Performance comparison at supersonic speeds of inlets spilling excess flow by means of bow shock, conical shock, or bypass
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Allen, J L↗
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Drop Interactions with the Conical Shock Structure Generated by a Mach 4.5 Projectile
This work presents measurements of liquid drop deformation and breakup time behind approximately conical shock waves and evaluates the predictive capabilities of low-order models and correlations developed using planar shock experiments. A conical shock was approximated by firing a bullet at Mach 4.5 past a vertical column of water drops with a mean initial diameter of $192$ $\mu$m. The time-resolved drop position and maximum transverse dimension were characterized using backlit stereo images taken at 500 kHz. The gas density and velocity fields experienced by the drops were estimated using a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation of the bullet. Classical correlations predict drop breakup times and deformation in error by a factor of 3 or more. The Taylor analogy breakup (TAB) model predicts deformed drop diameters that agree within the confidence bounds of the ensemble-averaged experimental values using a dimensionless constant $C$ 2 = $2$ compared to the accepted value $C$ 2 = $2/3$. In conclusion, results demonstrate existing correlations are inadequate for predicting the drop response to the three-dimensional relaxation of the flowfield downstream of a conical-like shock and suggest the TAB model results represent a path toward improved predictions.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
An experimental study of the interaction of a conical shock wave and a turbulent boundary layer including suction effects.
Conical shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interaction data obtained for adiabatic wall conditions at supersonic free stream Mach numbers, including suction effects
Childs, M. E.↗
Investigation of Pressure Recovery of a Single-conical-shock Nose Inlet at Mach Number 5.4
An experimental investigation of the performance of a single-conical-shock diffuser was conducted at a Mach number of 5.4 and a Reynolds number based on model diameter of 375,000. Total-pressure recoveries of 13.7 and 13.1 percent were obtained at angles of attack of 0 degrees and 3 degrees, respectively. The corresponding kinetic energy efficiencies were 86.4 percent at an angle of attack of 0 degrees and 86.0 percent at an angle of attack of 3 degrees.
DIFFUSERS, SUPERSONIC↗
The Numerical Calculation of Flow Past Conical Bodies Supporting Elliptic Conical Shock Waves at Finite Angles of Incidence
The inverse method, with the shock wave prescribed to be an elliptic cone at a finite angle of incidence, is applied to calculate numerically the supersonic perfect-gas flow past conical bodies not having axial symmetry. Two formulations of the problem are employed, one using a pair of stream functions and the other involving entropy and components of velocity. A number of solutions are presented, illustrating the numerical methods employed, and showing the effects of moderate variation of the initial parameters.
Briggs, Benjamin R.↗
The effect of initial rate of subsonic diffusion on the stable subcritical mass-flow range of a conical shock diffuser
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Nettles, J C↗
Flight determination of the drag of conical-shock nose inlets with various cowling shapes and axial positions of the center body at Mach numbers from 0.8 to 2.0
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Merlet, Charles, F↗
Conical shock-wave angle.
Conical shock-wave angle expressions compared for axisymmetric air flow past cone with attached shock wave
SHOCK WAVE↗
Conical Shock-Strength Determination on a Low-Sonic-Boom Aircraft Model by Doppler Global Velocimetry
A nonintrusive technique Doppler global velocimetry (DGV) was used to determine conical shock strengths on a supersonic-cruise low-boom aircraft model. The work was performed at approximately Mach 2 in the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel. Water is added to the wind tunnel flow circuit, generating small ice particles used as seed particles for the laser-based velocimetry. DGV generates two-dimensional (2-D) maps of three components of velocity that span the oblique shock. Shock strength (i.e. fractional pressure increase) is determined from observation of the flow deflection angle across the shock in combination with the standard shock relations. Although DGV had conveniently and accurately determined shock strengths from the homogenous velocity fields behind 2-D planar shocks, the inhomogeneous 3-D velocity fields behind the conical shocks presented additional challenges. Shock strength measurements for the near-field conical nose shock were demonstrated and compared with previously-published static pressure probe data for the same model in the same wind tunnel. Fair agreement was found between the two sets of results.
