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At least 19 records

Charged Particle Transport in LUMOS

Charged particle physics, implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) radiation transport, and Sn radiation transport were recently added to the code LUMOS developed by the Lagrangian Applications Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This advancement is part of an effort to increase LUMOS’s applicability across a wide variety of problems of interest to the Laboratory including application to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). ICF implosion physics is of interest to the Lagrangian Applications Project because 1) ICF fusion research is a critical mission driver at the laboratory and 2) ICF fusion is a key research area for students and new staff members during the on-boarding process.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

The diffusive idealization of charged particle transport in random magnetic fields

The transport of charged particles diffusing in a random magnetic field parallel to a relatively large guiding field is presented. The same coefficient of diffusion is obtained by three methods. Two corrections must be added to the expression in which the diffusive flux is proportional to the gradient of the density. Explicit expressions are given for a characteristic time and a characteristic length which describe the corrections. The well known divergence of the coefficient of diffusion, which is implied by the quasilinear analysis of pitch angle scattering, does not occur if the scattering rate is finite at 90 deg pitch angle. This effect is illustrated by formulas which give the coefficient of diffusion when the quasilinear expression is perturbed by a variable amount of isotropic scattering.

Earl, J. A.↗

New charged-particle transport computational capability: the SIT code An L-4 milestone

We have developed a new high-fidelity code for direct transport of charged particles using the simple integral transport method. The code can be coupled to the outputs of any hydrodynamical simulation code in 1-D, 2-D or 3-D. In this report we summarize the formalism involved in treating complex transport problems. We present physical examples wherein we have used the code to calculate the transport of alpha particles. Future work is planned to study the sensitivity of hydrodynamical mix to charged-particle radiochemistry and reaction-in-flight neutrons for the complex inertial confinement fusion problems encountered at NIF and at the Z-machine.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Perturbation theory for charged-particle transport in one dimension

Perturbation theory, when applied to charged-particle transport, generates a series solution that requires a double quadrature per term. The continuity of higher-order terms leads to numerical evaluation of the series. The high rate of convergence of the series makes the method a practical tool for charged-particle transport problems. The coupling of the neutron component in the case of proton transport in tissue does not greatly alter the rate of convergence. The method holds promise for a practical high-energy proton transport theory.

Wilson, J. W.↗

Analytical description of charged particle transport along arbitrary guiding field configurations

Aspects of charged particle transport theory have been studied by Earl (1973, 1974, 1976) in a number of investigations. The investigations were conducted under the assumption that particles propagate along a DC guiding field with negligible perpendicular transport and that pitch-angle scattering by random fields can be described by the Fokker-Planck formalism. The present study provides a generalized and simplified treatment of focused transport. The first step is taken with respect to a perturbation analysis by which the Boltzmann equation is solved in terms of successively improved approximations to its exact solution. The first approximation is the sum of isotropic pseudodiffusive and anisotropic supercoherent components whose coefficients must satisfy two coupled partial differential equations. The normalization constant K and the pseudodiffusive velocity, which appear in the first-order transport equations, are given by simple integrals over the pitch angle.

Earl, J. A.↗

Review of the second charged-particle transport coefficient code comparison workshop

We report the results of the second charged-particle transport coefficient code comparison workshop, which was held in Livermore, California on 24–27 July 2023. This workshop gathered theoretical, computational, and experimental scientists to assess the state of computational and experimental techniques for understanding charged-particle transport coefficients relevant to high-energy-density plasma science. Data for electronic and ionic transport coefficients, namely, the direct current electrical conductivity, electron thermal conductivity, ion shear viscosity, and ion thermal conductivity were computed and compared for multiple plasma conditions. Additional comparisons were carried out for electron–ion properties such as the electron–ion equilibration time and alpha particle stopping power. Overall, 39 participants submitted calculated results from 18 independent approaches, spanning methods from parameterized semi-empirical models to time-dependent density functional theory. In the cases studied here, we find significant differences—several orders of magnitude—between approaches, particularly at lower temperatures, and smaller differences—roughly a factor of five—among first-principles models. We investigate the origins of these differences through comparisons of underlying predictions of ionic and electronic structure. The results of this workshop help to identify plasma conditions where computationally inexpensive approaches are accurate, where computationally expensive models are required, and where experimental measurements will have high impact.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

The diffusive idealization of charged-particle transport in random magnetic fields

The uniqueness and accuracy of the equations which describe the transport of charged particles diffusing in a random magnetic field parallel to a relatively large guiding field is examined. With regard to uniqueness, it is found that the same coefficient of diffusion is obtained by three methods that have apparently led to discrepancies in previous work. With regard to accuracy, it is found that two corrections must be added to Fick's law in which the diffusive flux is proportional to the gradient of the density. Explicit expressions are given for a characteristic time and a characteristic length which describe the corrections.

