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DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC 2024 - Electrical Configuration Deployment Data

The following submission includes raw and processed electrical configuration deployment data from the in water deployment of NREL's Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC), in the form of parquet files, TDMS files, CSV files, bag files, and MATLAB workspaces. This dataset was collected in April 2024 at the Jennette's pier test site in North Carolina. Raw data as TDMS, CSV, and bag files are provided here alongside processed data in the form of MATLAB workspaces and Parquet files. This dataset includes the Python code used to process the data and MATLAB scripts to visualize the processed data. All data types, calculations, and processing is described in the included "Data Descriptions" document. All files in this dataset are described in detail in the included README. This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrical Substation Configuration Effect on Substation Reliability

The nation’s electrical grid must be reliable because of its critical role in the economy, defense, and security of the nation. Many common tasks and industrial operations rely on proper electrical power distribution. In the design of new bus systems or evaluation of existing bus systems, the type of bus configuration affects the risk, reliability, maintenance, and cost of the system. This work utilizes Systems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluations (SAPHIRE) to perform a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) based sensitivity study on the reliability of substations with differing bus configurations. This study examines single bus, main and transfer, breaker and a half, double bus/double breaker, and ring bus configurations applied to busses of varying number of lines. The case variances, methods, and rankings presented can provide a guide for bus configuration for future electrical grid design and analysis.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrical Substation Configuration Effect on Substation Reliability

It is crucial that the U.S. electrical grid be reliable, due to its critical role in the economy and our national defense/security. Many common tasks and industrial operations rely on proper electrical power distribution. In designing new bus systems or evaluating existing ones, the type of configuration employed affects the level of risk, reliability, maintenance, and cost involved. The present work utilizes Systems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluations (SAPHIRE) to perform a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA)-based sensitivity study on substation reliability in regard to different bus configurations. This study examines single bus, main and transfer, breaker and a half, double bus/double breaker, and ring bus configurations applied to busses with different numbers of lines. The case variances, methods, and rankings presented herein can help guide bus configurations for electrical grid design/analysis in the future.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2013

Interfacial band configuration and electrical properties of LaAlO{sub 3}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/hydrogenated-diamond metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors

In order to search a gate dielectric with high permittivity on hydrogenated-diamond (H-diamond), LaAlO{sub 3} films with thin Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} buffer layers are fabricated on the H-diamond epilayers by sputtering-deposition (SD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques, respectively. Interfacial band configuration and electrical properties of the SD-LaAlO{sub 3}/ALD-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/H-diamond metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with gate lengths of 10, 20, and 30 μm have been investigated. The valence and conduction band offsets of the SD-LaAlO{sub 3}/ALD-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} structure are measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to be 1.1 ± 0.2 and 1.6 ± 0.2 eV, respectively. The valence band discontinuity between H-diamond and LaAlO{sub 3} is evaluated to be 4.0 ± 0.2 eV, showing that the MOS structure acts as the gate which controls a hole carrier density. The leakage current density of the SD-LaAlO{sub 3}/ALD-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/H-diamond MOS diode is smaller than 10{sup −8} A cm{sup −2} at gate bias from −4 to 2 V. The capacitance-voltage curve in the depletion mode shows sharp dependence, small flat band voltage, and small hysteresis shift, which implies low positive and trapped charge densities. The MOSFETs show p-type channel and complete normally off characteristics with threshold voltages changing from −3.6 ± 0.1 to −5.0 ± 0.1 V dependent on the gate length. The drain current maximum and the extrinsic transconductance of the MOSFET with gate length of 10 μm are −7.5 mA mm{sup −1} and 2.3 ± 0.1 mS mm{sup −1}, respectively. The enhancement mode SD-LaAlO{sub 3}/ALD-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/H-diamond MOSFET is concluded to be suitable for the applications of high power and high frequency electrical devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Actuatable capacitive transducer for quantitative nanoindentation combined with transmission electron microscopy

An actuatable capacitive transducer including a transducer body, a first capacitor including a displaceable electrode and electrically configured as an electrostatic actuator, and a second capacitor including a displaceable electrode and electrically configured as a capacitive displacement sensor, wherein the second capacitor comprises a multi-plate capacitor. The actuatable capacitive transducer further includes a coupling shaft configured to mechanically couple the displaceable electrode of the first capacitor to the displaceable electrode of the second capacitor to form a displaceable electrode unit which is displaceable relative to the transducer body, and an electrically-conductive indenter mechanically coupled to the coupling shaft so as to be displaceable in unison with the displaceable electrode unit.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Hermetic electronics package with dual-sided electrical feedthrough configuration

