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DOE OSTI2025

Sensitivity to longitudinal vector boson scattering and doubly charged Higgs boson production in $W^± W^± jj$ at future hadron colliders

We study the sensitivity to longitudinal vector boson scattering at a 27-, 50-, and 100-TeV pp collider using events containing two leptonically decaying same-electric-charge 𝑊 bosons produced in association with two jets. The baseline FCC-hh detector parametrization within the D ELPHES framework is used under the assumption of fully efficient pileup mitigation. A tightly constrained phase space with a dijet mass greater than 2 TeV is considered in order to suppress the impact of potential instrumental backgrounds. Based on this setup, the expected sensitivity to the production of longitudinally polarized same-sign 𝑊 boson pairs is evaluated. Additionally, expected limits are set on doubly charged Higgs bosons produced via vector boson fusion processes and decaying to same-sign 𝑊 boson pairs.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for a heavy charged Higgs boson decaying into a W boson and a Higgs boson in final states with leptons and b-jets in s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

This article presents a search for a heavy charged Higgs boson produced in association with a top quark and a bottom quark, and decaying into a W boson and a 125 GeV Higgs boson h. The search is performed in final states with one charged lepton, missing transverse momentum, and jets using proton-proton collision data at s$$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the LHC at CERN. This data set corresponds to a total integrated luminosity of 140 fb−1. The search is conducted by examining the reconstructed invariant mass distribution of the Wh candidates for evidence of a localised excess in the charged Higgs boson mass range from 250 GeV to 3 TeV. No significant excess of data over the expected background is observed and 95% confidence-level upper limits between 2.8 pb and 1.2 fb are placed on the production cross-section times branching ratio for charged Higgs bosons decaying into Wh.

Aad, G↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for charged Higgs bosons produced in top-quark decays or in association with top quarks and decaying via H±→τ±ντ in 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

Charged Higgs bosons produced either in top-quark decays or in association with a top quark, subsequently decaying via , are searched for in of proton-proton collision data at recorded with the ATLAS detector. Depending on whether the top quark is produced together with the decays hadronically or semileptonically, the search targets or final states, in both cases with a -lepton decaying into a neutrino and hadrons. No significant excess over the Standard Model background expectation is observed. For the mass range of , upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section of the charged Higgs boson times the branching fraction in the range 4.5 pb–0.4 fb. In the mass range 80–160 GeV, assuming the Standard Model cross section for production, this corresponds to upper limits between 0.27% and 0.02% on .

Aad, G↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for a light charged Higgs boson in $t \rightarrow H^{\pm } b$ decays, with $H^{\pm } \rightarrow cs$, in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}={13}\hbox { TeV}$ with the ATLAS detector

A search for a light charged Higgs boson produced in decays of the top quark, $t \rightarrow H^{\pm } b$ with $H^{\pm } \rightarrow cs$, is presented. This search targets the production of top-quark pairs $t\bar{t} \rightarrow WbH^{\pm } b$, with $W \rightarrow ℓv(ℓ = e, μ)$, resulting in a lepton-plus-jets final state characterised by an isolated electron or muon and at least four jets. The search exploits b-quark and c-quark identification techniques as well as multivariate methods to suppress the dominant $t\bar{t}$ background. The data analysed correspond to 140 fb -1 of $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC between 2015 and 2018. Observed (expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits on the branching fraction $\mathscr{B}(t \rightarrow H^{\pm } b)$, assuming $\mathscr{B}(t \rightarrow Wb) + \mathscr{B}(t \rightarrow H^{\pm }(\rightarrow cs)b$, are set between 0.066% (0.077%) and 3.6% (2.3%) for a charged Higgs boson with a mass between 60 and 168 GeV.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of double-differential charged-current Drell-Yan cross-sections at high transverse masses in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a first measurement of the cross-section for the charged-current Drell-Yan process pp → W ± → ℓ ± ν above the resonance region, where ℓ is an electron or muon. The measurement is performed for transverse masses, $m$$^{W}_{T}$, between 200 GeV and 5000 GeV, using a sample of 140 fb −1 of pp collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of = 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2015–2018. The data are presented single differentially in transverse mass and double differentially in transverse mass and absolute lepton pseudorapidity. A test of lepton flavour universality shows no significant deviations from the Standard Model. The electron and muon channel measurements are combined to achieve a total experimental precision of 3% at low $m$$^{W}_{T}$. The single- and double differential W-boson charge asymmetries are evaluated from the measurements. A comparison to next-to-next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD predictions using several recent parton distribution functions and including next-to-leading-order electroweak effects indicates the potential of the data to constrain parton distribution functions. The data are also used to constrain four fermion operators in the Standard Model Effective Field Theory formalism, in particular the lepton-quark operator Wilson coefficient $c$$^{(c)}_{ℓq}$.

