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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records

Spherical Harmonic Analysis of Particle Velocity Distribution Function: Comparison of Moments and Anisotropies using Cluster Data

This paper presents a spherical harmonic analysis of the plasma velocity distribution function using high-angular, energy, and time resolution Cluster data obtained from the PEACE spectrometer instrument to demonstrate how this analysis models the particle distribution function and its moments and anisotropies. The results show that spherical harmonic analysis produced a robust physical representation model of the velocity distribution function, resolving the main features of the measured distributions. From the spherical harmonic analysis, a minimum set of nine spectral coefficients was obtained from which the moment (up to the heat flux), anisotropy, and asymmetry calculations of the velocity distribution function were obtained. The spherical harmonic method provides a potentially effective "compression" technique that can be easily carried out onboard a spacecraft to determine the moments and anisotropies of the particle velocity distribution function for any species. These calculations were implemented using three different approaches, namely, the standard traditional integration, the spherical harmonic (SPH) spectral coefficients integration, and the singular value decomposition (SVD) on the spherical harmonic methods. A comparison among the various methods shows that both SPH and SVD approaches provide remarkable agreement with the standard moment integration method.

Gurgiolo, Chris↗

Method and system for data clustering for very large databases

Multi-dimensional data contained in very large databases is efficiently and accurately clustered to determine patterns therein and extract useful information from such patterns. Conventional computer processors may be used which have limited memory capacity and conventional operating speed, allowing massive data sets to be processed in a reasonable time and with reasonable computer resources. The clustering process is organized using a clustering feature tree structure wherein each clustering feature comprises the number of data points in the cluster, the linear sum of the data points in the cluster, and the square sum of the data points in the cluster. A dense region of data points is treated collectively as a single cluster, and points in sparsely occupied regions can be treated as outliers and removed from the clustering feature tree. The clustering can be carried out continuously with new data points being received and processed, and with the clustering feature tree being restructured as necessary to accommodate the information from the newly received data points.

Zhang, Tian↗

Evaluation of the Radiometric Quality of the TM Data Using Clustering, Linear Transformations and Multispectral Distance Measures

The radiometric quality of LANDSAT 4 TM data for the classification and identification of Earth surface features was evaluated. Techniques employed in the evaluation included clustering, data compression (linear transformations), multispectral distance measures, and hierarchical classification methods. TM and MSS data for the Chicago, Illinois test site were studied. In order to determine the radiometric quality of the TM thermal data for temperature mapping of surface water, a test site was selected within the area covered by the TM scene (Scene ID: 40101-16025) gathered over Illinois. This site was chosen because it includes a surface water body with a large range of temperatures, i.e., a cooling pond for the Dresden nuclear power plant and the junction of two rivers.

Bartolucci, L. A.↗

X-ray evidence for white dwarf binaries in globular clusters

Data from an X ray survey of globular clusters by means of instrumentation on the Einstein Observatory indicate the existence of a distinct class of low-luminosity (L) sources. L was measured in the 10 to the 32nd to 10 to the 34th ergs/sec range when viewing point-like objects. The L-value is three orders of magnitude less than that of neutron star binaries, and is consistent with projections for binaries with 0.5 solar mass white dwarfs. They were located outside the cluster cores, which was taken as an indication of low mass. More than three sources at the lowest luminosity bound were observed in two clusters, suggesting a steep rise in the luminosity function, which agreed with observational data on galactic plane cataclysmic variables.

Hertz, P.↗

Classification of surface units in the equatorial region of Mars based on Viking Orbiter color, albedo, and thermal data

Clusters corresponding to mappable surface units are sought in Viking Orbiter color, albedo, and thermal inertia data for the equatorial region of Mars. A principal components analysis indicated that 84% of the variance within the data for this region can be carried along two vector directions which typify the dominant trend of Martian surface materials. These dominant trends were deemphasized by stretching the data from a five-dimensional elliptical swarm into a hypersphere, through the use of principal component techniques. The decorrelated data were then plotted in a triangle diagram with red/violet, albedo and thermal inertia apices to facilitate inherent cluster discrimination. As many as eight clusters can be identified, with important mixing between them. The three major clusters consist of red and grey material extremes, along with intermediate value materials.

Arvidson, R. E.↗

Evaluation of the radiometric quality of the TM data using clustering and multispectral distance measures

Radiometrically and geometrically corrected TM data from three different geographic locations were examined. Histograms were inspected for each band to determine the dynamic range of the data, the shape of the distributions, and to verify whether empty bins were introduced by the radiometric correction process. The effect of geometric correction on the radiometry of the resampled pixels was determined. The information content between TM and MSS data sets were compared and the TM data were used to map the thermal effluent discharge into a river ecosystem from a nuclear thermal power plant, and application only possible previously only possible through the acquisition of thermal infrared scanner data from aircraft altitudes.