Earl, J. A.↗

Review of the first charged-particle transport coefficient comparison workshop

We present the results of the first Charged-Particle Transport Coefficient Code Comparison Workshop, which was held in Albuquerque, NM October 4–6, 2016. In this first workshop, scientists from eight institutions and four countries gathered to compare calculations of transport coefficients including thermal and electrical conduction, electron–ion coupling, inter-ion diffusion, ion viscosity, and charged particle stopping powers. In this paper, we give general background on Coulomb coupling and computational expense, review where some transport coefficients appear in hydrodynamic equations, and present the submitted data. Large variations are found when either the relevant Coulomb coupling parameter is large or computational expense causes difficulties. Understanding the general accuracy and uncertainty associated with such transport coefficients is important for quantifying errors in hydrodynamic simulations of inertial confinement fusion and high-energy density experiments.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

A charged particle transport approximation for thick and thin plasmas

In this work, we will construct a simple method to be utilized in the interpretation of the properties of a thin plasma from a study of the transport of charged particles through it. We do so by first demonstrating how charged particle fluxes encode local plasma information in their spectra for sufficiently thick plasmas and then propose how to extend that analysis to the thin plasma limit where the extensive geometry cannot be neglected through arguments from scale separation. We provide a numerical treatment of the transport problem and demonstrate that it is in good agreement with the approximation we present. Finally, we utilize both the numerical solution and our novel approximation to study the impact of the extensive scale of the plasma on the yield and flux normalized high-energy neutron spectra resulting from the upscattering of charged fuel ions. Using this analysis, we show that (after controlling for fusion yield) for the same uniform densities and temperatures, larger plasmas have higher magnitude but softer reaction-in-flight (RIF) neutron spectra relative to smaller plasmas. This is because larger plasmas retain more knocked-on suprathermal ions within their bulk and can downscatter them to lower average energies, while smaller plasmas allow a larger fraction of high energy particles to “range out” of the system prior to substantial downscattering or inducing an RIF reaction.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Charged-particle transport in high energy density plasmas

This Special Topic Collection grew out of two gatherings of researchers active in the high energy density (HED) physics community: a mini-conference on charged-particle transport in HED plasma held during the 64th annual meeting of the American Physical Society's Division of Plasma Physics (Spokane, WA, November 2022) and a dedicated charged-particle transport coefficient code comparison workshop (Livermore, CA, July 2023). These gatherings provided opportunities for theoretical, computational, and experimental researchers to discuss the state of the field, including current capabilities and methods, needs of hydrodynamic simulations, and frontiers for future research. Finally, this special issue collects a total of 13 research and review articles on charged-particle transport in HED plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

A review on charged-particle transport modeling for laser direct-drive fusion

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) with the laser-indirect-drive scheme has recently made a tremendous breakthrough recently after decades of intensive research effort. Taking this success to the next step, the ICF community is coming to a general consensus that laser direct-drive (LDD) fusion might be the viable way for enabling inertial fusion energy (IFE) and high-gain targets for other applications. Designing and understanding LDD fusion targets heavily rely on radiation-hydrodynamic code simulations, in which charged-particle transport plays an essential role in modeling laser-target energy coupling and bootstrap heating of fusion-produced α-particles. To better simulate charged-particle transport in LDD targets, over the past four decades the plasma physics community has advanced transport calculations from simple plasma physics models to sophisticated computations based on first-principles methods. In this review, we give an overview of the current status of charged-particle transport modeling for LDD fusion, including what challenges we still face and the possible paths moving forward to advance transport modeling for ICF simulations. We hope this review will provide a summary of exciting challenges to stimulate young minds to enter the field, facilitate further progress in understanding warm-dense matter physics, and ultimately bridge toward the success of reliable LDD fusion designs for IFE and other high-gain ICF applications.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Charged-particle transport in one dimension

A numerical solution to high-energy charged-particle transport is found by evaluation of the integral equations obtained by inverting the Boltzmann differential operator. An algorithm has been written for either continuous or discrete spectra at the boundary, which allows efficient and accurate evaluation of this rather complicated problem. Present results are compared with analytic solutions based on the perturbation theory.

