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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Mixed Acid Fermentation of Carbohydrate-Rich Dairy Manure Hydrolysate

Dairy manure (DM) is an abundant agricultural residue that is largely composed of lignocellulosic biomass. The aim of this study was to investigate if carbon derived from DM fibers can be recovered as medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which are mixed culture fermentation products of economic interest. DM fibers were subjected to combinations of physical, enzymatic, chemical, and thermochemical pretreatments to evaluate the possibility of producing carbohydrate-rich hydrolysates suitable for microbial fermentation by mixed cultures. Among the pretreatments tested, decrystalization dilute acid pretreatment (DCDA) produced the highest concentrations of glucose and xylose, and was selected for further experiments. Bioreactors fed DCDA hydrolysate were operated. Acetic acid and butyric acid comprised the majority of end products during operation of the bioreactors. MCFAs were transiently produced at a maximum concentration of 0.17 mg COD MCFAs /mg COD Total . Analyses of the microbial communities in the bioreactors suggest that lactic acid bacteria, Megasphaera , and Caproiciproducens were involved in MCFA and C4 production during DCDA hydrolysate metabolism.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Partial wet oxidation of dairy manure as a pretreatment process to produce acetic acid ‘a Source Growth of Methanogens’

Wet oxidation can be an effective process for the pretreatment of complex biomass such as lignocellulose. However, studies on the use of wet oxidation for treating solid waste such as dairy manure are limited. The use of partial wet oxidation to convert dairy manure into low molecular weight carboxylic acids as final products were investigated. This work focuses on the performance of the sub-critical wet oxidation treatment of dairy cattle manure as a conversion/pretreatment process to release matter from the lignocellulosic fraction rather than a destructive process. The operating conditions were controlled at the short residence time and optimal temperature in the presence of oxygen under a pressure of 120 psi. The thermal hydrolysis under wet oxidation significantly affected conversion manure slurry into organic acids. The concentration of acetic acid reached 1778 mg L –1 , achieved at 190°C (60 minutes reaction time) as the reaction temperature increased within the range of 150°C–200°C, total organic carbon was reduced and monomers in the process liquids decreased. On the other hand, soluble COD in process liquids increased with an increment in reaction temperature. The results provide insights into technical options to pretreat dairy manure to improve biochemical conversion yield.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Treatment of Lagoon Dairy Manure Wastewater via Iron Electrocoagulation, Microfiltration, and Adsorption

Dairy manure wastewater generated by flushing barn cow waste contains nutrients, pathogens, and organic and inorganic contaminants. This study utilized a process consisting of iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC), microfiltration (MF), and activated carbon (AC) adsorption to treat farm wastewater and explore the reclamation of clean water for irrigation and livestock consumption. Significant removal (>99.9%) of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), phosphorus (P), turbidity, and microorganisms, as well as ions including magnesium, calcium, sulfur, and silica was achieved by the combined EC-MF-AC process. Specifically, a charge loading of ∼37,500 C/L in a continuous-flow EC configuration, followed by MF, achieved more than 95% removal of TOC and COD. Characterization of produced flocs and foam via scanning-electron microscopy with energy-dispersal spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the removal of ions, including calcium, sulfur, and silica. A key finding was the electrocatalytic conversion of nitrogen species to ammonia gas through the intermediate reduction of nitrate/nitrite, which led to ∼60% total nitrogen (TN) removal. AC treatment further improved TN removal to ∼70%. The Fe-EC process also eradicated >99.9% of bacteria. Preliminary process cost assessment, based on recycled materials for EC electrodes, showed significant cost savings (∼2 times) compared to commercial electrodes.

