Results for “contextual location”

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Cosmic Radiation Symphony: Soundtrack for a Journey to Mars

Space radiation (SR) is a constant threat to astronauts who journey away from the Earth’s protective magnetosphere. Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) are atomic nuclei from remnants of supernovae and are omnipresent in outer space. These ionized particles travel close to the speed of light and when they traverse biological material,they leave behind a path of damage. Another space radiation threat is from our sun when solar particle events (SPEs), or bursts of energetic protons,occur. Exposure to space radiation can lead to cancer, cardiovascular disease,immune dysfunction, and cognitive and behavioral decrements. Yet humans cannot see, smell, taste, hear,or feel radiation, making it less tangible than other health threats and much more difficult to describe.This is an important gap in risk communication that the Space Radiation Element is working to close within NASA’s Human Research Program. Music and art are powerful means of communicating human emotions and feelings and are effective and creative ways to convey other types of information. In this work, the sonification process was used to transcribe or translate the physical nature of the SR environment on a 3-year mission to Mars into sound, a format perceptible to the human ear. A visual representation for the journey was also developed so the audience can both hear and envision the chronic presence of GCR and the acute and large bursts of energy present in SPEs. Data for this project were derived from the Radiation Assessment Detector on the NASA Curiosity Rover during its outbound cruise to Mars and on the Martian surface, as well as from models of the space radiation environment behind spacecraft shielding. Our data-driven audiovisual composition was realized using custom programmed digital signal processing and graphic design in the programming languages Pure Data and Processing. The data sonification was contextualized in time and space by calculating and visualizing the location of the spacecraft in relation to the other planets during the Mars mission. The finished work is a unique and powerful means of communicating the presence and risk of space radiation, accessible by people of all ages and scientific backgrounds

Richard Snow↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Stewardship Best Practices for Improved Discovery and Reuse of Heterogeneous and Cross-Disciplinary Earth System Data

Some of the Earth system data products such as those from NASA airborne and field investigations (a.k.a. campaigns), are highly heterogeneous and cross-disciplinary, making the data extremely challenging to manage. For example, airborne and field campaign measurements tend to be sporadic over a period of time, with large gaps. Data products generated are of various processing levels and utilized for a wide range of inter- and cross-disciplinary research and applications. Data and derived products have been historically stored in a variety of domain-specific standard (and some non-standard) formats and in various locations such as NASA Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs), NASA airborne science facilities, field archives, or even individual scientists’ computer hard drives. As a result, airborne and field campaign data products have often been managed and represented differently, making it onerous for data users to find, access, and utilize campaign data. Some difficulties in discovering and accessing the campaign data originate from the incomplete data product and contextual metadata that may contain details relevant to the campaign (e.g. campaign acronym and instrument deployment locations), but tend to lack other significant information needed to understand conditions surrounding the data. Such details can be burdensome to locate after the conclusion of a campaign. Utilizing consistent terminology, essential for improved discovery and reuse, is also challenging due to the variety of involved disciplines. To help address the aforementioned challenges faced by many repositories and data managers handling airborne and field data, this presentation will describe stewardship practices developed by the Airborne Data Management Group (ADMG) within the Interagency Implementation and Advanced Concepts Team (IMPACT) under the NASA’s Earth Science Data systems (ESDS) Program.

best practices↗

NASA NTRS2010

Using MERRA Gridded Innovations for Quantifying Uncertainties in Analysis Fields and Diagnosing Observing System Inhomogeneities

MERRA is a NASA reanalysis for the satellite era using a major new version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System Version 5 (GEOS-5). The project focuses on historical analyses of the hydrological cycle on a broad range of weather and climate time scales and places the NASA EOS suite of observations in a climate context. The characterization of uncertainty in reanalysis fields is a commonly requested feature by users of such data. While intercomparison with reference data sets is common practice for ascertaining the realism of the datasets, such studies typically are restricted to long term climatological statistics and seldom provide state dependent measures of the uncertainties involved. In principle, variational data assimilation algorithms have the ability of producing error estimates for the analysis variables (typically surface pressure, winds, temperature, moisture and ozone) consistent with the assumed background and observation error statistics. However, these "perceived error estimates" are expensive to obtain and are limited by the somewhat simplistic errors assumed in the algorithm. The observation minus forecast residuals (innovations) by-product of any assimilation system constitutes a powerful tool for estimating the systematic and random errors in the analysis fields. Unfortunately, such data is usually not readily available with reanalysis products, often requiring the tedious decoding of large datasets and not so-user friendly file formats. With MERRA we have introduced a gridded version of the observations/innovations used in the assimilation process, using the same grid and data formats as the regular datasets. Such dataset empowers the user with the ability of conveniently performing observing system related analysis and error estimates. The scope of this dataset will be briefly described. We will present a systematic analysis of MERRA innovation time series for the conventional observing system, including maximum-likelihood estimates of background and observation errors, as well as global bias estimates. Starting with the joint PDF of innovations and analysis increments at observation locations we propose a technique for diagnosing bias among the observing systems, and document how these contextual biases have evolved during the satellite era covered by MERRA.

