Fatigue-resistant shear pin
Fatigue resistant shear pin with hollow shaft and two plugs
Hankinson, T. W. E.↗
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Additively manufactured Al-Ce-Ni-Mn alloy with improved elevated-temperature fatigue resistance
Here, the high cycle fatigue behavior of an additively manufactured (AM) Al-10.5Ce-3.1Ni-1.2Mn wt% alloy was evaluated at 350 °C. The measured fatigue strength of 50 MPa at this temperature is comparable to the most fatigue resistant wrought Al alloys (2618-T6 and 7079-T6) at 315 °C. Refinement of pore populations through advanced AM processing in the examined alloy led to oxide inclusions becoming dominant fatigue crack initiation sites. The distribution of microstructural features that determine crack initiation was measured by X-ray computed tomography and served as input to make fatigue strength model predictions with various methodologies. A Monte-Carlo based approach that was previously applied to predict the fatigue strength of cast aluminum alloys through pore size distributions yielded accurate predictions for the fatigue strength of this AM alloy. Given the tunability of defect distributions in AM alloys, the sensitivity of the Al-Ce-Ni-Mn alloy fatigue behavior to defect distributions and outstanding elevated-temperature fatigue resistance of this alloy; the results together suggest the possibility of a new generation of fatigue-resistant alloys produced by the additive manufacturing route.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Comparative thermal fatigue resistance of several oxide dispersion strengthened alloys
The thermal fatigue resistance of several oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys has been evaluated through cyclic exposure in fluidized beds. The ODS nickel-base alloy MA 754 and ODS iron-base alloy MA 956 as well as four experimental ODS Ni-16Cr-4.5Al base alloys with and without Ta additions were examined. Both bare and coated alloys were subjected to up to 6000 cycles where each cycle consisted of a 3 minute immersion in a fluidized bed at 1130 C followed by a 3 minute immersion in a bed at 357 C. Testing revealed that the thermal fatigue resistance of the ODS nickel-base alloys was excellent and about equal to that of directionally solidified superalloys. However, the thermal fatigue resistance of MA 956 was found to be poor. Metallographic examination of tested specimens revealed that, in general, the post-test microstructures can be rationalized on the basis of previous diffusion, mechanical property, and oxidation studies.
Whittenberger, J. D.↗
Thermal fatigue resistance of NASA WAZ-20 alloy with three commercial coatings
Screening tests using three commercial coatings (Jocoat, HI-15, and RT-1A) on the nickel-base alloy NASA WAZ-20 were performed by cyclic exposure in a Mach 1 burner facility. These tests showed Jocoated WAZ-20 to have the best cracking resistance. The thermal fatigue resistance of Jocoated WAZ-20 in both the random polycrystalline and directionally solidified polycrystalline forms relative to that of other superalloys was then evaluated in a fluidized-bed facility. This investigation showed that Jocoated random polycrystalline WAZ-20 ranked approximately in midrange in thermal fatigue life. The thermal fatigue life of directionally solidified Jocoated WAZ-20 was shorter than that of other directionally solidified alloys but still longer than that of all alloys in the random polycrystalline form.
Bizon, P. T.↗
The effect of matrix mechanical properties on (0)8 unidirectional SiC/Ti composite fatigue resistance
The relationship between constituent and MMC properties in fatigue loading is investigated with low-cycle fatigue-resistance testing of an alloy Ti-15-3 matrix reinforced with SiC SCS-6 fibers. The fabrication of the composite is described, and specimens are generated that are weak and ductile (WD), strong and moderately ductile (SM), or strong and brittle (SB). Strain is measured during MMC fatigue tests at a constant load amplitude with a load-controlled waveform and during matrix-alloy fatigue tests at a constant strain amplitude using a strain-controlled waveform. The fatigue resistance of the (0)8 SiC/Ti-15-3 composite is found to be slightly influenced by matrix mechanical properties, and the composite- and matrix-alloy fatigue lives are not correlated. This finding is suggested to relate to the different crack-initiation and -growth processes in MMCs and matrix alloys.
Gabb, T. P.↗
Strain-rate hardening enhances fatigue resistance of AlSi10Mg alloy at 350°C
The high cycle fatigue behavior of laser powder bed fusion processed AlSi10Mg has been investigated at 350 °C (T/T m ∼ 0.7). The alloy exhibited a fatigue strength of 30 MPa defined by runout after 10 7 cycles at a conventional loading frequency of 20 Hz, corresponding to a notable fatigue strength to ultimate tensile strength ratio of 0.73. The surprising fatigue resistance was attributed to the strain-rate hardening effect at high fatigue loading frequency relative to tensile loading rates at 350 °C. The strain-rate hardening effect was validated by performing ultrasonic fatigue tests (20 kHz loading frequency) with three orders of magnitude higher strain-rates than those at conventional loading frequency. The higher strain-rates in ultrasonic fatigue increased the magnitude of strain-rate hardening resulting in longer AlSi10Mg fatigue lives compared to fatigue at conventional frequency, thus confirming the strain-rate hardening effect. The fatigue crack initiation mechanism was strain-rate dependent. Post-mortem microstructural examination revealed intergranular cavitation inside clusters of fine equiaxed grains. The cavities interlinked with each other to initiate near-surface fatigue cracks at conventional frequency. Cavitation occurred to a lesser extent at the ultrasonic frequency. As a result, fatigue cracks initiated at pre-existing processing defects near the surface in ultrasonic fatigue samples. Finally, this investigation underscores the role of fine grain clusters in promoting high-temperature fatigue crack initiation and indicates a possible trade-off between printability via grain refinement and high-temperature fatigue resistance of additively manufactured alloys.
