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Drawing Direction Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel During Wire Drawing
The effect of drawing direction on microstructure and mechanical properties in twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel during wire drawing has been investigated to improve drawability for wire rod applications. The steel wires subjected to unidirectional (UD) and reverse-directional (RD) wire drawing were analyzed. The yield and tensile strength processed by the RD were slightly higher than those by the UD, whereas the ductility and drawability have inverse features, which is totally different from the results of plain carbon steel and Al wire. Although final shear strain of wires deformed by the RD is lower than that by the UD, the RD wires had a more complex stress history and a higher <111> texture component at the surface area, which encouraged twinning rate, resulting in fast exhaustion of ductility, finally earlier fracture of wires. In contrast to the materials deformed by mainly slip mechanism, the RD process cannot improve the ductility and drawability in TWIP steel due to the stress state dependency of twinning mechanism. Also, based on the different strengthening behaviors between pearlitic and TWIP steels during UD and RD, it is induced that microstructure and applied stress state simultaneously control the mechanical properties.
The role of spatial imigination in the work of the designer and in the teaching of drawing in technical schools the role of spatial imagination in the work of the designer and in the teaching of drawing in technical schools
Role of spatial imagination in designing and in teaching of drawing in technical schools
Organization of operations with respect to checking drawings (drawing checking procedure)
One of the basic conditions of high quality manufacture of instruments is the error free developed design documentation. A procedure is described for organizing the design check of the drawings.
R0018002: Oxidizer Preburner Tube, Drawing and 5705565: Torch Weld Jig, Drawing
This paper presents drawings of R0018002 Oxidizer Preburner Tube and 5705565 Torch Weld Jig.
Continuous Melt-Drawing of Highly Aligned Flexible and Stretchable Semiconducting Microfibers for Organic Electronics
Abstract not provided
Human performance differences between drawing-based and model-based reference materials.
Abstract not provided.
Airspace Technology Demonstration 3 (ATD-3): Dynamic Routes for Arrivals in Weather (DRAW) Technology Transfer Document Summary Version 2.0
Airspace Technology Demonstration – 3 (ATD-3) is part of NASA’s Airspace Operations and Safety Program (AOSP) – specifically, its Airspace Technology Demonstrations (ATD) Project. ATD-3 is a multi-year research and development effort which proposes to develop and demonstrate automation technologies and operating concepts that enable air navigation service providers and airspace users to continuously assess weather, winds, traffic, and other information to identify, evaluate, and implement workable opportunities for flight plan route corrections that can result in significant flight time and fuel savings in en route airspace. In order to ensure that the products of this tech-transfer are relevant and useful, NASA has created strong partnerships with the FAA and key industry stakeholders. This summary document and accompanying technology artifacts satisfy the third Research Transition Product (RTP) defined in the Applied Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) Research Transition Team (RTT) Plan, which is Dynamic Routes for Arrivals in Weather (DRAW). This technology transfer consists of artifacts for DRAW Arrival Metering (AM) Operations delivered in June 2018, DRAW AM updates, and DRAW Extended Metering (XM) Operations. Blue highlighting indicates the new or modified deliverables. Some of the artifacts in this technology transfer have distribution restrictions that need to be followed. Distribution information is noted in each section. DRAW is a trajectory-based system that combines the legacy Dynamic Weather Routes (DWR) weather avoidance technology with an arrival-specific rerouting algorithm and arrival scheduler to improve traffic flows on weather-impacted arrival routes into major airports. First, DRAW identifies flights that could be rerouted to more efficient Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs) that may have previously been impacted by weather. Second, when weather is impacting the arrival routing, DRAW proposes simple arrival route corrections that enable aircraft to stay on their flight plan while avoiding weather. The DRAW system proposes reroutes early enough to allow Time Based Flow Management (TBFM) to make the necessary schedule adjustments. As a result, metering operations can be sustained longer and more consistently in the presence of weather because the arrival schedule accounts for the dynamic routing intent of arrival flights to deviate around weather. The first DRAW tech transfer in June 2018 focused on arrival metering operations with the DRAW algorithm implemented in the NASA Center TRACON Automation System (CTAS) automation software. This tech transfer delivery includes updates for DRAW implemented in FAA’s TBFM 4.7 automation software and preliminary research into DRAW for XM operations.
Draw solutions and methods of treating an aqueous liquid
A method of treating an aqueous liquid. The method comprises providing an aqueous feed liquid comprising water and at least one solute to a first side of a membrane. A draw solution comprising water and a draw solute comprising at least one of a phosphazene compound and a triazine compound is provided to a second side of the membrane. At least a portion of the water of the aqueous feed liquid is osmosed across the membrane and into the draw solution to form a diluted draw solution comprising water and the draw solute. The water of the diluted draw solution is separated from the draw solute of the diluted draw solution to form a purified water product. Draw solutes comprising phosphazene compounds and draw solutes comprising triazine compounds are also disclosed, as are methods of forming the draw solutes.