Hadron-Hadron Scattering↗

DOE OSTI2025

First Constraints on General Neutrino Interactions Based on KATRIN Data

The precision measurement of the tritium β-decay spectrum performed by the KATRIN experiment provides a unique way to search for general neutrino interactions (GNIs). All theoretically allowed GNI terms at dimension 6 involving neutrinos are incorporated into a low-energy effective field theory, and can be identified by specific signatures in the measured tritium β spectrum. In this Letter an effective description of the impact of GNIs on the β spectrum is formulated and the first constraints on the effective GNI parameters are derived based on the 4 ×10 6 electrons collected in the second measurement campaign of KATRIN in 2019. In addition, constraints on selected types of interactions are investigated, thereby exploring the potential of KATRIN to search for more specific new physics cases, including a right-handed W boson, a charged Higgs boson, or leptoquarks.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of W±-boson differential cross-sections in proton–proton collisions with low pile-up data at s=5.02 TeV and 13TeV with the ATLAS detector

High precision single-differential W±$$W^\pm $$-boson production cross-sections as a function of electron or muon transverse momentum pT$$p_\textrm{T}$$ or their pseudorapity η$$\eta $$, as well as double-differential cross-sections as functions of these variables, are measured in proton–proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies s=5.02$$\sqrt{s}=5.02$$ TeV and 13 TeV. The W-boson charge asymmetry as a function of lepton η$$\eta $$ is also measured. The data, collected in dedicated runs at reduced instantaneous luminosity with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider, correspond to integrated luminosities of 255 pb-1$$^{-1}$$ at 5.02 TeV and 338 pb-1$$^{-1}$$ at 13 TeV. The measurements are in agreement with Standard-Model predictions calculated at next-to-next-to-leading-order in the strong coupling constant αs$$\alpha _s$$ including transverse-momentum resummation at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy using several parton distribution functions. The impact of the measured differential cross-sections as a function of lepton η$$\eta $$ on the determination of these functions is studied using a profiling technique.

Aad, G↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for charged lepton flavor violating 𝑍 and 𝑍′ boson decays in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

A search for flavor violating decays of the 𝑍 boson to charged leptons is performed using data from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =13 TeV collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb −1 . Each of the decays 𝑍 → 𝑒⁢𝜇, 𝑍 → 𝑒⁢𝜏, and 𝑍 → 𝜇⁢𝜏 is considered. The data are consistent with the backgrounds expected from standard model processes. For the 𝑍 → 𝑒⁢𝜇 channel the observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper limit on the branching fraction is 1.9⁢(2.0) × 10 −7 , which is the most stringent direct limit to date on this process; the corresponding limits for the 𝑍 → 𝑒⁢𝜏 and 𝑍 → 𝜇⁢𝜏 channels are 13.8⁢(11.4) × 10 −6 and 12.0⁢(5.3) × 10 −6 , respectively. Additionally, the 𝑒⁢𝜇 final state is used to search for lepton flavor violating decays of 𝑍′ resonances in the mass range from 110 to 500 GeV. No significant excess is observed above the predicted background levels.

Hayrapetyan, A. [Yerevan Physics Institute]↗

DOE OSTI2024

W -boson exotic decay into three charged leptons at the LHC

We investigate the W boson’s exotic decay channel, W → ℓ ℓ ℓ ν , at the LHC. Although the four-body final states suppress the decay branching ratio, the large production of W bosons makes detecting and precisely measuring this decay probability entirely feasible. Our simulation study indicates that this tiny branching ratio can be measured with subpercent precision at the HL-LHC. This decay channel can also constrain Standard Model extensions. Using the L μ − L τ model as a benchmark, we find that the current bound on the gauge coupling for Z ′ mass in the range of [4, 75] GeV can significantly improve. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Fei, Yifan (ORCID:0009000988504767)↗

DOE OSTI2026

Mesogenesis through the ephemeral dark decay of Beauty

Mesogenesis provides a path for generating the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, using only the CP violation furnished by the Standard Model in the decay of B mesons. While this is an intriguing possibility, it is largely constrained by the data on B meson branching fractions into baryons and missing energy carried into the dark sector. We point out that it is possible to make this branching fraction dominant only in the early Universe, through an ultralight scalar coupled to the dark sector and the Standard Model leptons. A scenario is examined where the thermal density of muons in the early Universe temporarily lowers the mass of a dark fermion, allowing for efficient B meson decays. This `dark’ decay channel is shut off later when the muon number density falls, making the scenario compatible with flavor data. Our model can be consistent with the LHC constraints on color-charged heavy bosons required to implement Mesogenesis; such states may be discovered in the future runs as their masses cannot be far above the current bounds. We also outline other possible signals, which can arise in future displaced vertex searches, long range force searches, and observations of neutron star binary mergers.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Light-induced electron pairing in a bilayer structure