Bartolucci, L. A.↗

Stratification of Landsat data by clustering

Full realization of the potential advantages of the synoptic coverage provided by Landsat will require the development and use of data analysis techniques which take into account the large variation and diversity of patterns found over many Landsat scenes. Stratification of the scene into units which are internally homogeneous is recommended as a first step in the analysis of data for whole or multiple frames of Landsat data. The use of clustering as an objective and efficient method of dividing scenes into areas which are spectrally similar (strata) is discussed and initial results, including classification performances and comparisons of spectral strata with major physical factors, are presented.

Bauer, M. E.↗

Dynamics of cD clusters of galaxies. I - Redshift data for seven clusters

We present the initial results of a spectroscopic study of a sample of cD galaxy clusters. The goal of this program is to study the dynamics of the clusters, with emphasis on determining the nature and frequency of peculiar velocity cD galaxies. In this paper we present redshifts for 611 galaxies in the fields of the rich Abell clusters A193, A399, A401, A1795, A1809, A2063, and A2124. We discuss our data reduction techniques, and compare our derived velocities with previously published values. We find a frequency of emission line galaxies of about 6 percent in clusters, a factor of 2-3 less than the field.

Hill, John M.↗

Applications of TOMS Ozone Data and Clustering Techniques in Satellite Soundings

Two primary areas are being pursued: (1) Applications of TOMS total ozone data to estimate the tropopause height and consequently to improve the temperature retrievals from satellite measurements; and (2) Applications of cluster analysis to satellite soundings. The strategy is to either use regression retrievals stratified by tropopause or to use the tropopause information as a constraint on the solution to the physical retrieval method.

Munteanu, M. J.↗

Predicting the Seawater Chemistry of an Ocean World Using Machine Learning on Isotopic Measurements of Volatile CO2

Introduction: Given the long time intervals required for data transmission to and from ocean worlds targets, low bandwidth for data transmission, time required for data processing and analysis, and potentially extreme radiation environments (e.g., Europa), it is clear that ocean worlds missions will need more autonomous flight instruments and software in order to achieve established science goals. Protracted time intervals for data analysis (e.g., Europa Lander) strongly motivates the development of rapid, consistent and streamlined methods for interpreting data from flight mass spectrometers to e.g., determine how mass spectra from a plume or surface liquid/ice relates to the surface/subsurface. Since mass spectrometry also has the potential to correctly identify biosignatures[1], it is imperative that such methods for interpreting data are consistent and accurate. We used 848 isotope ratio mass spectra from laboratory analyses of CO2 that interacted with ocean worlds-relevant seawaters as a ‘training’ dataset for ‘unsupervised’ machine learning. In unsupervised learning, characteristics of the data are not labeled or linked, and any similarities found only result from the neural network. CO2 isotopologues analyzed for this dataset mimic the remote measurements of CO2 by a flight mass spectrometer, and are detailed in Theiling [2]. From this dataset, we used measured features of the spectra, such as retention time, intensity, and (isotopologue) mass ratios as inputs for our autoencoder neural network. Our neural network was trained to find similarities in these and other spectral features for seawaters of a particular composition and amount of initial CO2. Successful training then created an output of these similarities for various seawaters, which included MgSO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, and NaHCO3, and combinations of these salts. We then applied dimensionality reduction techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (TSNE), and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) to demonstrate latent data features as a two-dimensional projection in a unitless, high-dimensional space. In this projection, a data point represents the combined effect of spectral features such as intensity, retention time, and isotope ratio. Our initial UMAP demonstrates data clustering (organization of the data by the neural network) based on the amount of CO2 that had initially interacted with each seawater. Further training using more ‘supervised’ learning techniques demonstrate strong clustering of preliminary data based on initial CO2 concentration, seawater chemical composition, and ionic strength (salinity). Our preliminary work therefore suggests that machine learning has the potential to identify compositional variants of an ocean world seawater based on mass spectra from volatile CO2 measurements. Acknowledgments: This work was funded through a Strategic Task Group at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The training dataset was collected through funding from the Oklahoma Space Grant Consortium. References: [1] Pappalardo, R. et al. (2013) Astrobiology, 13, 740–773. [2] Theiling (2020) Icarus, 114216.