Herring, Gregory C.↗
Conical shock-wave turbulent boundary-layer interaction including suction effects
Conical shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interaction data obtained for adiabatic wall conditions at supersonic free stream Mach numbers, including suction effects
Childs, M. E.↗
Holographic flow visualization within a rotating compressor blade row
Rapid double-pulsed holographic techniques were used to visualize the shock configurations in the tip region of a lightly loaded, high tip speed fan stage. The holograms showed the passage shock emanating from the blade leading edge, a moderately strong conical shock originating at the intersection of the part span shroud leading edge and the blade suction surface, and a second conical shock originating at the intersection of the part span shroud and the blade pressure surface. Due to a limited viewing angle, the bow waves upstream of the rotor could not be observed, and only limited details of the trailing edge shocks were obtained. Reasonable details of the shock patterns were obtained from holograms which were made without extensive rig modifications. Results indicate that larger viewing windows and and holographic plates would permit a wider viewing angle and give much more coverage of the regions of interest. Also, shorter time delay for double-pulsed holograms is also desirable, and would minimize blade movement and give clearer holograms.
Benser, W. A.↗
Some aspects of the aeroacoustics of high-speed jets
Some of the background to contemporary jet aeroacoustics is addressed. Then scaling laws for noise generation by low-Mach-number airflows and by turbulence convected at 'not so low' Mach number is reviewed. These laws take into account the influence of Doppler effects associated with the convection of aeroacoustic sources. Next, a uniformly valid Doppler-effect approximation exhibits the transition, with increasing Mach number of convection, from compact-source radiation at low Mach numbers to a statistical assemblage of conical shock waves radiated by eddies convected at supersonic speed. In jets, for example, supersonic eddy convection is typically found for jet exit speeds exceeding twice the atmospheric speed of sound. The Lecture continues by describing a new dynamical theory of the nonlinear propagation of such statistically random assemblages of conical shock waves. It is shown, both by a general theoretical analysis and by an illustrative computational study, how their propagation is dominated by a characteristic 'bunching' process. That process associated with a tendency for shock waves that have already formed unions with other shock waves to acquire an increased proneness to form further unions - acts so as to enhance the high-frequency part of the spectrum of noise emission from jets at these high exit speeds.
Lighthill, James↗
An experimental investigation of shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interactions with and without boundary layer suction: A data summary report
Tabulated data from a series of experimental studies of the interaction of a shock wave with a turbulent boundary layer in axisymmetric flow configurations is presented. The studies were conducted at the walls of circular wind tunnels and on the cylindrical centerbody of an annular flow channel. Detailed pitot pressure profiles and wall static pressure profiles upstream of, within and downstream of the interaction region are given. Results are presented for flows at nominal freestream Mach Numbers of 2, 3 and 4. For studies at the tunnel sidewalls, the shock waves were produced by conical shock generators mounted on the centerline of the wind tunnel at zero angle of attack. The annular ring generator was used to produce the shock wave at the centerbody of the annular flow channel. The effects of boundary layer bleed were examined in the investigation. Both bleed rate and bleed location were studied. Most of the bleed studies were conducted with bleed holes drilled normal to the wall surface but the effects of slot suction were also examined. A summary of the principal results and conclusions is given.
Sun, C. C.↗
Detection of oblique shocks in a conical nozzle with a circular-arc throat.
