Using the USAXS technique to reveal the fat globule and casein micelle structures of bovine dairy products
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Peyronel, Fernanda (ORCID:0000000231294473)↗
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Dairy Methane Emissions in California's San Joaquin Valley Inferred With Ground‐Based Remote Sensing Observations in the Summer and Winter
Abstract The dairy industry in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) is one of California’s largest methane (CH 4 ) sources. Reducing dairy emissions is a priority for the state’s climate change plans. Observations of current dairy CH 4 emissions are key to monitoring actions taken toward this goal. To help support this, we present new ground‐based measurements of atmospheric column‐averaged CH 4 mixing ratio (XCH 4 ) gradients across a group of 600 dairies in the central SJV using EM27/SUN solar spectrometers. We used measurements from the 2019 summer and 2020 winter seasons for a top‐down emission inversion based on the WRF‐STILT model. Our top‐down estimates of the region’s dairy emissions range from 90% to 183% of the current CALGEM inventory’s emissions of 277 Gg/yr. In contrast to the strong temperature dependence found by earlier dairy CH 4 emission studies, we also find that our top‐down emissions during the winter measurement days are comparable to the summer measurement days, possibly due to seasonal changes in dairy management practices and meteorological conditions. Furthermore, we find significant interday variability in our measurements and find that our emission estimates overlap with earlier top‐down studies and bottom‐up inventories in this region. Our study demonstrates how analysis of ground‐based remotely sensed CH 4 gradient observations can help improve our understanding of CH 4 sources at scales relevant to mitigation policy. It also reflects the need for long‐term monitoring of CH 4 emissions in the region and at individual facilities to better understand their emissions.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Ammonia and Methane Dairy Emission Plumes in the San Joaquin Valley of California from Individual Feedlot to Regional Scales
Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions are highly uncertain, with high spatiotemporal variability and a lack of widespread in situ measurements. Regional NH3 emission estimates using mass balance or emission ratio approaches are uncertain due to variable NH3 sources and sinks as well as unknown plume correlations with other dairy source tracers. We characterize the spatial distributions of NH3 and methane (CH4) dairy plumes using in situ surface and airborne measurements in the Tulare dairy feedlot region of the San Joaquin Valley, California, during the NASA Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality 2013 field campaign. Surface NH3 and CH4 mixing ratios exhibit large variability with maxima localized downwind of individual dairy feedlots. The geometric mean NH3:CH4 enhancement ratio derived from surface measurements is 0.15 +/- 0.03 ppmv ppmv−1. Individual dairy feedlots with spatially distinct NH3 and CH4 source pathways led to statistically significant correlations between NH3 and CH4 in 68% of the 69 downwind plumes sampled. At longer sampling distances, the NH3:CH4 enhancement ratio decreases 20-30%, suggesting the potential for NH3 deposition as a loss term for plumes within a few kilometers downwind of feedlots. Aircraft boundary layer transect measurements directly above surface mobile measurements in the dairy region show comparable gradients and geometric mean enhancement ratios within measurement uncertainties, even when including NH3 partitioning to submicron particles. Individual NH3 and CH4 plumes sampled at close proximity where losses are minimal are not necessarily correlated due to lack of mixing and distinct source pathways. Our analyses have important implications for constraining NH3 sink and plume variability influences on regional NH3 emission estimates and for improving NH3 emission inventory spatial allocations.