Dutta, Swapnamoy [ORNL]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Improving dairy manure hydrolysis and acidification through microbial community restructuring by adaptation to hyperthermophilic conditions

Dairy manure (DM) contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and ecosystem degradation, yet its resistance to biodegradation hinders widespread bioprocessing applications. Lignocellulosic materials in DM pose a particular challenge because of their recalcitrance. Bioprocessing under hyperthermophilic (≥70 °C) conditions potentially offers an advantage over traditional fermentation temperatures due to enhanced activity of enzymes and the kinetics of enzymatic reactions. This can lead to a higher conversion rate and a greater extent of biomass hydrolysis and acidification. To test the validity of this hypothesis, the current study evaluated the efficacy of anaerobic hydrolysis and acidogenic fermentation of DM under mesophilic, thermophilic, and hyperthermophilic conditions. All inocula were adapted to corresponding temperatures but were derived from the same mesophilic source. Hyperthermophilic conditions resulted in superior DM hydrolysis efficiency (53%) compared to mesophilic (34%) and thermophilic (42%) conditions. The hyperthermophilic environment was particularly favorable to the decomposition of crude proteins and hemicellulose, which were reduced by 64% and 54%, respectively. Furthermore, hyperthermophilic fermentation also yielded the highest volatile fatty acid (VFA) production rate of 460 mg/L/day during the first four days, representing improvements of 50% and 90% over mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. In part, this was attributed to the enhanced production of branched-chain VFAs, including an increase of 6–10% in isobutyric acid and 12–13% in isovaleric acid. At hyperthermophilic conditions, however, there was no accumulation of VFAs during the days 5–8 of fermentation, which could be due to acetate conversion by the syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria. A considerable gain in hydrolysis efficiency and VFA production rate were accompanied by a reduction in microbial diversity, which suggests that hyperthermophilic temperature is a favorable environment for the selection of organisms with enhanced DM hydrolysis and fermentation capabilities. A significantly increased relative abundance of xylanolytic Caldicoprobacter (23% of population) and proteolytic Thermovirga (9% of population) could be the major contributors to improved decomposition of hemicellulose and protein. As revealed by the techno-economic analysis, acidogenic fermentation of DM at 70 °C and a retention period of 4 days provides the greatest positive net present value, highest internal rate of return of 9.2%, and shortest investment payback period of 9 years. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that hyperthermophilic conditions enable superior deconstruction and bioconversion of lignocellulose-containing biomass into VFAs under reduced retention times, offering a promising approach for improving DM management and generating bioproducts.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Metagenome-Assembled Genomes from a Microbiome Grown in Dairy Manure Hydrolysate

Anaerobic microbiomes can be used to recover the chemical energy in agroindustrial and municipal wastes as useful products. Here, we report a total of 109 draft metagenome-assembled genomes from a bioreactor-fed carbohydrate-rich dairy manure hydrolysate. Studying these genomes will aid us in deciphering the metabolic networks in anaerobic microbiomes.

Ingle, Abel T.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Dairy manure acidogenic fermentation at hyperthermophilic temperature enabled superior activity of thermostable hydrolytic enzymes linked to the genus Caldicoprobacter

In this study, fermentation experiments were conducted under mesophilic, thermophilic, and hyperthermophilic conditions to investigate adaptation of microbial communities and its effect on extracellular enzyme activities toward degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and proteins in dairy manure. Here, hyperthermophilic conditions transformed the microbiome structure and stimulated activity of extracellular proteolytic, cellulolytic, and hemicellulolytic enzymes. Specifically, the activities of protease, cellulose 1,4-β-cellobiosidase, and β-glucosidase secreted by hyperthermophilic microbes were higher by 22%, 47% and 49% compared to those produced by mesophilic and thermophilic communities. Enhanced hydrolytic activity of hyperthermophilic microbes enabled improved feedstock solubilization and production of 39% and 22% more soluble COD than mesophilic and thermophilic microbes, respectively. Connections between hydrolytic function and microbial community structure at various temperatures were assessed using the PICRUSt2 computational tool. Genus Caldicoprobacter was identified as the primary candidate responsible for increased production of thermostable endo-1,4-β-glucanase, β-glucosidase and endo-1,4-β-xylanase, and enhanced hydrolytic performance of hyperthermophilic microbial community.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effects of Metal and Metal Ion on Biomethane Productivity during Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Manure