da Silva, Arlindo↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Bringing Research to New Heights: How CASEI Integrates Data Curation, Discovery, and Education in Earth and Atmospheric Science

A challenging aspect of any project is finding all the relevant data and information needed to address the research objective. Searching for data and its contextual metadata can become overwhelming for both undergraduate and graduate students, potentially hindering their work and affecting the scientific discoveries that could be made in the long run. To ease this, the NASA Airborne Data Management Group (ADMG), part of the Interagency Implementation and Advanced Concepts Team (IMPACT), has developed the new Catalog of Archived Suborbital Earth science Investigations (CASEI). CASEI includes a web portal that users, be they professionals or students, can use to search, browse, discover, and locate relevant observations associated with NASA’s airborne and field campaigns. Users are able to query data in a variety of ways (via keywords, locations, timeframe, etc) from one online portal, minimizing the amount of time needed to search. CASEI also allows access to key contextual metadata and data from a wide array of Earth and Atmospheric Science topics such as aerosols and boundary layer processes, as well as ice and glacial properties or processes. Users are able to access the data via DOI links to data set landing pages. This presentation will demonstrate how CASEI can be used for classwork and student research. Teachers can provide CASEI to their students as a tool for their studies, or use it to find data themselves while constructing their curriculums. Additionally, users can leverage CASEI to learn about NASA’s Earth and Atmospheric Science research efforts and to find data relevant for assignments or other research projects. The metadata in CASEI has been carefully curated, and highlights important information about the campaigns and their data. Students can explore and learn about the scientific objectives of the campaigns, as well as descriptions of the campaign’s best research days. Having access to contextual metadata in an easy to understand way can help plant the seeds of new ideas in students at any point in their academic journey. From class projects to theses/dissertations and other research, CASEI is a valuable emerging tool for data discovery, giving access to all users and guiding researchers to NASA’s unique airborne data to answer the burning Earth Science questions of our time.

education↗

NASA NTRS2021

Contextual Segmentation of Fire Spotting Regions Through Satellite-Augmented Autonomous Modular Sensor Image

Globally, forest fires remain a significant threat to human and environmental wellbeing. Towards mitigating the impacts of forest fires, it is critical that accurate and updated information regarding not only the fire line, but also nearby human settlements, vegetation, and water sources is reported quickly to emergency services. However, while existing UAS-based fire detection methods are effective, they largely do not report the contextual environmental information necessary to best serve nearby communities in disaster response. Additionally, modern advancements in deep learning offer new approaches for image segmentation which may improve classification accuracy beyond current pixel-wise indices. In this work, we benchmark the performance of these modern segmentation techniques in locating both fire lines and environmental features in historical Autonomous Modular Sensor imagery. Furthermore, we augment these outputs with satellite imagery segmentation towards developing a robust contextual mapping tool for rapid emergency fire response and decision making.

Nikhil Behari↗

NASA NTRS2016

Building on the Cornerstone: Destinations for Nearside Sample Return

Discoveries from LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) have transformed our knowledge of the Moon, but LRO's instruments were originally designed to collect the measurements required to enable future lunar surface exploration. Compelling science questions and critical resources make the Moon a key destination for future human and robotic exploration. Lunar surface exploration, including rovers and other landed missions, must be part of a balanced planetary science and exploration portfolio. Among the highest planetary exploration priorities is the collection of new samples and their return to Earth for more comprehensive analysis than can be done in-situ. The Moon is the closest and most accessible location to address key science questions through targeted sample return. The Moon is the only other planet from which we have contextualized samples, yet critical issues need to be addressed: we lack important details of the Moon's early and recent geologic history, the full compositional and age ranges of its crust, and its bulk composition.