NASA Discipline Radiation Health↗

Charged Particle Transport Libraries (Final Report FY2020 Level-2 Milestone #7127)

This document is the final report on the status and developments of the Charged-Particle Transport (CPT) Level-2 (“CP2020”) ASC/PEM Milestone work. This section gives an overview of the CP2020 work partitioned into two subsections: 1) a summary of the code tools used for generating CP (and other) data in Section 1.2; and 2) and library data and codes access information for end users in Section 1.3. Section 2 gives an overview of the status of previous work on charged-particle (CP) nuclear data, particularly focused on the work of the FY2011 CP Level-2 Milestone. New work for CP2020 is detailed in the following Section 3. Section 4 discusses testing and validation of the evaluated and processed data for the CP2020 library. Conclusions based on the experience of this Level-2 work and the outlook for future development of CPT-relevant data are given in the final Section 5. Appendices, detailed throughout the report, are provided for further information. This report, related documentation, codes, and the CPT nuclear data libraries are available via online repository.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Charged particle transport coefficient challenges in high energy density plasmas

High energy density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research typically relies on computational modeling using radiation-hydrodynamics codes in order to design experiments and understand their results. These tools, in turn, rely on numerous charged particle transport and relaxation coefficients to account for laser energy absorption, viscous dissipation, mass transport, thermal conduction, electrical conduction, non-local ion (including charged fusion product) transport, non-local electron transport, magnetohydrodynamics, multi-ion-species thermalization, and electron-ion equilibration. In many situations, these coefficients couple to other physics, such as imposed or self-generated magnetic fields. Furthermore, how these coefficients combine are sensitive to plasma conditions as well as how materials are distributed within a computational cell. Uncertainties in these coefficients and how they couple to other physics could explain many of the discrepancies between simulation predictions and experimental results that persist in even the most detailed calculations. This paper reviews the challenges faced by radiation-hydrodynamics in predicting the results of HEDP and ICF experiments with regard to these and other physics models typically included in simulation codes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Fokker-Planck equations for charged-particle transport in random fields.

The Fokker-Planck equations for charged-particle dynamics are rederived, extending somewhat the elegant discussion of Hasselmann and Wibberenz. It is shown that the usual results are obtae and the conclusions in many cases are correct over a very broad range in energy. In particular, the rate for pitch-angle scattering may be accurately given down to energies much lower than previously thought. Recent claims that these Fokker-Planck equations are in general incorrect are thus shown to be in error.

Jokipii, J. R.↗

The effect of dispersion upon charged particle transport in random magnetic fields

Shortly after a strongly anisotropic beam is injected along a guiding magnetic field on which is superposed a small random component, the charged-particle density can be represented by a Gaussian profile whose center moves with the coherent velocity and whose width increases with time at a rate controlled by the coefficient of dispersion. Both parameters of this coherent mode of propagation depend upon the mean free path, which characterizes scattering by the random fields, and the focusing length, which characterizes spatial variations of the guiding field. These dependences are known explicitly for the coherent velocity, but expressions for the coefficient of dispersion are available only in the limits of very weak and very strong focusing. To span this gap, a more comprehensive analytic description of focused transport has been developed. This description includes dispersion and is valid for arbitrary spatial dependences of both the scattering mean free path and the focusing length.

Earl, James A.↗

Charged-particle transport in turbulent astrophysical plasmas

The effect of electromagnetic fluctuations, or plasma turbulence, on the motion of the individual particles in a plasma is investigated. Two alternative methods are used to find a general equation governing the time-evolution of a distribution of charged particles subject to both an external force field and the random fields of the fluctuations. It is found that, for the high-temperature, low-density plasmas frequently encountered in the study of astrophysics, the presence of even a small amount of turbulence can have a very important effect on the behavior of the plasma. Two problems in which turbulence plays an important role are treated.

Newman, C. E., Jr.↗