We demonstrate the existence of doubly charged exciton states in strongly screened bilayers of transition metal dichalcogenide layers. These complexes are important because they are preformed electron pairs that can, in principle, undergo Bose–Einstein condensation, in which case they would also form a new type of superconductor, consisting of stable bosons with net charge. Our measurements include 1) continuous control of the doping density with both positive and negative carriers, showing the expected population dependencies on the free carrier density, and 2) measurement of the dependence on magnetic field, showing that this new bound state is a spin triplet. These results imply that it is promising to look for superconductivity in this system.

2D material↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for heavy long-lived charged particles with large ionization energy loss in proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV

Abstract A search for heavy, long-lived, charged particles with large ionization energy loss within the silicon tracker of the CMS experiment is presented. A data set of proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ s = 13 TeV, collected in 2017 and 2018 at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb −1, is used in this analysis. Two different approaches for the search are taken. A new method exploits the independence of the silicon pixel and strips measurements, while the second method improves on previous techniques using ionization to determine a mass selection. No significant excess of events above the background expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in the context of the pair production of supersymmetric particles, namely gluinos, top squarks, and tau sleptons, and of the Drell-Yan pair production of fourth generation (τ′) leptons with an electric charge equal to or twice the absolute value of the electron charge (e). An interpretation of a Z’ boson decaying to two τ′ leptons with an electric charge equal to 2e is presented for the first time. The 95% confidence upper limits on the production cross section are extracted for each of these hypothetical particles.

Hayrapetyan, A. [Yerevan Physics Institute]↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for heavy long-lived charged particles with large ionization energy loss in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

A search for heavy, long-lived, charged particles with large ionization energy loss within the silicon tracker of the CMS experiment is presented. A data set of proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV, collected in 2017 and 2018 at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb −1 , is used in this analysis. Two different approaches for the search are taken. A new method exploits the independence of the silicon pixel and strips measurements, while the second method improves on previous techniques using ionization to determine a mass selection. No significant excess of events above the background expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in the context of the pair production of supersymmetric particles, namely gluinos, top squarks, and tau sleptons, and of the Drell-Yan pair production of fourth generation (τ′) leptons with an electric charge equal to or twice the absolute value of the electron charge (e). An interpretation of a Z’ boson decaying to two τ′ leptons with an electric charge equal to 2e is presented for the first time. The 95% confidence upper limits on the production cross section are extracted for each of these hypothetical particles.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Constraining neutrino-nucleon form factors with charged-current scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider

Next-generation neutrino oscillation experiments such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment require percent-level knowledge of neutrino-nucleon interaction cross sections. The nucleon axial form factor 𝐹 𝐴 ⁡(𝑄 2 ), parametrized by the axial mass 𝑀 𝐴 , is the dominant source of uncertainty in the quasielastic channel, and the parity-violating structure function 𝑥⁢𝐹 3 is poorly constrained on free nucleons. We propose using charged-current (CC) electron-proton scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) to address both problems simultaneously. The measurement exploits three key features of the EIC: (1) helicity-selective electron bunches provide in situ electromagnetic background rejection; (2) a longitudinally polarized proton target enables extraction of 𝐹 𝐴 ⁡(𝑄 2 ) through the target-spin asymmetry 𝐴 𝑈⁢𝐿 ; and (3) the 𝑦-distribution leverage in CC deep inelastic scattering (DIS) separates 𝐹 2 and 𝑥⁢𝐹 3 on a free proton, without nuclear corrections. Using a Fisher information analysis at $\sqrt{𝑠}$ =141 GeV with 500 fb −1 of integrated luminosity, we project the Cramér-Rao statistical floor of 𝛿⁢𝑀 𝐴 ≈0.03 GeV (3%). Incorporating first-order realistic detector effects, such as zero-degree calorimeter acceptance, 𝑄 2 smearing (5%), and background noise from helicity subtraction, the projected sensitivity is severely background-limited due to the small signal-to-background ratio (𝑆/𝐵 ≈ 3 ×10 −4 ) in the elastic channel. Achieving competitive sensitivity (𝛿⁢𝑀 𝐴 ≈ 0.14 GeV) would require ∼10 −7 background suppression, 3 orders of magnitude beyond current projections. The CC DIS 𝑦 distribution provides subpercent extraction of 𝑥⁢𝐹$^{𝑊^{−}}_{3}$ over 0.05 < 𝑥 < 0.5, representing the most robust electroweak measurement in the near term.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Charged Higgs search in 2HDM