Lawrence, S. J.↗

NASA NTRS2012

Regolith Depth, Mobility, and Variability on Vesta from Dawn's Low Altitude Mapping Orbit

Regolith, the fragmental debris layer formed from impact events of all sizes, covers the surface of all asteroids imaged by spacecraft to date. Here we use Framing Camera (FC) images [1] acquired by the Dawn spacecraft [2] from its low-altitude mapping orbit (LAMO) of 210 km (pixel scales of ~20 m) to characterize regolith depth, variability, and mobility on Vesta, and to locate areas of especially thin regolith and exposures of competent material. These results will help to evaluate how the surface of this differentiated asteroid has evolved over time, and provide key contextual information for understanding the origin and degree of mixing of the surficial materials for which compositions are estimated [3,4] and the causes of the relative spectral immaturity of the surface [5]. Vestan regolith samples, in the form of howardite meteorites, can be studied in the laboratory to provide complementary constraints on the regolith process [6].

Denevi, B. W.↗

NASA NTRS2004

NASA Technology Takes Center Stage

In today's fast-paced business world, there is often more information available to researchers than there is time to search through it. Data mining has become the answer to finding the proverbial "needle in a haystack," as companies must be able to quickly locate specific pieces of information from large collections of data. Perilog, a suite of data-mining tools, searches for hidden patterns in large databases to determine previously unrecognized relationships. By retrieving and organizing contextually relevant data from any sequence of terms - from genetic data to musical notes - the software can intelligently compile information about desired topics from databases.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2018

Initial Approach to Collect Small Unmanned Aircraft System Off-Nominal Operational Situations Data

NASA is developing the Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management research platform to safely integrate small unmanned aircraft operations in large-scale at low-altitudes. As a part of this effort, small unmanned aircraft system off-nominal operational situations data collection process has been developed to take lessons learned and to reinforce operational compliance. In this paper, descriptions of variables used for digital data collection and an online report form for collection of observational data from the operators (contextual data) are provided. They are used to collect off-nominal data from the Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management National Campaign in 2017. The digital data show that 2 out of 118 campaign operations (1.7%) encountered loss of navigation. Since the campaign aircraft used Global Positioning System for navigation, it is likely that unobstructed view of the sky at the campaign locations contributed to this small number. Also, 4 out of 47 operations (8.5%) encountered loss of communications. A relatively short distance between ground control system and aircraft, ranging from 2300 feet to 4200 feet, likely contributed to this small number. There was no data to identify the loss of communications condition, aircraft received signal strength, for the remaining 71 operations suggesting that some operators may not be monitoring unmanned aircraft communications system performance or monitoring it with different parameters. For the contextual data, due to the low number of total reports during the campaign, no significant trends emerged. This is an initial attempt to collect contextual data from small unmanned aircraft operators about off-nominal situations, and changes will be made to the future data collection to improve the amount and quality of the information.

unmanned aviation systems traffic management (UTM)↗

NASA NTRS2018

Initial Approach to Collect Small Unmanned Aircraft System Off-Nominal Operational Situations Data

NASA is developing the Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management research platform to safely integrate small unmanned aircraft operations in large-scale at low-altitudes. As a part of this effort, small unmanned aircraft system off-nominal operational situations data collection process has been developed to take lessons learned and to reinforce operational compliance. In this paper, descriptions of variables used for digital data collection and an online report form for collection of observational data from the operators (contextual data) are provided. They are used to collect off-nominal data from the Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management National Campaign in 2017. The digital data show that 2 out of 118 campaign operations (1.7%) encountered loss of navigation. Since the campaign aircraft used Global Positioning System for navigation, it is likely that unobstructed view of the sky at the campaign locations contributed to this small number. Also, 4 out of 47 operations (8.5%) encountered loss of communications. A relatively short distance between ground control system and aircraft, ranging from 2300 feet to 4200 feet, likely contributed to this small number. There was no data to identify the loss of communications condition, aircraft received signal strength, for the remaining 71 operations suggesting that some operators may not be monitoring unmanned aircraft communications system performance or monitoring it with different parameters. For the contextual data, due to the low number of total reports during the campaign, no significant trends emerged. This is an initial attempt to collect contextual data from small unmanned aircraft operators about off-nominal situations, and changes will be made to the future data collection to improve the amount and quality of the information.

