase of aperture size due to the aperture averaging effect.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

100 Gbps multiplexed inter-satellite optical wireless communication system

In this paper, the performance analysis of the inter-satellite optical wireless communication system (IsOWC) is carried out in presence of optical space channel. Here the proposed model is a 16×100 Gbps dense multiplexed IsOWC. The dual polarized quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) modulation is used for improving the optical signal to noise ratio tolerance of the system. Further, the spectral efficiency and the receiver sensitivity is improved by incorporating the coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) technique in the proposed IsOWC system. The performance of the system is evaluated by bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude percentage, received signal power, constellation diagram. A comparative study has been carried out between different modulation techniques such as quadrature phase shift keying and DP-QPSK used in IsOWC system. It is observed that, an inter-satellite distance of 15,600 km is obtained with the proposed model at 100 Gbps for a targeted forward error correction log of BER value of − 2.42 or BER of 3.8×10{sup −3}. The maximum possible data rate for different inter and intra orbit satellite has been calculated. Also, the maximum possible transceiver distance has been calculated for different data rates. The integration of two advanced technologies such as DP-QPSK modulation with CO-OFDM technique in the proposed model may impel the market demands for high bandwidth intensive and high data rate applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

An innovative approach for performance enhancement of 320 Gbps free space optical communication system over turbulent channel

Free space optical (FSO) communication systems have recently gained huge attention as possible last mile solution in delivering high speed data services for terrestrial applications. However the FSO link performance, particularly the link range is significantly limited by the severity of atmospheric adversities affecting the channel. In this paper we advocate the use of multi-hop relay techniques to transmit wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal over the FSO channel. Since weather induced impairments in FSO links are distance dependent phenomena, hence relay transmission allows substantial performance enhancement by alleviating channel losses while, WDM provides cost effective solution in improving the transmission capacity. With aggregate link losses as high as 40 dB/km, the proposed 32 channel—10 Gbps (320 Gbps) FSO link has been evaluated by comparing bit error rate (BER) performances and eye patterns over different turbulent regimes. Gain optimized EDFA amplification and conventional electrical amplification have been employed to realize amplify-and-forward (A–F) multi-hop transmission in the proposed link with the former delivering more inspiring BER performance of over the latter. Our simulation results indicate that for receiver SNR of 35 dB, BER improvement up to five orders of magnitude can achieved using triple relay FSO link in contrast to direct link operating under similar conditions. Additionally, it is also observed during the analysis that for target BER of 10{sup −5}, incorporation of triple relay enhances the link range by approximately 1200 m over direct link. However on the flip side, our investigations also revealed that as the number of relay nodes is increased, the SNR gain for specified BER does increase but the magnitude of gain declines. The proposed link was designed and investigated using OptiSystem™ 14.2.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

An efficient SAC-OCDMA system using three different codes with two different detection techniques for maximum allowable users

In this paper, three codes spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) are proposed and compared in terms of system performance including bit error rate (BER), number of active users, high achievable data rate, high signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the minimum received power that the OCDMA system supports to achieve a minimum BER value. The proposed codes are diagonal double weight (DDW) codes, modified double weight (MDW) codes and enhanced double weight (EDW). Different detection as AND subtraction detection technique and single photodiode detection (SPD) are investigated to reduce the effect of both the multiple access interference and phase induced intensity noise. The obtained results show that SAC-OCDMA using EDW code with SPD detection can achieve large number users with better BER (~ 10{sup −9}), SNR (> 20 dB), and minimum received power (~ − 20 dBm) relative to the other codes with other detection techniques.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

A 4×8-Gbps VCSEL array driver ASIC and integration with a custom array transmitter module for the LHC front-end transmission

This paper describes the design, fabrication and experiment results of a 4×8-Gbps Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) array driver ASIC with the adjustable active-shunt peaking technique and the novel balanced output structure under the Silicon-on-Sapphire (SOS) process, and a custom array optical transmitter module, featuring a compact size of 10 mm×15 mm×5.3 mm. Both the array driver ASIC and the module have been fully tested after integration as a complete parallel transmitter. Optical eye diagram of each channel passes the eye mask at 8 Gbps/ch with adjacent channel working simultaneously with a power consumption of 150 mW/ch. As a result, the optical transmission of Bit-Error Rate (BER) less than 10E-12 is achieved at an aggregated data rate of 4×8-Gbps.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Performance analysis of a finite radon transform in OFDM system under different channel models