To overcome major limiting factors of microbial processes in anaerobic digestion (AD), metal and metal ions have been extensively studied. However, there is confusion about the effects of metals and metal ions on biomethane productivity in previous research. In this study, Zn and Zn 2+ were selected as representatives of metals and metal ions, respectively, to investigate the effects on biomethane productivity. After the metals and metal ions at different concentrations were added to the batch AD experiments under the same mesophilic conditions, a Zn dose of 1 g/L and a Zn 2+ dose of 4 mg/L were found to cause the highest biomethane production, respectively. The results indicate that metal (Zn) and metal ion (Zn 2+ ) have different mechanisms to improve AD performance. There may be two possible explanations. To act as conductive materials in interspecies electron transfer (IET), relatively high doses of metals (e.g., 1 g/L of Zn, 10 g/L of Fe) are needed to bridge the electron transfer from syntrophic bacteria to methanogenic archaea in the AD process. As essential mineral nutrients, the AD system requires relatively low doses of metal ions (e.g., 4 mg/L of Zn 2+ , 5 mg/L of Fe 2+ ) to supplement the component of various enzymes that catalyze anaerobic reactions and transformations. This research will provide clear insight for selecting appropriate amounts of metals or metal ions to enhance biomethane productivity for industrial AD processes.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Predictive Model for Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Generic E. coli in Soil Amended with Untreated Animal Manure

Abstract This study aimed at developing a predictive model that captures the influences of a variety of agricultural and environmental variables and is able to predict the concentrations of enteric bacteria in soil amended with untreated Biological Soil Amendments of Animal Origin (BSAAO) under dynamic conditions. We developed and validated a Random Forest model using data from a longitudinal field study conducted in mid‐Atlantic United States investigating the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli in soils amended with untreated dairy manure, horse manure, or poultry litter. Amendment type, days of rain since the previous sampling day, and soil moisture content were identified as the most influential agricultural and environmental variables impacting concentrations of viable E. coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli recovered from amended soils. Our model results also indicated that E. coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli declined at similar rates in amended soils under dynamic field conditions.The Random Forest model accurately predicted changes in viable E. coli concentrations over time under different agricultural and environmental conditions. Our model also accurately characterized the variability of E. coli concentration in amended soil over time by providing upper and lower prediction bound estimates. Cross‐validation results indicated that our model can be potentially generalized to other geographic regions and incorporated into a risk assessment for evaluating the risks associated with application of untreated BSAAO. Our model can be validated for other regions and predictive performance also can be enhanced when data sets from additional geographic regions become available.

Pang, Hao↗
DOE OSTI2023

Comparison of metagenomes from fermentation of various agroindustrial residues suggests a common model of community organization

The liquid residue resulting from various agroindustrial processes is both rich in organic material and an attractive source to produce a variety of chemicals. Using microbial communities to produce chemicals from these liquid residues is an active area of research, but it is unclear how to deploy microbial communities to produce specific products from the different agroindustrial residues. To address this, we fed anaerobic bioreactors one of several agroindustrial residues (carbohydrate-rich lignocellulosic fermentation conversion residue, xylose, dairy manure hydrolysate, ultra-filtered milk permeate, and thin stillage from a starch bioethanol plant) and inoculated them with a microbial community from an acid-phase digester operated at the wastewater treatment plant in Madison, WI, United States. The bioreactors were monitored over a period of months and sampled to assess microbial community composition and extracellular fermentation products. We obtained metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) from the microbial communities in each bioreactor and performed comparative genomic analyses to identify common microorganisms, as well as any community members that were unique to each reactor. Collectively, we obtained a dataset of 217 non-redundant MAGs from these bioreactors. This metagenome assembled genome dataset was used to evaluate whether a specific microbial ecology model in which medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are simultaneously produced from intermediate products (e.g., lactic acid) and carbohydrates could be applicable to all fermentation systems, regardless of the feedstock. MAGs were classified using a multiclass classification machine learning algorithm into three groups, organisms fermenting the carbohydrates to intermediate products, organisms utilizing the intermediate products to produce MCFAs, and organisms producing MCFAs directly from carbohydrates. This analysis revealed common biological functions among the microbial communities in different bioreactors, and although different microorganisms were enriched depending on the agroindustrial residue tested, the results supported the conclusion that the microbial ecology model tested was appropriate to explain the MCFA production potential from all agricultural residues.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Biogas Upgrading for Fuel Production