A hermetic electronics package includes a metal case with opposing first and second open ends, with each end connected to a first feedthrough construction and a second feedthrough construction. Each feedthrough contruction has an electrically insulating substrate and an array of electrically conductive feedthroughs extending therethrough, with the electrically insulating substrates connected to the opposing first and second open ends, respectively, of the metal case so as to form a hermetically sealed enclosure. A set of electronic components are located within the hermetically sealed enclosure and are operably connected to the feedthroughs of the first and second feedthrough constructions so as to electrically communicate outside the package from opposite sides of the package.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC V1 Upgrades - SolidWorks Models (WEC, RO System, and Submersible Pump Housing)

The attached zip files include SolidWorks pack-and-go assemblies of NREL's HERO WEC (hydraulic and electric reverse osmosis wave energy converter), the reverse osmosis (RO) assembly, and the submersible pump assembly that is used to provide flow to the RO assembly in the electric configuration. These 3 models were upgraded in 2023 from their baseline models. The HERO WEC model does not include all aspects of the design (i.e. RO system, electrical enclosure, hose, cable), it only includes the WEC and PTO (power take-off) design. This model supersedes the old MHKDR model submission, linked below. The RO model file includes a SolidWorks (version 2023) pack-and-go assembly of the RO assembly that was used for HERO WEC as it was upgraded in 2023. This model ONLY includes the RO assembly and not the WEC, hoses, etc. The submersible pump enclosure model includes a SolidWorks (version 2023) pack-and-go assembly of the submersible pump assembly that is used to provide flow to the RO assembly in the electric configuration HERO WECas it was upgraded in 2023. This model ONLY includes the submersible pump assembly and not the WEC, RO system, hoses, etc. This work has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC - Bills of Materials: WEC, RO System, and Submersible Pump

This submission includes detailed Bills of Materials for the NREL-designed and -built Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC), as well as the reverse osmosis assembly and submersible pump that are used in the HERO WEC. The WEC file is specific to the components and sub-components that are included on the in-water buoy portion of the WEC. The RO file is specific to the components and sub-components that are included on the reverse osmosis module that is used for both the hydraulic and electric configuration. The submersible pumps file is specific to the components and sub-components that are included on the submersible pump module that is used feed the reverse osmosis module when the HERO WEC is in the electric configuration. In addition to this submission, an additional submission available for the WEC model itself, including the power electronics enclosure, and reverse osmosis assembly that is needed to supply water in the electric submission. A link is provided below. More details on this project including data, CAD drawings, etc. can be found in the HERO-WEC main page link below. This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2015

Search for Low-Mass Dark Matter wtih SuperCDMS Soudan and Study of Shorted Electric Field Configurations in CDMS Detectors

The area of dark matter is one of the most interesting and exciting topics in physics today. Existing at the intersection of particle physics and astrophysics, the existence of a new dark matter particle can be used to explain many astrophysical and cosmological observations, as well as to reconcile outstanding issues in the standard model of particle physics. Experiments such as SuperCDMS are built to detect dark matter in the lab by looking for low-energy nuclear recoils produced by collisions between dark matter particles and atoms in terrestrial detectors. SuperCDMS Soudan is particularly well-suited to follow up on possible hints of low-mass dark matter seen by other recent experiments because of its low thresholds and excellent background discrimination. Analyzing SuperCDMS Soudan data to look for low-mass dark matter comes with particular challenges because of the low signal-to-noise very near threshold. However, with a detailed background model developed by scaling high-energy events down into the low-energy signal region, SuperCDMS Soudan produced worldleading limits on the existence of low-mass dark matter. In addition, a few SuperCDMS Soudan detectors experienced cold hardware problems that can affect the data collected. Of particular interest is one detector considered for the low-mass WIMP search that has one of its charge electrodes shorted to chassis ground. Three events were observed in this detector upon unblinding the SuperCDMS Soudan low-energy data, even though <1 event was expected based on pre-unblinding calulations. However, the data collected by the shorted detector may have been compromised since an electrode shorted to ground will modify the electric field in the detector. The SuperCDMS Detector Monte Carlo (DMC) provides an excellent way to model the effects of the modified electric field, so a new model of the expected backgrounds in the low-mass WIMP search is developed using the DMC to try to explain how the short may have affected the data collected. This thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 gives a broad introduction to dark matter, discussing the astrophysical and cosmological evidence for its existence, listing several possible particle physics candidates, and outlining several experimental strategies to look for dark matter. Chapter 2 is an overview of CDMS detector technology and the experimental setup at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, with a focus on how data coming out of Soudan is analyzed. Chapter 3 presents results from a search for low-mass dark matter at SuperCDMS Soudan and discusses the interpretation of the results. Chapter 4 contains follow-up work that uses the CDMS Detector Monte Carlo (DMC) to understand the possible systematics associated with a detector that had one of its charge electrodes shorted to ground. This chapter represents the first time the DMC has been used to inform ongoing CDMS analysis. Chapter 5 takes a brief detour into the world of effective field theory (EFT), examining the consequences of an expanded set of possible WIMP-nucleon interactions in the EFT framework. Finally, Chapter 6 wraps up the material of the previous chapters and discusses how the research presented in this thesis can be applied as CDMS moves toward SuperCDMS SNOLAB.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