Miller, David J.↗
Recycling of Nutrients from Dairy Wastewater by Extremophilic Microalgae with High Ammonia Tolerance
This study explored the possibility of incorporating extremophilic algal cultivation into dairy wastewater treatment by characterizing a unique algal strain. Results showed that extremophilic microalgae Chlorella vulgaris CA1 newly isolated from dairy wastewater tolerated a high level of ammonia nitrogen (2.7 g/L), which was over 20 times the ammonia nitrogen that regular Chlorella sp. could tolerate. The isolate was mixotrophically cultured in dairy effluent treated by anaerobic digestion (AD) for recycling nutrients and polishing the wastewater. The highest biomass content of 13.3 g/L and protein content of 43.4% were achieved in the culture in AD effluent. Up to 96% of the total nitrogen and 79% of the total phosphorus were removed from the dairy AD effluent. The ability of the algae to tolerate a high level of ammonia nitrogen suggests the potential for direct nutrient recycling from dairy wastewater while producing algal biomass and high value bioproducts.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Factors determining the exposure of dairy farmers to thoracic organic dust
Highlights: • Dairy farming exposes to thoracic dusts containing bacteria and moulds. • Specific tasks and farm characteristics control exposures to thoracic organic dusts. • Temperature and hygrometry also control the levels of organic dust exposure. Bronchial respiratory diseases are more common in dairy farmers than in the general population, perhaps because the repeated inhalation of organic dust contributes to the development of these disorders. However, the factors determining the exposure of farmers to particles that can enter the lower bronchial tract and interact with it, i.e. the thoracic fraction of the inhalable dust, remain to be identified. We therefore measured the exposure of dairy farmers to thoracic organic dust and identified the farm features and tasks that increased exposure. We measured thoracic particles (n = 110) and farm characteristics and occupational tasks in 29 Brittany dairy farms. The mean (GM) (geometric standard deviation, GSD) concentration of thoracic dust in air inhaled by farmers was 0.24 mg/m{sup 3} (2.8) and the concentrations of endotoxins, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi in the thoracic fraction were 128 EU/m{sup 3} (4.0), 960 CFU/m{sup 3} (6.3) and 690 CFU/m{sup 3} (5.4), respectively. Model-based estimates of the association between exposure, farm features and tasks indicated that manual grain and feed handling and mechanical bedding spreading significantly increased exposure to thoracic dust, endotoxins, bacteria and fungi. Exposure to bacteria and fungi was reduced by cowsheds divided into cubicles, whereas using automatic muck scrappers in alleyway and automatic milking tended to increase exposure to bacteria and endotoxins. Finally, exposure to endotoxin and fungi were reduced by warmer farm buildings and well-ventilated buildings having walls with large openings. In conclusions, major occupational tasks and specific farm features determine the exposure of Breton dairy farmers to thoracic organic dust.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Partial wet oxidation of dairy manure as a pretreatment process to produce acetic acid ‘a Source Growth of Methanogens’
Wet oxidation can be an effective process for the pretreatment of complex biomass such as lignocellulose. However, studies on the use of wet oxidation for treating solid waste such as dairy manure are limited. The use of partial wet oxidation to convert dairy manure into low molecular weight carboxylic acids as final products were investigated. This work focuses on the performance of the sub-critical wet oxidation treatment of dairy cattle manure as a conversion/pretreatment process to release matter from the lignocellulosic fraction rather than a destructive process. The operating conditions were controlled at the short residence time and optimal temperature in the presence of oxygen under a pressure of 120 psi. The thermal hydrolysis under wet oxidation significantly affected conversion manure slurry into organic acids. The concentration of acetic acid reached 1778 mg L –1 , achieved at 190°C (60 minutes reaction time) as the reaction temperature increased within the range of 150°C–200°C, total organic carbon was reduced and monomers in the process liquids decreased. On the other hand, soluble COD in process liquids increased with an increment in reaction temperature. The results provide insights into technical options to pretreat dairy manure to improve biochemical conversion yield.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Impact of temperature and concentration on flow behaviour of reconstituted lactose and protein–rich dairy powders
To help with designing the drying process, this study investigated the flow behaviour of lactose and protein-rich reconstituted dairy powders at 25°C and 50°C. Lactose-rich samples, 50% dried whey (DW) and 60% whey protein concentrate (WPC35) did not follow the Herschel–Bulkley model because of presence of lactose crystals. Reconstituted 50% skim milk powder (SMP) and protein-rich dairy powders exhibited shear-thinning behaviour (n < 0.3). With increasing concentration, whey protein concentrate/isolate (WPC80/WPI) and micellar casein concentrate high-solid dispersions exhibited more shear-thinning behaviour (n < 0.4). Furthermore, understanding shear-thinning behaviour of lactose-rich and protein-rich reconstituted dairy powders will provide basis for optimising drying parameters.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and Leptospira santarosai serogroup Pyrogenes isolated from bovine dairy herds in Puerto Rico
Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world and endemic in the Caribbean Islands. Bovine leptospirosis is an important reproductive disease. Globally, cattle are recognized as a reservoir host for L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, which is transmitted via urine, semen, and uterine discharges, and can result in abortion and poor reproductive performance. The dairy industry in Puerto Rico comprises up to 25% of agriculture-related income and is historically the most financially important agricultural commodity on the island. In this study, we report the isolation of two different pathogenic Leptospira species, from two different serogroups, from urine samples collected from dairy cows in Puerto Rico: L. borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo and L. santarosai serogroup Pyrogenes. Recovered isolates were classified using whole-genome sequencing, serotyping with reference antisera and monoclonal antibodies, and immunoblotting. These results demonstrate that dairy herds in Puerto Rico can be concurrently infected with more than one species and serovar of Leptospira, and that bacterin vaccines and serologic diagnostics should account for this when applying intervention and diagnostic strategies.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
An Eco-Friendly System for the Production of Value-Added Materials from Dairy Manure
A technoeconomic model has been developed to explore the viability of a two-stage anaerobic digester (AD) coupled with additional processes to increase the economic attractiveness of a new manure treatment system. The addition of a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) reactor, algae cultivation system (ACS), and a biomass treatment system, such as, fast-pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) would further sequester carbon and nutrients, as well as add valuable products that can be sold or used on-site to mitigate costs. The Decision-support for Digester-Algae IntegRation for Improved Environmental and Economic Sustainability (DAIRIEES) model is used to evaluate the effectiveness and viability of this system to achieve economic and environmental sustainability by the dairy industry. The DAIRIEES model was used to evaluate the effectiveness and viability of this system to achieve economic viability and environmental sustainability by the dairy industry. A base case with mass flows and economics for a 10,000 herd dairy is considered. The integrated manure treatment system can reduce the amount of nitrogen released from the manure by 61.7%. If the ACS is not incorporated into the system, the nitrogen reduction drops to 19%. Similarly, the amount of phosphorus available for release to the environment is reduced by 37.4% with the full system, and by 26% for the system without the ACS. The results of the economic analysis indicate a net loss for the integrated system with algae cultivation. Without algae cultivation, the manure treatment system is profitable with a payback period of less than five years.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
The Sustainability Index: a new tool to breed for reduced greenhouse-gas emissions intensity in Australian dairy cattle
Context The Australian dairy industry has a target to reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions intensity by 30% between 2015 and 2030. At the animal level, apart from nutritional modifications and other management practices, selecting animals that emit less GHG can be a cost-effective and long-term strategy. Given the world’s demand for protein is increasing, selecting for animals with lower GHG emissions per unit of production, i.e. emissions intensity, is a realistic approach that addresses the key issue of emissions reduction while maintaining farm productivity. Aim To develop a selection index for Australian dairy cattle to breed for reduced emissions intensity. Methods The Sustainability Index was built based on the existing Balanced Performance Index (BPI) but placed greater emphasis on production, survival, health and feed efficiency. Key results In August 2022, DataGene released the Sustainability Index that can be used by dairy farmers to select animals with lower environmental footprints. Compared with BPI, the weights for protein, fat, survival, mastitis resistance and feed efficiency increased by 2.6-, 1.4-, 2.8-, 1.3- and 3.8-fold respectively. It is expected that with the use of the Sustainability Index, emissions intensity will be reduced by 7.64%, 8.96% and 5.52% respectively in Holstein, Jersey and Red breeds by 2050, compared with the 2015 level. The corresponding values when selecting for BPI were 6.34%, 7.91% and 5.23% respectively. However, the trade-off in BPI when using the Sustainability Index will be AUD0.79, AUD0.83, AUD0.22 per cow per year for Holstein, Jersey and Red breeds respectively. Conclusions The current profit index BPI has contributed to reduction in emissions intensity. To enhance the rate of improvement in emissions intensity, the Sustainability Index can be used with minimal impacts on profit. Implications To breed for lower emissions intensity, farmers can select animals with high Sustainability Index values that are published on DataVat (datavat.com.au) and the Good Bulls App. To lower gross emissions, combinations of additional measures such as management of diet, adjustment to animal numbers, management of stored manure, and appropriate use of carbon neutral fertiliser, renewable fuels and energy, will need to be adopted on farms.
Agriculture↗
AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-DFC US Dairy Forage Research Center, Prairie du Sac
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-DFC US Dairy Forage Research Center, Prairie du Sac. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-DFC US Dairy Forage Research Center, Prairie du Sac produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Former US ammunition plant converted to dairy farm in 1980 with annual and perennial croplands mostly comprised of alfalfa, corn, soybean and wheat, with natural vegetation (forest, grass and shrubland), as well as pastures and and hedgerows surrounding the fields. During spring and summer months, dry cows and heifer graze on pastures.