Waste-to-Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) offers a promising solution to alleviating waste management challenges by converting waste into renewable fuels. Here, this process can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as demonstrated through a comprehensive life cycle analysis. Biogas upgrading is essential to enhance the methane concentration, though it could be energy-intensive and susceptible to methane slippage. Four commonly adopted biogas upgrading technologies, including pressure swing adsorption, membrane separation, chemical absorption, and water scrubbing, are considered. Our study evaluates the life cycle GHG emissions of RNG production from major sources of waste in the U.S. including wastewater sludge, food waste, landfill gas, dairy cow manure, and swine manure. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess methane slippage and energy consumption of biogas upgrading and associated GHG emissions, while accounting for potential avoided emissions from conventional waste management, which vary widely (ranging from −481.0 to 101.8 g CO 2 -eq/MJ). Under default upstream assumptions, representative carbon intensity of RNG varies from about −125 g of CO 2 -eq/MJ (dairy cow manure) to about 41 g of CO 2 -eq/MJ (wastewater sludge). We also explored RNG applications in producing hydrogen, ammonia, and compressed/liquefied forms. These findings highlight the potential of RNG and RNG-derived fuels to reduce GHG emissions and bolster the U.S. energy supply.

Biogas upgrades↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying Antibiotic Distribution in Solid and Liquid Fractions of Manure Using a Two-Step, Multi-Residue Antibiotic Extraction

Antibiotic distribution and analysis within liquid and solid fractions of manure are highly variable due to each compound’s respective physiochemical properties. This study developed and evaluated a uniform method extracting 10 antibiotics from 4 antibiotic classes (tetracycline, sulfonamides, macrolides, and β-lactam) from unprocessed manure, solid–liquid separated manure, and composted solids. Through systematic manipulation of previously published liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods; this study developed an extraction protocol with optimized recovery efficiencies for varied manure substrates. The method includes a two-step, liquid-solid extraction using 10 mL of 0.1 M EDTA-McIlviane buffer followed by 10 mL of methanol. Antibiotics recoveries from unprocessed manure, separated liquids, separated solids, and heat-treated solids using the two-step extraction method had relative standard deviations < 30% for all but ceftiofur. Total antibiotic recoveries were 67–131% for tetracyclines, 56% for sulfonamide, 49–53% for macrolides, and 1.3–66% for β-lactams. This is the first study to use one protocol to assess four classes of antibiotics in liquid and solid manure fractions. This study allowed for more precise risk assessment of antibiotic transport in manure waste stream applied to fields as a liquid or solid compost.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Organic Waste Resource Assessment for the Detroit Region