Additive manufacturing↗
The thermal fatigue resistance of H-13 Die Steel for aluminum die casting dies
The effects of welding, five selected surface coatings, and stress relieving on the thermal fatigue resistance of H-13 Die Steel for aluminum die casting dies were studied using eleven thermal fatigue specimens. Stress relieving was conducted after each 5,000 cycle interval at 1050 F for three hours. Four thermal fatigue specimens were welded with H-13 or maraging steel welding rods at ambient and elevated temperatures and subsequently, subjected to different post-weld heat treatments. Crack patterns were examined at 5,000, 10,000, and 15,000 cycles. The thermal fatigue resistance is expressed by two crack parameters which are the average maximum crack and the average cracked area. The results indicate that a significant improvement in thermal fatigue resistance over the control was obtained from the stress-relieving treatment. Small improvements were obtained from the H-13 welded specimens and from a salt bath nitrogen and carbon-surface treatment. The other surface treatments and welded specimens either did not affect or had a detrimental influence on the thermal fatigue properties of the H-13 die steel.
Source record↗
Fatigue-resistant nickel-base superalloys
New γ' strengthened nickel-base superalloy compositions are described that, when forged and properly heat treated, demonstrate superior resistance to fatigue crack growth accompanied by very good high temperature properties. Parts can be fabricated (e.g., using conventional cast and wrought processing) from these alloys without encountering difficulty in forging.
Keh-Minn Chang↗
Comparative thermal fatigue resistances of twenty-six nickel and cobalt base alloys
Thermal fatigue resistances were determined from fluidized bed tests. Cycles to cracking differed by almost three orders of magnitude for these materials with directional solidification and surface protection of definite benefit. The alloy-coating combination with the highest thermal fatigue resistance was directionally solidified NASA TAZ-8A with an RT-XP coating. It oxidation resistance was excellent, showing almost no weight change after 15 000 fluidized bed cycles.
Bizon, P. T.↗
Thermomechanical fatigue resistance of low temperature solder for multiwire interconnects in photovoltaic modules
Novel interconnect technologies leveraging low melting temperature solders, such as multiwire interconnects, are being deployed in photovoltaic (PV) modules for improved reliability through interconnect redundancy and lower thermal loads during interconnection and lamination. However, the equivalency of standardized accelerated testing to field conditions has not yet been established for these emerging technologies. In this study, the thermomechanical fatigue resistance of low temperature solder alloys is investigated and compared to that of conventional SnPb to assess the acceleration behavior of these alloys. While InSn is shown to have sufficient thermomechanical fatigue resistance on the order of that of SnPb, these results indicate Sn–Bi alloys may have poor thermomechanical fatigue resistance at field conditions. The results also show that Sn–Bi alloys have thermal cycling acceleration factors of less than one. This indicates that the standardized accelerated thermal cycling test, such as that in IEC 61215, will produce misleading results for Sn–Bi alloys and that unique testing is required for this PV module architecture. Though accelerated thermal cycling may be a meaningful qualification test for SnPb solder joints, these results suggest that mechanical loading may be a more appropriate test for Sn–Bi multiwire interconnects. This is due to the distinct processing and geometry of multiwire interconnects which may allow for mechanical, rather than strictly metallurgical interconnections.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Fatigue Resistance of the Grain Size Transition Zone in a Dual Microstructure Superalloy Disk
Mechanical property requirements vary with location in nickel-based superalloy disks. To maximize the associated mechanical properties, heat treatment methods have been developed for producing tailored microstructures. In this study, a specialized heat treatment method was applied to produce varying grain microstructures from the bore to the rim portions of a powder metallurgy processed nickel-based superalloy disk. The bore of the contoured disk consisted of fine grains to maximize strength and fatigue resistance at lower temperatures. The rim microstructure of the disk consisted of coarse grains for maximum resistance to creep and dwell crack growth at high temperatures up to 704 C. However, the fatigue resistance of the grain size transition zone was unclear, and needed to be evaluated. This zone was located as a band in the disk web between the bore and rim. Specimens were extracted parallel and transverse to the transition zone, and multiple fatigue tests were performed at 427 and 704 C. Mean fatigue lives were lower at 427 C than for 704 C. Specimen failures often initiated at relatively large grains, which failed on crystallographic facets. Grain size distributions were characterized in the specimens, and related to the grains initiating failures as well as location within the transition zone. Fatigue life decreased with increasing maximum grain size. Correspondingly, mean fatigue resistance of the transition zone was slightly higher than that of the rim, but lower than that of the bore. The scatter in limited tests of replicates was comparable for all transition zone locations examined.