Effect of cold drawing ratio on γ′ precipitation in Inconel X-750
Inconel X-750 is a Ni-based precipitation-hardened superalloy having large tensile and fracture strengths. In the study, X-750 wires were cold drawn to different extents. Small angle neutron scattering was employed to quantitatively measure the size and volume fraction of the γ′ phase as a function of the cold drawing ratio (DR) and aging temperature. The presence and size of γ′ precipitates were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The drawing ratio had an important effect on the volume fraction of the γ′ precipitates. However, the size of the precipitates was independent on the drawing ratio. The specimen with the minimum drawing ratio (DR0) produced the largest volume fraction of γ′ as compared with large drawing ratio (DR) specimens such as DR17 and DR42. The small volume fraction of the γ′ phase for a sizeable drawing ratio was associated with the large amount of nucleation sites for secondary carbides, M{sub 23}C{sub 6}, and the fast diffusion path, i.e., dislocation, needed to form M{sub 23}C{sub 6}. A Cr depletion zone around the secondary carbides raised the solubility of γ′. Therefore, the significant drawing ratio contributing to the large volume fraction of the secondary carbides decreased the volume fraction of the γ′ precipitates in Inconel X-750. - Highlights: • The volume fraction of secondary carbides increased with the drawing ratio. • The volume fraction of γ′ decreased as the drawing ratio increased. • The drawing ratio affected the γ′ volume fraction with no variation of the γ' size. • The volume fraction of γ′ was affected by the secondary carbide volume fraction.
The DAB model of drawing processes
The problem of automatic drawing was investigated in two ways. First, a DAB model of drawing processes was introduced. DAB stands for three types of knowledge hypothesized to support drawing abilities, namely, Drawing Knowledge, Assimilated Knowledge, and Base Knowledge. Speculation concerning the content and character of each of these subsystems of the drawing process is introduced and the overall adequacy of the model is evaluated. Second, eight experts were each asked to understand six engineering drawings and to think aloud while doing so. It is anticipated that a concurrent protocol analysis of these interviews can be carried out in the future. Meanwhile, a general description of the videotape database is provided. In conclusion, the DAB model was praised as a worthwhile first step toward solution of a difficult problem, but was considered by and large inadequate to the challenge of automatic drawing. Suggestions for improvements on the model were made.
Water Recovery from Bioreactor Mixed Liquors Using Forward Osmosis with Polyelectrolyte Draw Solutions
This paper reports on the use of forward osmosis (FO) with polyelectrolyte draw solutions to recover water from bioreactor mixed liquors. The work was motivated by the need for new regenerative water purification technologies to enable long-duration space missions. Osmotic membrane bioreactors may be an option for water and nutrient recovery in space if they can attain high water flux and reverse solute flux selectivity (RSFS), which quantifies the mass of permeated water per mass of draw solute that has diffused from the draw solution into a bioreactor. Water flux was measured in a direct flow system using wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and draw solutions prepared with two polyelectrolytes at different concentrations. The direct flow tests displayed a high initial flux (>10 L/m2/h) that decreased rapidly as solids accumulated on the feed side of the membrane. A test with deionized water as the feed revealed a small mass of polyelectrolyte crossover from the draw solution to the feed, yielding an RSFS of 80. Crossflow filtration experiments demonstrated that steady state flux above 2 L/m2·h could be maintained for 70 h following an initial flux decline due to the formation of a foulant cake layer. This study established that FO could be feasible for regenerative water purification from bioreactors. By utilizing a polyelectrolyte draw solute with high RSFS, we expect to overcome the need for draw solute replenishment. This would be a major step towards sustainable operation in long-duration space missions.
Closed-loop pressure retarded osmosis draw solutions and their regeneration processes: A review
Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) is an osmotic process that has been used to harvest energy from salinity gradients using a semi permeable membrane. A comparison between open-loop PRO (OLPRO) and closed-loop PRO (CLPRO) was made regarding their performance and costs. In CLPRO, where the diluted draw solution is re-concentrated in the regeneration system to be reutilized in the process, has recently received an intensive focus as the most viable configuration for a standalone power plant. The choice of the PRO draw solution in CLPRO is crucial to garner a high osmotic pressure as the key for the feasibility of the process. Here, in this review, the draw solutions are critically evaluated in the literature in terms of energy output as well as the method of regeneration used to recirculate them. A set of practical criteria has been suggested to appraise the adequacy of the solution for CLPRO application. It was concluded that NH 3 – CO 2 theoretically can produce 170 W/m 2 of power density. Inorganic draw solutes such as NaCl can generate high power density up to 87 W/m 2 . Organic draw solutes with their remarkably low reverse salt flux (RSF) have promising potential for future application in PRO. Similarly, the regeneration systems of the diluted draw solutions have also been reviewed and discussed. How the energy consumption of the regeneration process affects the feasibility of CLPRO is explained. For the specific case of osmotic heat engines (OHEs), when the energy of the regeneration process is supplied by heat waste, the range of applicability of the heat waste in CLPRO in terms of efficiency is defined and compared to Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The results showed that CLPRO has better efficiency than ORC for temperatures T < 80 °C, which makes it a promising process or low-grade heat energy recovery. In addition, a PRO-RO hybrid system coupled with solar power can reduce the net specific energy consumption (SEC) to 0.39 kWh/m 3 . The conditions that regeneration processes should operate under to make PRO viable are discussed in the last section. Overall, the study indicates the key factors for optimizing the performance of CLPRO process.