Jung, Jaewoo↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

In Situ Geochronology for the Next Decade

Geochronology, or determination of absolute ages for geologic events, underpins many inquiries into the formation and evolution of planets and our Solar System. The bombardment chronology inferred from lunar samples has played a significant role in the development of models of early Solar System and extrasolar planet dynamics, as well as the timing of volatile, organic, and siderophile element delivery. Absolute ages of ancient and recent magmatic products provide strong constraints on the dynamics of magma oceans and crustal formation, and the longevity and evolution of interior heat engines and distinct mantle/crustal source regions. Absolute dating also relates habitability markers to the timescale of evolution of life on Earth. The number of geochronologically-significant terrains across the inner Solar System far exceeds our ability to conduct sample return to all of them. Therefore NASA has invested in the development of in situ dating techniques; several such instruments will be TRL 6 by the time of the next Decadal Survey. We formulated a set of medium-class (New Frontiers) mission concepts to three different locations (the Moon, Mars, and Vesta) with a notional payload consisting of the CDEX and KArLE instruments to measure radiometric ages, an imaging spectrometer and optical cameras to provide site geologic context and sample characterization, an ICP-MS to augment sample contextualization, and a sample acquisition and handling system. A Vesta hopper and single-site lunar and Mars landers to advance Solar System chronology fit into the New Frontiers cost cap in our study. Such missions would also enable a broad suite of geologic investigations such as basic geologic characterization, geomorphologic analysis, establishing ground truth for remote sensing analyses, analyses of major, minor, trace, and volatile elements, atmospheric and other long-lived monitoring, organic molecule analyses, and soil and geotechnical properties.

Barbara A Cohen↗

NASA NTRS2012

Explanation Capabilities for Behavior-Based Robot Control

A recent study that evaluated issues associated with remote interaction with an autonomous vehicle within the framework of grounding found that missing contextual information led to uncertainty in the interpretation of collected data, and so introduced errors into the command logic of the vehicle. As the vehicles became more autonomous through the activation of additional capabilities, more errors were made. This is an inefficient use of the platform, since the behavior of remotely located autonomous vehicles didn't coincide with the "mental models" of human operators. One of the conclusions of the study was that there should be a way for the autonomous vehicles to describe what action they choose and why. Robotic agents with enough self-awareness to dynamically adjust the information conveyed back to the Operations Center based on a detail level component analysis of requests could provide this description capability. One way to accomplish this is to map the behavior base of the robot into a formal mathematical framework called a cost-calculus. A cost-calculus uses composition operators to build up sequences of behaviors that can then be compared to what is observed using well-known inference mechanisms.

Huntsberger, Terrance L.↗

NASA NTRS2016

NEEMO 18-20: Analog Testing for Mitigation of Communication Latency During Human Space Exploration

NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) is an underwater spaceflight analog that allows a true mission-like operational environment and uses buoyancy effects and added weight to simulate different gravity levels. Three missions were undertaken from 2014-2015, NEEMO's 18-20. All missions were performed at the Aquarius undersea research habitat. During each mission, the effects of communication latencies on operations concepts, timelines, and tasks were studied. METHODS: Twelve subjects (4 per mission) were weighed out to simulate near-zero or partial gravity extravehicular activity (EVA) and evaluated different operations concepts for integration and management of a simulated Earth-based science team (ST) to provide input and direction during exploration activities. Exploration traverses were preplanned based on precursor data. Subjects completed science-related tasks including pre-sampling surveys, geologic-based sampling, and marine-based sampling as a portion of their tasks on saturation dives up to 4 hours in duration that were designed to simulate extravehicular activity (EVA) on Mars or the moons of Mars. One-way communication latencies, 5 and 10 minutes between space and mission control, were simulated throughout the missions. Objective data included task completion times, total EVA times, crew idle time, translation time, ST assimilation time (defined as time available for ST to discuss data/imagery after data acquisition). Subjective data included acceptability, simulation quality, capability assessment ratings, and comments. RESULTS: Precursor data can be used effectively to plan and execute exploration traverse EVAs (plans included detailed location of science sites, high-fidelity imagery of the sites, and directions to landmarks of interest within a site). Operations concepts that allow for pre-sampling surveys enable efficient traverse execution and meaningful Mission Control Center (MCC) interaction across communication latencies and can be done with minimal crew idle time. Imagery and contextual information from the EVA crew that is transmitted real-time to the intravehicular (IV) crewmember(s) can be used to verify that exploration traverse plans are being executed correctly. That same data can be effectively used by MCC (across comm latency) to provide meaningful feedback and instruction to the crew regarding sampling priorities, additional tasks, and changes to the EVA timeline. Text / data capabilities are preferred over voice capabilities between MCC and IV when executing exploration traverse plans over communication latency.