Gabb, T. P.↗
Programs For Predicting Fatigue And Creep-Fatigue Resistances
TS-SRP/PACK set of computer programs for characterizing and predicting fatigue and creep-fatigue resistances of metallic materials under isothermal and nonisothermal fatigue conditions in high-temperature, long-life regime. Programs implement total-strain version of strainrange-partitioning (TS-SRP) method. User should be thoroughly familiar with TS-SRP method before attempting to use any of these programs. Five programs included along with alloy data base. Four programs written in FORTRAN 77. One written in BASIC version 3.0.
Saltsman, J. F.↗
Thermal fatigue resistance of cobalt-modified UDIMET 700
The determination of comparative thermal fatigue resistances of five cobalt composition modifications of UDIMET 700 from fluidized bed tests is described. Cobalt compositional levels of 0.1, 4.3, 8.6, 12.8, 17.0 percent were being investigated in both the bare and coated (NiCrAlY overlay) conditions. Triplicate tests of each variation including duplicate tests of three control alloys are under investigation. Fluidized beds were maintained at 550 and 1850 F for the first 5500 cycles at which time the hot bed was increased to 1922 F. Immersion time in each bed is always 3 minutes. Upon the completion of 10,000 cycles, it appears that the 8.6 percent cobalt level gives the best thermal fatigue life. Considerable deformation of the test bars was observed.
Bizon, P. T.↗
Fatigue resistance of unnotched and post impact(+/- 30 deg/0 deg) 3-D braided composites
The fatigue resistance of a multiaxial braided (3-D) graphite/expoxy composite in both unnotched and post impacted conditions has been evaluated. The material tested is a (+/- 30/0 deg) multiaxial braid constructed from AS4/12K tow graphite fibers and British Petroleum E905L epoxy resin. These materials were braided as dry preforms and the epoxy was added using a resin transfer molding process (RTM). The unnotched and post-impact specimens were tested in compression-compression fatigue at 10 Hz with a stress ratio of R=10. The unnotched tension-tension fatigue specimens were tested at S Hz with a stress ration of R=0.1. Damage initiation and growth was documented through the application of radiography and ultrasonic through transmission (C-scans). Visible inspection of surface and edge damage was also noted to describe the initiation and progression of damage in these materials. The mechanisms leading to damage initiation were established and failure modes were determined. Stiffness and strength degradation were measured as a function of applied cycles. These 3-D braided composite results were compared to strain levels currently used to design primary structure in commercial aircraft composite components made from prepreg tape and autoclave cured.
Portanova, Marc A.↗
Thermal-fatigue resistance of 15 high- temperature alloys determined by the fluidized-bed technique
Determination of thermal fatigue resistance of alloys by fluidized bed technique
Bizon, P. T.↗
Fastening on the F-14A for cost effective fatigue resistance
Cost effectiveness airframe considerations dictated a variable geometry wing design that requires weight optimization, maximum working stress resistance and minimum fatigue concentration factors. The extensive use of titanium structural materials employed electron beam welding methods and interference fit fastening techniques as principle mechanical joining means for economic F-14A production and reliability engineering.
Beal, B. H.↗
Effect of Embedded Piezoelectric Sensors on Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Resistance of Composite Laminates Under Mode I Loading
Double-cantilevered beam (DCB) specimens of a glass/epoxy composite material with embedded piezoelectric sensors were tested both statically and under fatigue loading to determine the effect of the embedded material on the Mode I fracture toughness and fatigue resistance compared to baseline data without the embedded elements. A material known as LaRC-Macrofiber Composite (LaRC-MFC (TradeMark)), or MFC, was embedded at the midplane of the specimen during the layup. Specimens were manufactured with the embedded MFC material either at the loaded end of the specimen to simulate an initial delamination; or with the MFC material located at the delaminating interface, with a Teflon film at the loaded end to simulate an initial delamination. There were three types of specimens with the embedded material at the delaminating interface: co-cured with no added adhesive; cured with a paste adhesive applied to the embedded element; or cured with a film adhesive added to the embedded material. Tests were conducted with the sensors in both the passive and active states. Results were compared to baseline data for the same material without embedded elements. Interlaminar fracture toughness values (G(sub Ic)) for the passive condition showed little change when the MFC was at the insert end. Passive results varied when the MFC was at the delaminating interface. For the co-cured case and with the paste adhesive, G(sub Ic) decreased compared to the baseline toughness, whereas, for the film adhesive case, G(sub Ic) was significantly greater than the baseline toughness, but the failure was always catastrophic. When the MFC was in the active state, G(sub Ic) was generally lower compared to the passive results. Fatigue tests showed little effect of the embedded material whether it was active or passive compared to baseline values.
Murri, Gretchen B.↗
Fatigue resistance of duralumin
Where, in the following report, mention is made of fatigue, it always refers to the weakening of the material produced by rapidly changing stresses below the point of elasticity. The alternating stress was obtained by a test bar which was held at one end and subjected to rotation. Most of the tests were conducted on connecting rods.
DURALUMIN↗