Automation of review/approval cycle of MCAUTO CAD/CAM generated drawings and documents
The review/approval of MCAUTO/UNIGRAPHICS CAD/CAM generated drawings and documents is done through routing of hard copies of drawings and memos via mail, a process both time consuming and expensive. It is proposed that a set of procedures and the required software tools be designed for transmission, revision, and signing-off of such documents via electronic data transfer, while maintaining a sufficient degree of data integrity and individual security. A main resistance to such a technique will be the limited size of the display screen (19 inch class) and infrequent layer switching with the attendant time delay during the process of reviewing the drawing. Such opposition should diminish as the users become familiar with the hardwares and its operation. It is suggested that user profiles be set so that the protection class list of the originator of the drawing include at least one common class with each of the individuals who will be involved in the Revision/Approval cycle. In this way the originator will be able to tranfer a file for their review and also be able to copy back the file to make the necessary permanent changes. Individual security is maintained by restricted access to signature files and by restricting the list of individuals who will be authorized to sign off. This is accomplished through two software tools:LAYCOPY and SIGN. It is felt that these proposed procedures and techniques will adequately maintain both the file integrity and individual security during Review/Approval Cycle of MCAUTO generated drawings without the need for hardcopy routing.
Planar Anisotropy, Tension–Compression Asymmetry, and Deep Drawing Behavior of Commercially Pure Titanium at Room Temperature
The planar anisotropy (PA) and tension–compression asymmetry (TCA) of the CP-Ti were investigated via uniaxial tension and compression tests at room temperature. The formability and the earing behavior of the CP-Ti sheet were studied via deep drawing experiment. The deep drawing simulations using the uniaxial tensile and the compressive curves as the hardening rules were compared with each other and with the experimental results. The CP-Ti sheet showed PA and TCA in yielding and strain hardening. The PA was characterized by the plastic strain ratio r{sub 0}, r{sub 45}, and r{sub 90} of 1.47, 2.06, and 2.05. The TCA showed PA, which showed tension–compression yield strength ratios of 1.12, 1.08, and 1.04 in 0°, 45°, and 90° in the rolling direction, and tensile and compressive hardening exponent ratios of 0.86, 0.8, and 0.62. The orientation distribution functions (ODFs) analysis demonstrated that the tensile and the compressive deformation textures were different and showed PA. The simulative results, including the simulated forming force and the earing profiles using the uniaxial tensile and compressive curves as the hardening rules, were not in agreement with each other. The results were not in good agreement with the experimental results, implying that the TCA had an important effect on the formability of the sheet. The TCA tended to reduce the thickness of the deep drawing parts, increase the earing ratio, and affect the drawing force.
Study on the Deformation Homogeneity and Electrical Conductivity in Co-Cr-Ni-Mo Wires Drawn with Different Drawing Practices
This study investigates the influence of cold wire drawing practices namely full die drawing (FDD) and half die drawing (HDD) on the deformation homogeneity in Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo alloy (MP35N) wires which are used for manufacturing implantable medical products. The inhomogeneous factor was used to assess the level of inhomogeneity in the wires, and electrical conductivity was measured on the wires, after drawn to different cold work (CW) reductions and with different drawing practices. Electron beam scattered diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope characterization were performed on the wire samples to correlate the mechanical and electrical properties to their texture and grain size. The results of this study conclude that the wires drawn with the FDD practice exhibited homogenous deformation, uniform microstructural and hardness gradient across the wire when compared to HDD wires. The electrical conductivity of the HDD-drawn wires was higher than the FDD wires and the level of inhomogeneity and the variation of conductivity decreased with the increase in CW.
Engineering Drawing Practices: Volume I of I - Aerospace and Ground Support Equipment
KSC-GP-435,Engineering Drawing Practices, Volume I of II, Aerospace and Ground Support Equipment, establishes the conventions to be adhered to by engineering and drafting personnel in the preparation, revision, and completion of engineering digital product definition data sets. This manual sets forth the minimum requirements acceptable at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for the preparation of model-only, model and dependent drawing, and drawing-only digital product definition data sets based on the engineering drawing and model requirements in the ASME Y14 series.
Drawing 445754 rev5
Drawing 445754 contains the details for fabricating plastic flux wands used in ATR and ATRC. The flux wands are used to position flux wires in fuel elements. The flux wands are basically a tool to position the flux wires. The flux wires are later removed from the flux wands and counted to determine the amount of flux they received. The flux wands come in contact with reactor primary coolant, but do not control the primary coolant (this is in reference to 10 CFR Part 810). Additional wands need to be fabricated. This drawing needs to be sent to a vendor or vendors for procurement of new flux wands as done in the past. LWP-11201 rev 11 (pg. 27) indicates providing information to a vender is not a public release. This drawing does not need to be released to all of the public if that is an option. It just needs to go to a vendors or vendors. A vendor will likely need to see the drawing to determine if they can build the flux wands.