Duff, Alison↗
Combining biotechnology with circular bioeconomy: From poultry, swine, cattle, brewery, dairy and urban wastewaters to biohydrogen
Highlights: • Poultry, swine, cattle, brewery, dairy and urban WWs could be microalga-based treated. • Removal efficiency ranges were 95–100% for N, 63–99% for P and 48–70% for COD. • Higher biohydrogen production yield was obtained using poultry and swine wastewaters. The ability of microalgae to grow in nutrient-rich environments and to accumulate nutrients from wastewaters (WW) makes them attractive for the sustainable and low-cost treatment of WW. The valuable biomass produced can be further used for the generation of bioenergy, animal feed, fertilizers, and biopolymers, among others. In this study, Scenedesmus obliquus was able to remove nutrients from different wastewaters (poultry, swine and cattle breeding, brewery and dairy industries, and urban) with removal ranges of 95–100% for nitrogen, 63–99% for phosphorus and 48–70% for chemical oxygen demand. The biomass productivity using wastewaters was higher (except for poultry) than in synthetic medium (Bristol), the highest value being obtained in brewery wastewater (1025 mg/(L.day) of freeze-dried biomass). The produced biomass contained 31–53% of proteins, 12–36% of sugars and 8–23% of lipids, regardless of the type of wastewater. The potential of the produced Scenedesmus obliquus biomass for the generation of BioH{sub 2} through batch dark fermentation processes with Enterobacter aerogenes was evaluated. The obtained yields ranged, in mL H{sub 2}/g Volatile Solids (VS), from 50.1 for biomass from anaerobically digested cattle WW to 390 for swine WW, whereas the yield with biomass cultivated in Bristol medium was 57.6 mL H{sub 2}/g{sub VS}.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Combining anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction in the conversion of dairy waste into energy: A techno economic model for New York state
There is increasing global interest and policies being enacted to lower greenhouse gas emissions, especially from the agricultural sector. In the U.S. for example, states with large dairy operations may combine proven manure valorization technologies, such as anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction. Sustainable manure treatment would increase the recovery of energy and other useful co-products, namely biogas, biocrude oil and hydro-char as well as lower the environmental impacts. In this study, the economic feasibility of implementing a centralized bioenergy system in New York State was investigated. Here, the feasibility of this transformation depends on many factors, including capital costs, discount rates, and other financing arrangements, electricity selling prices, incentives and farm sizes and locations. For a large-scale implementation in New York State accounting for nearly 50% of the state’s dairy farms, our model of a distributed, hybrid anaerobic/hydrothermal system was shown to treat 590 million liters of wet manure per day, producing 607 million kWh of electricity, 162,000 L of biocrude oil and 117,000 kg of hydro-char per day. Electricity selling price is a critical factor. Increasing the electricity selling price from wholesale ($\$0.06$ /kWh) to retail ($\$0.18$ kWh) increased the net present value from $\$395$ million to $1.5 billion (considering a 40-year project lifetime).
42 ENGINEERING↗
AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-DFK Dairy Forage Research Center - Kernza
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-DFK Dairy Forage Research Center - Kernza. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-DFK Dairy Forage Research Center - Kernza produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Crop field (10 acres) in annual and perennial rotation. Alfalfa (2015-2018), intermediate wheatgrass grown for Kernza grain and grass forage (planted September 2019-2023, terminated spring 2024), corn silage (2024), planted in winter wheat (late summer/fall 2024). Winter wheat (2025) followed by alfalfa (to be planted August 2025).
Duff, Alison [US Dairy Forage Research Center]↗
Reburning of Animal Waste Based Biomass with Coals for NO x Reduction, Part II: Dairy Biomass (DB) and Coal–DB Blends
Concentrated animal feeding operations (both slaughter and dairy cattle) lead to land, water, and air pollution if waste storage and handling systems are not effectively managed. At the same time, cattle biomass (CB), which includes both slaughter/feedlot biomass (FB) and dairy biomass (DB), have the potential to be a source of green energy at coal-fired power plants. Part I presented results on NOx reductions with pure FB or Coal: FB blends as reburn fuels. Part II deals with results from reburning with pure DB or Coal: DB blends as reburn fuels. A mixture of NG with a small amount of NH3 was used to generate the baseline NOx of 400–420 ppm (or 185–194 g/GJ). NOx emissions were found to be reduced by as much as 96% when reburning with FB. The effects of reburn fuel type, equivalence ratio (ER RBZ ) in the reburn zone, vitiated air, several injection configurations of reburn fuel and initial NO concentrations on NOx emissions were investigated. The ER RBZ shows a significant effect on the NOx reduction. The 20% heat input by reburning was the better operating condition for the long-term operation due to its ash production. The results reveal that reburn with DB fuels is an effective technology for NOx emission control when the initial NOx emission is higher than 275 ppm (or 127 g/GJ or 0.3 lb/MMBtu).