Europa↗

Analysis of RXTE data on Clusters of Galaxies

This grant provided support for the reduction, analysis and interpretation of of hard X-ray (HXR, for short) observations of the cluster of galaxies RXJO658--5557 scheduled for the week of August 23, 2002 under the RXTE Cycle 7 program (PI Vahe Petrosian, Obs. ID 70165). The goal of the observation was to search for and characterize the shape of the HXR component beyond the well established thermal soft X-ray (SXR) component. Such hard components have been detected in several nearby clusters. distant cluster would provide information on the characteristics of this radiation at a different epoch in the evolution of the imiverse and shed light on its origin. We (Petrosian, 2001) have argued that thermal bremsstrahlung, as proposed earlier, cannot be the mechanism for the production of the HXRs and that the most likely mechanism is Compton upscattering of the cosmic microwave radiation by relativistic electrons which are known to be present in the clusters and be responsible for the observed radio emission. Based on this picture we estimated that this cluster, in spite of its relatively large distance, will have HXR signal comparable to the other nearby ones. The planned observation of a relatively The proposed RXTE observations were carried out and the data have been analyzed. We detect a hard X-ray tail in the spectrum of this cluster with a flux very nearly equal to our predicted value. This has strengthen the case for the Compton scattering model. We intend the data obtained via this observation to be a part of a larger data set. We have identified other clusters of galaxies (in archival RXTE and other instrument data sets) with sufficiently high quality data where we can search for and measure (or at least put meaningful limits) on the strength of the hard component. With these studies we expect to clarify the mechanism for acceleration of particles in the intercluster medium and provide guidance for future observations of this intriguing phenomenon by instrument on GLAST. The details of the nonthermal particle population has important implications for the theories of cluster formation, mergers and evolution. The results of this work were first presented at the High Energy Division meeting of the American astronomical Society at Mt. Tremblene, Canada (Petrosian et al. 2003). and in an invited review talk at the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union at Sydney, Australia (Petrosian, 2003). A paper describe the observations, the data analysis and its implication is being prepared for publication in the Astrophysical Journal.

Petrosian, Vahe↗

Determining the Number of Clusters in a Data Set Without Graphical Interpretation

Cluster analysis is a data mining technique that is meant ot simplify the process of classifying data points. The basic clustering process requires an input of data points and the number of clusters wanted. The clustering algorithm will then pick starting C points for the clusters, which can be either random spatial points or random data points. It then assigns each data point to the nearest C point where "nearest usually means Euclidean distance, but some algorithms use another criterion. The next step is determining whether the clustering arrangement this found is within a certain tolerance. If it falls within this tolerance, the process ends. Otherwise the C points are adjusted based on how many data points are in each cluster, and the steps repeat until the algorithm converges,

Aguirre, Nathan S.↗

A Deterministic Annealing Approach to Clustering AIRS Data

We will examine the validity of means and standard deviations as a basis for climate data products. We will explore the conditions under which these two simple statistics are inadequate summaries of the underlying empirical probability distributions by contrasting them with a nonparametric, method called Deterministic Annealing technique

clustering↗

The applicability and effectiveness of cluster analysis

An insight into the characteristics which determine the performance of a clustering algorithm is presented. In order for the techniques which are examined to accurately cluster data, two conditions must be simultaneously satisfied. First the data must have a particular structure, and second the parameters chosen for the clustering algorithm must be correct. By examining the structure of the data from the Cl flight line, it is clear that no single set of parameters can be used to accurately cluster all the different crops. The effectiveness of either a noniterative or iterative clustering algorithm to accurately cluster data representative of the Cl flight line is questionable. Thus extensive a prior knowledge is required in order to use cluster analysis in its present form for applications like assisting in the definition of field boundaries and evaluating the homogeneity of a field. New or modified techniques are necessary for clustering to be a reliable tool.

Ingram, D. S.↗

Clustering algorithm evaluation and the development of a replacement for procedure 1

An efficient procedure which clusters data using a completely unsupervised clustering algorithm and then uses labeled pixels to label the resulting clusters or perform a stratified estimate using the clusters as strata is developed. Three clustering algorithms, CLASSY, AMOEBA, and ISOCLS, are compared for efficiency. Three stratified estimation schemes and three labeling schemes are also considered and compared.

Lennington, R. K.↗

The ultraviolet spectra of early type galaxies

The average spectral energy distribution for a sample of bright elliptical galaxies is presented in the range lambda lambda 2000 to 3200 A. Spectral synthesis indicates that elliptical galaxies are most likely older than 9 Gyrs. The ultraviolet flux is consistent with a population of red horizontal branch stars, as those present in metal rich globular clusters. Data for distant first ranked cluster galaxies show indications of spectral evolution.

Bruzual, A. G.↗