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the collider search limits on the charged Higgses in the four types of Two Higgs Double Models (2HDM). In addition to constraints from flavor physics measurements, we include both the LEP charged Higgs search channels, as well as the LHC search results on the light and heavy charged Higgses. We consider both the conventional charged Higgs search channels of H ± → τν, cs, cb, tb, and the latest search results on the exotic decay channels H ± → AW ± /HW ± . We find that H ± → AW ± /HW ± are complementary to the conventional fermionic channels for m H ± < m t . For heavy H ± , H ± → AW ± /HW ± extend the reach of tan β beyond that of H ± → tb in the Type-L 2HDM. We also present the combined reach of all the neutral and charged Higgs searches.

2HDM↗

DOE OSTI2026

Measurements of the inclusive W and Z boson production cross sections and their ratios in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV

Measurements are presented of the W and Z boson production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV. Data collected in 2022 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.01 fb −1 with one or two identified muons in the final state are analyzed. The results for the products of total inclusive cross sections and branching fractions for muonic decays of W and Z bosons are 11.93 ± 0.08 (syst) ± 0.17 (lumi) $^{+0.07}_{−0.07}$ (acceptance) nb for W + boson production, 8.86 ± 0.06 (syst) ± 0.12 (lumi) $^{+0.05}_{−0.06}$ (acceptance) nb for W − boson production, and 2.021 ± 0.009 (syst) ± 0.028 (lumi) $^{+0.011}_{−0.013}$ (acceptance) nb for the Z boson production in the dimuon mass range of 60–120 GeV, all with negligible statistical uncertainties. Furthermore, the corresponding fiducial cross sections, as well as cross section ratios for both fiducial and total phase space, are provided. The ratios include charge-separated results for W boson production (W + and W − ) and the sum of the two contributions (W ± ), each relative to the measured Z boson production cross section. Additionally, the ratio of the measured cross sections for W + and W − boson production is reported. All measurements are in agreement with theoretical predictions, calculated at next-to-next-to-leading order accuracy in quantum chromodynamics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Quark-universal U(1) breaking scalar at the LHC

If the quarks or leptons are charged under a new U(1) gauge symmetry, then besides a Z′ boson there must exist at least one new boson whose decay products include Standard Model particles. In the case of a minimal symmetry breaking sector, that new boson is a scalar ϕ that couples to the Z′ boson as well as to the new fermions required to cancel the U(1) gauge anomalies. The scalar may be produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in association with a Z′ boson, or through Z′ boson fusion, while its decays are typically into four jets or two photons. We analyze in detail the case where the Z′ boson is leptophobic, and all the quarks have the same charge under the new U(1). If ϕ mixes with the Standard Model Higgs boson, then the new scalar can also be produced via gluon fusion, and the discovery mode is likely to be a diphoton resonance.

Armbruster, Lorin [Mainz U., Inst. Phys.; U. Mainz↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for CP violation in events with top quarks and Z bosons at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 and 13.6 TeV

A search for the violation of the charge-parity (CP) symmetry in the production of top quarks in association with Z bosons is presented, using events with at least three charged leptons and additional jets. The search is performed in a sample of proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016–2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and in 2022 at 13.6 TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 173 fb –1 . For the first time in this final state, observables that are odd under the CP transformation are employed. Also for the first time, physics-informed machine-learning techniques are used to construct these observables. While for standard model (SM) processes the distributions of these observables are predicted to be symmetric around zero, CP-violating modifications of the SM would introduce asymmetries. Two CP-odd operators $\mathcal{O}$$^{I}_{tW}$ and $\mathcal{O}$$^{I}_{tZ}$ in the SM effective field theory are considered that may modify the interactions between top quarks and electroweak bosons. The obtained results are consistent with the SM prediction within two standard deviations, and exclusion limits on the associated Wilson coefficients of –2.7 < $c$$^{I}_{tW}$ < 2.5 and –0.2 < $c$$^{I}_{tZ}$ < 2.0 and are set at 95 % confidence level. The largest discrepancy is observed in $c$$^{I}_{tZ}$ where data is consistent with positive values, with an observed local significance with respect to the SM hypothesis of 2.5 standard deviations, when only linear terms are considered.

CMS↗