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Anaerobic Digestion Implementation at Dairies in Colorado
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal manure to produce biogas (methane) fuel has a wide variety of environmental benefits to air and water quality in addition to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, the resulting biogas fuel and digestate products can help meet the energy needs and provide revenue to the farm. This case study explores the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing an AD system at the Aurora Organic Dairy (AOD) High Plains Complex in Gill, Colorado. The project is envisioned as digester located at the AOD Complex with a single feed stream of manure from the Complex. The project would be implemented by a third-party contractor who would build and operate the system and pay the dairy a fraction of the profits, in addition to providing by-products such as digestate solids and liquids for fertilizer.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Application of a Novel Heat Pump Model for Estimating Economic Viability and Barriers of Heat Pumps in Dairy Applications in the United States
Heat pumps represent an important opportunity for energy savings and decarbonization. This work investigates the techno-economic performance of high-temperature heat pumps (HTHPs) for use in the U.S. dairy industry. The studied heat pump performs a 50 °C temperature lift on a waste heat stream of cleaning water and applies the upgraded heat stream to a fluid milk pasteurization process. This work involved the creation of a HTHP model that estimated the coefficient of performance (COP), internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and payback period (PBP), and emissions saved for a heat pump replacing a natural gas boiler. Capital costs, operations, and maintenance (O&M) cost, heat pump lifetime, electricity prices, natural gas prices, and a cost of carbon were varied to perform a parametric study on the factors affecting the break-even price of HTHPs. The results show that HTHP economics are highly sensitive to COP and energy price environment, and less sensitive to capital and O&M cost variance, leading to a large scatter of positive and negative NPVs based on U.S. location. PBPs demonstrate a defined threshold, based on energy price environment, below which favorable two-to-three-year PBPs predominate. This work is focused on the U.S. dairy industry, but international application in relation to fossil vs. electricity price regimes. Heat pumps have seen wider adoption in regions with a high ratio of fossil energy to electricity prices ($/MMBTU vs. $/kWh). The U.S. has plentiful natural gas resulting in lower fossil energy prices which has reduced heat pump adoption. This paper identifies potential first mover industries for HTHP adoption and their associated price regimes even in regions with lower ratios of fossil energy to electricity prices that exist many places globally.
ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION,↗
Association between human and animal thermal comfort indices and physiological heat stress indicators in dairy calves
Warm summer episodes have a significant effect on the overall health and well-being of young cattle; however, it is not known which temperature measure should be used for estimating heat stress in dairy calves. In this study, generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the relationships between thermal comfort indices and animal-based heat stress indicators in sixteen Holstein bull calves that were housed in individual calf hutches. Data were collected under continental weather characteristics over a 5-day period: day 1 (lower-temperature day), days 2 and 3 (heat stress days), and a 2-day post-stress period. Relative humidity, ambient temperature, the heat index, the humidex and five different temperature–humidity indices (THI) were used as thermal indices. Physiological variables monitored included respiratory rate, rectal temperature, ear skin temperature and heart rate. The heat index and the humidex measuring human thermal comfort were more closely associated with physiological measures than were the ambient temperature or the THIs (in case of heat index: R{sup 2} = 0.87 for respiratory rate, R{sup 2} = 0.63 for rectal temperature, R{sup 2} = 0.70 for ear skin temperature, and R{sup 2} = 0.78 for heart rate, respectively; in case of humidex: R{sup 2} = 0.85 for respiratory rate, R{sup 2} = 0.60 for rectal temperature, R{sup 2} = 0.68 for ear skin temperature, and R{sup 2} = 0.75 for heart rate, respectively). Based on our results, parameters of human outdoor comfort seem better to estimate heat stress in dairy calves in a continental region than those of THIs or ambient temperature.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