This study summarizes major sources of organic wastes in the Detroit region to (1) characterize target feedstock magnitudes and distribution in support of techno-economic analysis (TEA), and (2) guide the design of blended feedstock conversion experiments using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Feedstocks considered in this review include municipal wastewater sludge solids (untreated) and scum; bulk municipal solid waste (MSW); the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OF-MSW); residential food waste, non-residential food waste including institutional, industrial, and commercial (IIC) sources; confined animal manures (i.e., lactating dairy, feedlot beef, and market swine); waste fats, oils and greases (FOG); agricultural residues; forest residues. The scope of the investigation was limited to existing modeled or publicly available reporting datasets. Bulk MSW data were only collected for context and to generate estimates of OF-MSW by waste type and should not be included in total organic waste estimates. Because the TEA analysis boundary was not defined prior to conducting the resource assessment, the data are summarized within six spatial contexts (boundaries), including (1) city of Detroit (census); (2) Great Lakes Water Authority (GLWA) service area; “Tri-county” urban area (census); “Metro” Detroit-Warren-Dearborn Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) (census); Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor Combined Statistical Area (CSA) (census); and the Michigan Councils of Government (COG) Region-1. All of the spatial contexts are entirely within the State of Michigan, and some overlap one another. A broader context could be developed to include data from surrounding states or Canada.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Combining anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction in the conversion of dairy waste into energy: A techno economic model for New York state

There is increasing global interest and policies being enacted to lower greenhouse gas emissions, especially from the agricultural sector. In the U.S. for example, states with large dairy operations may combine proven manure valorization technologies, such as anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction. Sustainable manure treatment would increase the recovery of energy and other useful co-products, namely biogas, biocrude oil and hydro-char as well as lower the environmental impacts. In this study, the economic feasibility of implementing a centralized bioenergy system in New York State was investigated. Here, the feasibility of this transformation depends on many factors, including capital costs, discount rates, and other financing arrangements, electricity selling prices, incentives and farm sizes and locations. For a large-scale implementation in New York State accounting for nearly 50% of the state’s dairy farms, our model of a distributed, hybrid anaerobic/hydrothermal system was shown to treat 590 million liters of wet manure per day, producing 607 million kWh of electricity, 162,000 L of biocrude oil and 117,000 kg of hydro-char per day. Electricity selling price is a critical factor. Increasing the electricity selling price from wholesale ($\$0.06$ /kWh) to retail ($\$0.18$ kWh) increased the net present value from $\$395$ million to $1.5 billion (considering a 40-year project lifetime).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Anaerobic Digestion Implementation at Dairies in Colorado

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal manure to produce biogas (methane) fuel has a wide variety of environmental benefits to air and water quality in addition to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, the resulting biogas fuel and digestate products can help meet the energy needs and provide revenue to the farm. This case study explores the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing an AD system at the Aurora Organic Dairy (AOD) High Plains Complex in Gill, Colorado. The project is envisioned as digester located at the AOD Complex with a single feed stream of manure from the Complex. The project would be implemented by a third-party contractor who would build and operate the system and pay the dairy a fraction of the profits, in addition to providing by-products such as digestate solids and liquids for fertilizer.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Aircraft-based inversions quantify the importance of wetlands and livestock for Upper Midwest methane emissions

Abstract. We apply airborne measurements across three seasons (summer, winter and spring 2017–2018) in a multi-inversion framework to quantify methane emissions from the US Corn Belt and Upper Midwest, a key agricultural and wetland source region. Combing our seasonal results with prior fall values we find that wetlands are the largest regional methane source (32 %, 20 [16–23] Gg/d), while livestock (enteric/manure; 25 %, 15 [14–17] Gg/d) are the largest anthropogenic source. Natural gas/petroleum, waste/landfills, and coal mines collectively make up the remainder. Optimized fluxes improve model agreement with independent datasets within and beyond the study timeframe. Inversions reveal coherent and seasonally dependent spatial errors in the WetCHARTs ensemble mean wetland emissions, with an underestimate for the Prairie Pothole region but an overestimate for Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Wetland extent and emission temperature dependence have the largest influence on prediction accuracy; better representation of coupled soil temperature–hydrology effects is therefore needed. Our optimized regional livestock emissions agree well with the Gridded EPA estimates during spring (to within 7 %) but are ∼ 25 % higher during summer and winter. Spatial analysis further shows good top-down and bottom-up agreement for beef facilities (with mainly enteric emissions) but larger (∼ 30 %) seasonal discrepancies for dairies and hog farms (with > 40 % manure emissions). Findings thus support bottom-up enteric emission estimates but suggest errors for manure; we propose that the latter reflects inadequate treatment of management factors including field application. Overall, our results confirm the importance of intensive animal agriculture for regional methane emissions, implying substantial mitigation opportunities through improved management.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Reburning of Animal Waste Based Biomass with Coal for NO x Reduction, Part I: Feedlot Biomass (FB) and Coal:FB Blends