Fuel Cell Backup Power Unit Configuration and Electricity Market Participation: A Feasibility Study

This National Renewable Energy Laboratory industry-inspired Laboratory Directed Research and Development project evaluates the feasibility and economics of using fuel cell backup power systems in cell towers to provide grid services (e.g., balancing, ancillary services, demand response). The work is intended to evaluate the integration of thousands of under-utilized, clean, efficient, and reliable fuel cell systems that are already installed in cell towers for potential grid and ancillary services.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC V1 Upgrade - 2023 Laboratory Testing (processed data)

The following submission includes processed laboratory data from NREL's Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC), in the form of MATLAB workspaces. This dataset was created using NREL's Large Amplitude Motion Platform (LAMP) and collected between August and September 2023. Included with this submission is a test log of all the processed data "HERO WEC LAMP test run log.xlsx" so that the user can easily find the data of interest. Additionally, more detailed descriptions of the type of data and how it was processed, or calculated, can be found in the document titled "Lamp Data Description.docx". The MATLAB workspaces can be visualized using the file "LAMP_Data_Viewer_Ver2.m/mlx". The user simply needs to upload the workspace of interest and run the file "LAMP_Data_Viewer_Ver2.m/mlx". Both the .m and .mlx file format has been provided depending on the user's preference. The MATLAB workspaces have been separated into zip files corresponding to either Drivetrain, Hydraulic, or Electric configuration runs representing the respective test cases that were run. The drivetrain runs were used to characterize the drivetrain only (no pump or generator). The Hydraulic runs represent the configuration when the seawater pump is installed, and the Electric runs represents the configuration when the generator is installed. The following sub-categories of data are included for each type: - DW - Deep water sine wave profile (not run in drivetrain configuration) - Heave - Heave only sine wave profile - Heave_NoRO (hydraulic configuration only) - Heave_ACC (hydraulic configuration only) - IR - Surge and heave irregular wave profile (not run in drivetrain configuration) - RW - Heave only profile created from real world encoder data (not run in drivetrain configuration) For those interested in the raw, unprocessed, data the authors have created a separate submission, linked below. This submission includes the raw TDMS files and associated files necessary to translate the data into either python or MATLAB formats. This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC V1 Upgrade - 2023 Laboratory Testing (Raw Data)

This submission contains the original, unprocessed data from the 2023 Large Amplitude Motion Platform (LAMP) testing of NREL's Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC). This data serves as a companion to MHKDR #520. Data was collected using NREL's Modular Ocean Data AcQuisition (MODAQ) system in TDMS format. Specifications of TDMS files can be found on the NI website. The TDMS files have been separated into zip files corresponding to either Drivetrain, Hydraulic, or Electric configuration runs representing the respective test cases that were run. The drivetrain runs were used to characterize the drivetrain only (no pump or generator). The Hydraulic runs represent the configuration when the seawater pump is installed, and the Electric runs represents the configuration when the generator is installed. The following sub-categories of data are included for each type: - DW - Deep water (monochromatic sine wave) profile (not run in drivetrain configuration) - Heave - Heave only (monochromatic sine wave) profile - Heave_NoRO (hydraulic configuration only) - Heave_ACC (hydraulic configuration only) - IR - Surge and heave irregular wave profile (not run in drivetrain configuration) - RW - Heave only profile created from real world encoder data (not run in drivetrain configuration) Reference documents: - "HERO WEC Lamp Test Run Log.xlsx": contains specifications for each test run - "Lamp Data Description.docx": provides detailed information about data types and processing methods For those interested in the processed data the authors have created a separate submission, MHKDR #520, linked below. This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2022

Summary Report of HERO WEC Test Article for Waves to Water: Electrical Power Take-Off

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) designed and fabricated the hydraulic and electric reverse osmosis (HERO) wave energy converter (WEC), which is a modular system that can utilize either an electrical or hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system to power a desalination device. The method by which this device can convert mechanical work to either hydraulic or electrical energy is by harnessing the energy from waves via a rotary output shaft. This report describes the electrical configuration, where a rotary generator replaces the pump in the hydraulic configuration to power a submersible pump and reverse osmosis unit via an electrical cable, rather than a hydraulic line/hose. This device is of a non-proprietary design where every aspect of the design is made public, including the physical designs, non-proprietary cost data, and electrical drawings developed for the build of this device.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2017

Real‐time monitoring of crystal accumulation in the high‐level waste glass melters using an electrical conductivity method