Chappell, Steven P.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

pyQuARC: Preparing for Full Release

Metadata holds the contextual information about data and is the underlying structure for many data search portals. High quality metadata optimizes search results, allowing users to quickly retrieve the data they need. With the abundant volume and diversity of Earth observation datasets, data discovery and metadata quality are critical for end users. The Common Metadata Repository (CMR), for example, currently hosts metadata for over 9,000 Earth observation data products archived across 12 NASA Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs). The Analysis and Review of CMR (ARC) Team, located at Marshall Space Flight Center, assesses the completeness, correctness, and consistency of these metadata records to ensure they are accessible, usable, and discoverable. In 2021, ARC began developing pyQuARC, an open source library for Earth Observation Metadata Quality Assessment to automate this effort. The tool uses ARC’s existing metadata quality framework to provide prioritized recommendations for metadata improvement. During initial testing, pyQuARC automatically identified 58% of metadata findings when compared with a sample of manually reviewed records. Using the results from initial testing, this presentation will focus on recent advancements and improvements of the tool as the ARC team prepares for pyQuARC’s full release. It will also demonstrate pyQuARC's enrichment value, not only for the ARC team, but the broader EOSDIS metadata community as well.

Essence Raphael↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Boninites from Cyprus Island as Mercury Lava Analogues

Mercurian meteorites have never been found on Earth. However, thanks to the NASA’s MESSENGER mission, some constraints on the geochemistry and mineralogy of Mercurian rocks are now available. Results from the Xand Gamma-ray Spectrometers onboard the MESSENGER mission suggest a surface composition with Mg/Si ratio within 0.33-0.67 and a Fe/Si ratio within 0.03-0.15, characterized by extremely reduced (IW -6) rocks. Experimental petrology studies show that the most appropriate Mercurian rock-type should be a Mg-rich, Fe-poor basalt, mainly composed of orthopyroxene and plagioclase. Visible/near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy of terrestrial basalts can help contextualize acquired MESSENGER spectra. The most Mg-rich, Al-poor regions on Mercury, are suggested to be orthopyroxene-rich lavas analogous to terrestrial boninites and/or komatiites. At present, there are no studies on the geochemistry and mineralogy of boninites for their possible association with Mercurian material. In addition, there are still no information about the VNIR spectral properties of boninitic material. In this work, we investigate the VNIR and Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) of a series of boninitic pillow lavas that were collected on the Upper Pillow Lavas unit of the Troodos Massif, located on the island of Cyprus. Data are then discussed in order to reveal potential classification as Mercury analog.

Nicola Mari↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Microscopy Methods for Life Detection on Ocean Worlds

On Earth, light microscopy is commonly used in microbiology to identify organisms and observe their interactions with the environment; this makes it an attractive technique for in situ life detection methods on ocean worlds. As a standalone technique, brightfield microscopy, while able to provide important contextual information, has limited usefulness as a life detection technique because it is often challenging to differentiate between abiotic and biotic particles based solely on their size and shape, which may introduce risks of false positive or false negative interpretations. However, these risks can be reduced by combining brightfield microscopy with fluorescence microscopy to provide a method that correlate sample chemistry with sample morphology. In this work, we have used the Luminescence Imager for Exploration (LIfE), a brightfield and epifluorescence microscope with an integrated sample processing system (matured under the Concepts for Ocean worlds Life Detection Technology and Instrument Concepts of Europa Exploration programs) to develop methods that increase the fidelity of in situ microscopy life detection measurements through two main approaches. First, native fluorescence is excited in molecules that contain aromatic moieties such as proteins (using deep UV excitation), and energy carrying molecules and endogenous chromophores (using visible-light excitation), to correlate the location of these species with cell-like structural features (brightfield imaging). Second, fluorescent stains are used to selectively image cells and cell fragments by targeting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. We discuss the results of tests, obtained using ocean world analog samples, that have examined trades associated with implementing these methods autonomously in planetary missions, including the intrinsic properties of candidate fluorescence dyes and long-term storage and radiation stability.