Cattle biomass (CB or manure from cattle) is proposed as reburn fuel under slightly fuel-rich conditions. The CB includes wastes from cattle feedlots (cattle grown in feedlots to slaughter weights of 450–640 kg) termed as Feedlot Biomass (FB) and cattle wastes from dairy farms termed as Dairy Biomass (DB). NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants can be reduced by using pure CB and Coal:CB mixtures as reburn fuels (10~30% by heat) injected after the primary combustion region. Experiments with Coal:CB mixtures as reburn fuels were performed using the 30 kW burner facility. Part I deals with results from experiments using pure FB and Coal:FB blends as reburn fuels while Part II presents results on extent of NOx reduction using pure DB and Coal:DB blends as reburn fuels (RF). In the current work, results on NOx emission are presented with FB and Coal:FB blends as RF. The parametric studies include: equivalence ratio in reburn zone (ERRBZ), vitiated air, angle of reburn nozzles, presence and absence of heat exchangers (HEXs), and baseline NOx concentration. The optimum operating conditions for FB reburning were found to be conditions with vitiation at ERRBZ = 1.1 with 45° upward counter-current injection in the presence of HEXs. NOx emissions were reduced by as much as 96%.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Sustainability Index: a new tool to breed for reduced greenhouse-gas emissions intensity in Australian dairy cattle

Context The Australian dairy industry has a target to reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions intensity by 30% between 2015 and 2030. At the animal level, apart from nutritional modifications and other management practices, selecting animals that emit less GHG can be a cost-effective and long-term strategy. Given the world’s demand for protein is increasing, selecting for animals with lower GHG emissions per unit of production, i.e. emissions intensity, is a realistic approach that addresses the key issue of emissions reduction while maintaining farm productivity. Aim To develop a selection index for Australian dairy cattle to breed for reduced emissions intensity. Methods The Sustainability Index was built based on the existing Balanced Performance Index (BPI) but placed greater emphasis on production, survival, health and feed efficiency. Key results In August 2022, DataGene released the Sustainability Index that can be used by dairy farmers to select animals with lower environmental footprints. Compared with BPI, the weights for protein, fat, survival, mastitis resistance and feed efficiency increased by 2.6-, 1.4-, 2.8-, 1.3- and 3.8-fold respectively. It is expected that with the use of the Sustainability Index, emissions intensity will be reduced by 7.64%, 8.96% and 5.52% respectively in Holstein, Jersey and Red breeds by 2050, compared with the 2015 level. The corresponding values when selecting for BPI were 6.34%, 7.91% and 5.23% respectively. However, the trade-off in BPI when using the Sustainability Index will be AUD0.79, AUD0.83, AUD0.22 per cow per year for Holstein, Jersey and Red breeds respectively. Conclusions The current profit index BPI has contributed to reduction in emissions intensity. To enhance the rate of improvement in emissions intensity, the Sustainability Index can be used with minimal impacts on profit. Implications To breed for lower emissions intensity, farmers can select animals with high Sustainability Index values that are published on DataVat (datavat.com.au) and the Good Bulls App. To lower gross emissions, combinations of additional measures such as management of diet, adjustment to animal numbers, management of stored manure, and appropriate use of carbon neutral fertiliser, renewable fuels and energy, will need to be adopted on farms.

Agriculture↗