Abstract During the vitrification of high‐level radioactive waste ( HLW ) in HLW melters in the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant located in Washington State, spinel crystals may precipitate from glass and accumulate in the melter riser, preventing the discharge of molten glass into canisters. Therefore, an effort is being made to develop an electrical conductivity method to monitor crystal buildup in the melter riser. A vertically configured electrical conductivity ( EC ) probe with an alumina shaft and Pt‐10%Rh‐electrodes was designed and tested in standard conductivity solutions and glass melts both with and without spinel crystals. The EC probe measured conductivity in conductivity solutions within 10% of their certified values and showed a linear relationship with increased spinel layer thicknesses. Testing in silicate glass containing spinel crystals allowed for the determination of spinel conductivity as a function of temperature. The conductivities of spinel crystals of 20‐24 S/m at 800°C were in excellent agreement with the conductivity of trevorite (NiFe 2 O 4 ) crystals at 800°C reported in the literature. The conductivities of spinel crystals and measured changes in the conductivity across the accumulated layer allowed for a successful measurement of spinel crystal accumulation in simulated HLW glass.

Edwards, Matthew↗
DOE OSTI2026

Advancing the HERO WEC Through Integrated Modeling, Testing, and Field Deployments

The Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC) was developed by the National Laboratory of the Rockies as a modular platform for advancing wave-powered desalination technologies. Designed to operate in either a hydraulic or electric configuration, the system enables direct comparison of mechanical-to-water and electrical-to-water conversion pathways using a single hardware architecture. Deployments in 2022 and 2024 at the Jennette's Pier test site in North Carolina demonstrated freshwater production between 60 and 300 gallons per day, including successful operation in wave heights as low as 0.25 m. A structured evaluation approach combining numerical modeling of hydrodynamic and power take-off response, controlled laboratory testing, and in-ocean field deployments has been used to characterize and refine system performance. Specifically, insights from these efforts are now informing the second-generation HERO WEC (V2) to increase robustness and overall survivability. Changes from the original prototype include improved drivetrain components, refined geometry, enhanced control systems, and design. The HERO WEC platform continues to serve as an open-access research asset supporting broader marine energy and desalination development.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2014

Anode-cathode power distribution systems and methods of using the same for electrochemical reduction

Power distribution systems are useable in electrolytic reduction systems and include several cathode and anode assembly electrical contacts that permit flexible modular assembly numbers and placement in standardized connection configurations. Electrical contacts may be arranged at any position where assembly contact is desired. Electrical power may be provided via power cables attached to seating assemblies of the electrical contacts. Cathode and anode assembly electrical contacts may provide electrical power at any desired levels. Pairs of anode and cathode assembly electrical contacts may provide equal and opposite electrical power; different cathode assembly electrical contacts may provide different levels of electrical power to a same or different modular cathode assembly. Electrical systems may be used with an electrolyte container into which the modular cathode and anode assemblies extend and are supported above, with the modular cathode and anode assemblies mechanically and electrically connecting to the respective contacts in power distribution systems.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Advancing the HERO WEC Through Integrated Modeling, Testing, and Field Deployments: Preprint

The Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC) was developed by the National Laboratory of the Rockies as a modular platform for advancing wave-powered desalination technologies. Designed to operate in either a hydraulic or electric configuration, the system enables direct comparison of mechanical-to-water and electrical-to-water conversion pathways using a single hardware architecture. Deployments at the Jennette's Pier test site in 2022 and 2024 demonstrated freshwater production between 60 and 300 gallons per day, including successful operation in wave heights as low as 0.25 m. A structured evaluation approach combining numerical modeling of hydrodynamic and PTO response, controlled laboratory testing, and in-ocean field deployments has been used to characterize and refine system performance. Insights from these efforts are now informing the second-generation HERO WEC (V2), which incorporates improved drivetrain components, refined geometry, enhanced control systems, and design updates aimed at increasing robustness and long-duration survivability. The HERO WEC platform continues to serve as an open-access research asset supporting broader marine energy and desalination development.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2019

Method of separating and recovering uranium from aluminum-clad metallic nuclear fuel

According to one aspect of the invention, a method for separating and recovering uranium from a nuclear fuel element. The method includes immersing a nuclear fuel element containing nuclear fuel and cladding in a molten metal. The nuclear fuel includes uranium. The cladding is selectively dissolved from the nuclear fuel element when immersed in the molten metal. The nuclear fuel is separated from the cladding. The method then includes loading the nuclear fuel into a permeable basket that is electrically configured as an anode of an electrolytic cell. There are also a molten salt electrolyte and a cathode in the electrolytic cell. Then, the method includes applying an electric charge across the electrolytic cell. The molten salt electrolyte selectively transfers uranium from the anode to the cathode.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