Oblique shock detection in conical nozzle with circular arc throat, noting measurement techniques
CONICAL NOZZLE↗
Holographic studies of shock waves within transonic fan rotors
Pulsed laser holographic interferometry has been applied to the detection of shock patterns in the outer span regions of high tip speed transonic rotors. The first holographic approach used ruby laser light reflected from a portion of the centerbody just ahead of the rotor. These holograms showed the bow wave patterns upstream of the rotor and the shock patterns just inside the blade row near the tip. Much of the region of interest was in the shadow of the blade leading edge and could not be visualized. The second holographic approach, on a different rotor, used light transmitted diagonally across the inlet annulus past the centerbody. This approach gave a more extensive view of the region bounded by the blade leading and trailing edges, by the part span shroud and by the blade tip. These holograms showed the passage shock emanating from the blade leading edge and a moderately strong conical shock originating at the intersection of the part span shroud leading edge and the blade suction surface. Reasonable details of the shock patterns were obtained from holograms which were made without extensive rig modifications.
Benser, W. A.↗
Holographic studies of shock waves within transonic fan rotors
NASA has funded two separate contracts to apply pulsed laser holographic interferometry to the detection of shock patterns in the outer span regions of high tip speed transonic rotors. The first holographic approach used ruby laser light reflected from a portion of the centerbody just ahead of the rotor. These holograms showed the bow wave patterns upstream of the rotor and the shock patterns just inside the blade row near the tip. The second holographic approach, on a different rotor, used light transmitted diagonally across the inlet annulus past the centerbody. This approach gave a more extensive view of the region bounded by the blade leading and trailing edges, by the part span shroud and by the blade tip. These holograms showed the passage shock emanating from the blade leading edge and a moderately strong conical shock originating at the intersection of the part span shroud leading edge and the blade suction surface.
Benser, W. A.↗
Summary of Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction Experiments In a Circular Test Section
A series of experiments were performed at Mach 2.5 in a 17 cm diameter circular test section to characterize an impinging/reflected shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction generated by a cone-cylinder centerbody. The cone-cylinder centerbody generates a conical shock wave that interacts with the naturally occurring boundary layer developing on the test section wall. Three different cone angles were used in the experiment to study unseparated, incipiently separated, and separated interactions. When the cone-cylinder centerbody is positioned on the centerline, a flowfield which is two-dimensional in the mean is generated. Three dimensional interactions were also created by offsetting the cone-cylinder centerbody from the test section centerline. The results are intended to provide benchmark quality datasets for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation without the pitfalls inherent in rectangular configurations where corner effects prohibit a truly two-dimensional flow in the mean. The experimental measurements included surface flow visualization, wall static pressure, flowfield Pitot tube pressure, constant-voltage anemometry (CVA) normal hot-wire, and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The hot-wire measurements were used to calculate mean mass flux and total temperature profiles, mass flux and total temperature turbulence intensities, and the mass flux-total temperature correlation. The PIV measurements provide three-dimensional mean velocity measurements. Agreement between the pressure, hot-wire, and PIV measurements is established in the undisturbed upstream flowfield.
Supersonic↗
Summary of Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction Experiments in a Circular Test Section
A series of experiments were performed at Mach 2.5 in a 17 cm diameter circular test section to characterize an impinging/reflected shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction generated by a cone-cylinder centerbody. The cone-cylinder centerbody generates a conical shock wave that interacts with the naturally occurring boundary layer developing on the test section wall. Three different cone angles were used in the experiment to study unseparated, incipiently separated, and separated interactions. When the cone-cylinder centerbody is positioned on the centerline, a flowfield which is two-dimensional in the mean is generated. Three dimensional interactions were also created by offsetting the cone-cylinder centerbody from the test section centerline. The results are intended to provide benchmark quality datasets for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation without the pitfalls inherent in rectangular configurations where corner effects prohibit a truly two-dimensional flow in the mean. The experimental measurements included surface flow visualization, wall static pressure, flowfield Pitot tube pressure, constant-voltage anemometry (CVA) normal hot-wire, and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The hot-wire measurements were used to calculate mean mass flux and total temperature profiles, mass flux and total temperature turbulence intensities, and the mass flux-total temperature correlation. The PIV measurements provide three-dimensional mean velocity measurements. Agreement between the pressure, hot-wire, and PIV measurements is established in the undisturbed upstream flowfield.
compressible flow↗