In this paper, a class of discrete Radon transforms namely Finite Radon Transform (FRAT) was proposed as a modulation technique in the realization of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The proposed FRAT operates as a data mapper in the OFDM transceiver instead of the conventional phase shift mapping and quadrature amplitude mapping that are usually used with the standard OFDM based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), by the way that ensure increasing the orthogonality of the system. The Fourier domain approach was found here to be the more suitable way for obtaining the forward and inverse FRAT. This structure resulted in a more suitable realization of conventional FFT- OFDM. It was shown that this application increases the orthogonality significantly in this case due to the use of Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) twice, namely, in the data mapping and in the sub-carrier modulation also due to the use of an efficient algorithm in determining the FRAT coefficients called the optimal ordering method. The proposed approach was tested and compared with conventional OFDM, for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, flat fading channel, and multi-path frequency selective fading channel. The obtained results showed that the proposed system has improved the bit error rate (BER) performance by reducing inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI), comparing with conventional OFDM system.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Dependence of the bit error rate on the signal power and length of a single-channel coherent single-span communication line (100 Gbit s{sup -1}) with polarisation division multiplexing

We have studied experimentally and using numerical simulations and a phenomenological analytical model the dependences of the bit error rate (BER) on the signal power and length of a coherent single-span communication line with transponders employing polarisation division multiplexing and four-level phase modulation (100 Gbit s{sup -1} DP-QPSK format). In comparing the data of the experiment, numerical simulations and theoretical analysis, we have found two optimal powers: the power at which the BER is minimal and the power at which the fade margin in the line is maximal. We have derived and analysed the dependences of the BER on the optical signal power at the fibre line input and the dependence of the admissible input signal power range for implementation of the communication lines with a length from 30 – 50 km up to a maximum length of 250 km. (optical transmission of information)

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Performance investigation of optical wavelength conversion using a newly designed highly nonlinear ultra-flattened dispersion fibre

We report an analysis of the wavelength conversion using a newly designed highly nonlinear ultra-flattened dispersion fibre (HN-UFF) for different signal modulation formats. A new technical solution is presented for high bit rate wideband wavelength conversion without any additional pump signals. Two-channel 80 Gb s{sup −1} modulated signals with differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) are considered for wavelength conversion using four wave mixing (FWM) technique in a newly designed HN-UFF without additional pump signals. It is found that even when the input signal frequency spacing is increased beyond 2 THz, DQPSK modulation with carrier-suppressed return-to zero (CSRZ), or CSRZ-DQPSK, gives a better value of flattened conversion efficiency and Q factor. The impact of input power on conversion efficiency and effective flatness is also investigated. The performance parameters, such as conversion efficiency, Q factor, log of bit error rate (BER), received signal power and power penalty, are analysed. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development of a test system for data links of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade silicon pixel detector

This contribution introduces a novel test system developed to evaluate the signal transmission quality in high-speed data links for the 2026 Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade of the ATLAS experiment. Using an FPGA-based data acquisition (DAQ) framework, the setup can run simultaneous Bit Error Rate (BER) tests for up to 64 channels and generate virtual eye diagrams, for qualifying the ∼26k electrical links at the ATLAS ITk data rate of 1.28 Gb/s. The paper includes results from system calibration, yielding its contribution to the measured losses, and preliminary results from tests of prototype and pre-production assemblies of on-detector links of the three ATLAS ITk Pixel subsystems.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

A 220-$\mu$ W –83-dBm 5.8-GHz Third-Harmonic Passive Mixer-First LP-WUR for IEEE 802.11ba

A 40-nm CMOS IEEE 802.11ba low-power wake-up receiver (LP-WUR) is presented. It receives 802.11ba messages generated by an 802.11 orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmitter operating at 5.8 GHz. The power consumption of the RF front-end is minimized by removing active RF gain stages and using a third harmonic passive mixer with a ring-based local oscillator (LO) operating at one-third of the RF frequency. The noise figure is 14 dB, taking advantage of a 1:3 transformer that provides passive voltage gain in front of the high switch loss mixer-first RF front-end, and matching across 5.5-5.8 GHz with <; -12 dB S11. Here, the receiver achieves a sensitivity of -83-dBm and -20-dB adjacent channel signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) while consuming 220 μW at a bit error rate (BER) of 10-3 and data rate of 62.5 kb/s, which shows the best sensitivity-power tradeoff among >3-GHz receivers.

42 ENGINEERING↗