Pavel E. Z. Klier↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Microscopy Methods for Life Detection on Ocean Worlds

On Earth, light microscopy is commonly used in microbiology to identify organisms and observe their interactions with the environment; this makes it an attractive technique for in situ life detection methods on ocean worlds. As a standalone technique, brightfield microscopy, while able to provide important contextual information, has limited usefulness as a life detection technique because it is often challenging to differentiate between abiotic and biotic particles based solely on their size and shape, which may introduce risks of false positive or false negative interpretations. However, these risks can be reduced by combining brightfield microscopy with fluorescence microscopy to provide a method that correlate sample chemistry with sample morphology. In this work, we have used the Luminescence Imager for Exploration (LIfE), a brightfield and epifluorescence microscope with an integrated sample processing system (matured under the Concepts for Ocean worlds Life Detection Technology and Instrument Concepts of Europa Exploration programs) to develop methods that increase the fidelity of in situ microscopy life detection measurements through two main approaches. First, native fluorescence is excited in molecules that contain aromatic moieties such as proteins (using deep UV excitation), and energy carrying molecules and endogenous chromophores (using visible-light excitation), to correlate the location of these species with cell-like structural features (brightfield imaging). Second, fluorescent stains are used to selectively image cells and cell fragments by targeting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. We discuss the results of tests, obtained using ocean world analog samples, that have examined trades associated with implementing these methods autonomously in planetary missions, including the intrinsic properties of candidate fluorescence dyes and long-term storage and radiation stability.

Pavel E Z Klier↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Market Survey 2020: Commercial Clinical Decision Support Systems and Wellness Tools

For long-duration, deep space exploration missions, current methods for managing and supporting crew health and medical conditions will be unsuitable. Communication and data transmission lags will necessitate the use of a sophisticated clinical decision support system (CDSS) that will tailor diagnosis and treatment guidance that is context-sensitive for anticipated astronaut health, wellness, and medical conditions. A variety of clinical decision support (CDS) and wellness tools (WT) are currently available in the commercial market and a broad-brush survey of this market can provide an initial impression of the current state of the art which, in turn, can inform the roadmap of NASA deep space CDSS development and associated requirements. Such a survey was undertaken during the first six months of 2020 using directed convenience sampling to obtain information provided by vendors on their websites; both commercially available CDS and WT (such as those used to track and monitor nutrition, exercise, and sleep) were included. Areas assessed were item type (e.g., software/application, device); primary purpose of the item (e.g., diagnostic support, nutrition tracking); additional purposes (if any); reported features, capabilities, and functionality; setting of use (e.g., inpatient, outpatient); intended user (e.g., clinician, patient); location and sources of data/information used or produced by the item; integration with patient electronic health record (EHR); compliance with interoperability ontologies and standards (e.g., Health Level 7 [HL7], Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terminology [SNOMED-CT]); and whether the item is knowledge-based (derived from research findings) or non-knowledge-based (derived through artificial intelligence, machine learning, advanced probability and statistics), among others. Ninety-seven (97) vendor websites describing 196 CDS and 73 WT (269 total) were reviewed and coded. The primary purpose of the majority of CDS reviewed is diagnosis or diagnosis/treatment/drug decision support—targeted for clinician use— and the primary purpose of the majority of WT reviewed is the monitoring of different health metrics, most often through the use of a biosensor device (e.g., blood pressure)—targeted for patient use. Very few CDS or WT appear to comply with major international interoperability standards or can be integrated with a patient’s EHR data. None consider contextual factors, such as conditions of the physical environment (e.g., CO2 levels). The majority of CDS and WT reviewed are non-knowledge, cloud- or web-based applications or software. Forty-three (43) major findings were identified and the implications those findings have for NASA will be discussed. Example major findings include: CDS-WT capabilities range from diagnosis to treatment applications, CDS-WT may be wearable or non-wearable and are technologically advanced and only a few CDS-WT tools referenced compliance to ensure interoperability, among other findings. Recommendations will also be offered that will help to address ExMC Gap, Medical-701: Enhance medical capabilities within an exploration medical system.

market survey↗