Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “field-aligned currents”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Simultaneous particle and field observations of field-aligned currents

Simultaneous measurements of low energy precipitating electrons and magnetic fluctuations from the low altitude polar orbiting satellite OGO-4 have been compared. Analysis of the two sets of experimental data for isolated events led to the classification of high latitude field-aligned currents as purely temporal or purely spatial variations. Magnetic field disturbances calculated using these simple current models and the measured particle fluxes were in good agreement with measured field values. While fluxes of greater than 1 keV electrons are detected primarily on the nightside, magnetometer disturbances indicative of field-aligned currents were seen at all local times, both in the visual auroral regions and dayside polar cusp. Thus electrons with energies less than approximately 1 keV are the prime charge carriers in high latitude dayside field-aligned currents. The satellite measurements are in good agreement with previously measured field-aligned current values and with values predicted from several models involving magnetospheric field-aligned currents.

Berko, F. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Field-aligned currents, plasma waves, and anomalous resistivity in the disturbed polar cusp.

During the magnetic storm of November 1, 1968, the Ogo 5 spacecraft encountered the polar cusp region at low magnetic latitudes. We show that the region just outside the last closed field lines contained a warm magnetosheath plasma, magnetic field perturbations interpretable as field-aligned current layers, and electrostatic waves possibly due to plasma instabilities driven by these currents. Estimates of anomalous resistivity extrapolated along the field lines due to these electrostatic waves lead to estimates of field-aligned potential drops between Ogo 5 and the ionosphere on the order of 2 kV.

Fredricks, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Equilibrium configurations of Vlasov plasmas carrying a current component along an external magnetic field.

A model of equilibrium configurations of Vlasov plasmas is considered which represents a combination of the models of Harris (1962) and Nicholson (1963). These plasma configurations carry a current component along an external magnetic field. The considered slab model contains a diamagnetic current and a field-aligned current for an arbitrary ratio of particle pressure to magnetic pressure of the applied constant field. For a fixed pressure ratio and field-aligned current, the model admits a family of equilibrium solutions in which the diamagnetic currents range from zero to a maximum value. The amount of diamagnetic current flowing in a machine depends on the width of the machine, the field-aligned current and other plasma parameters.

Kan, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Field-aligned particle currents near an auroral arc.

A Nike-Tomahawk rocket equipped to measure electric and magnetic fields and charged particles from a few eV to several hundred keV energy was flown into an auroral band on April 11, 1970. The purpose of this flight was to obtain evidence of the low-energy electrons and protons that constitute a field-aligned sheet current, and also to obtain the magnetic signature of such a current and the electric field in and near the auroral-arc electric current system. Particular attention was given to a sudden increase in the field-aligned current associated with a prior sudden increase in the electric field and a sudden change in the magnetic field, all occurring near the edge of a visual auroral arc. Data obtained are discussed and analyzed; they present an important contribution to the problem of mapping of atmospheric auroral phenomena to the magnetospheric equatorial plane.

Choy, L. W.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Polarization of the auroral electrojet.

Consideration of an idealized model of electrojet polarization. Precipitation from the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet creates a density maximum in the auroral-oval ionosphere, which in turn leads to Hall and Pedersen conductance maximums. It is then assumed that a uniform westward convection electric field is imposed on the lower ionosphere before polarization. Field-aligned currents must flow into the ionosphere equatorward and out of the ionosphere poleward of the Hall conductance maximum. As the convection field and ionospheric density increase during the substorm growth phase, the field-aligned current densities should eventually reach an instability threshold beyond which anomalous resistance should produce field-aligned electric fields. The partial blockage of the field-aligned currents produces an equatorward electric field and therefore a partial Cowling conductivity in the lower ionosphere. Rough numerical estimates indicate that the expected field-aligned currents can exceed the stability threshold estimated by Kindel and Kennel (1971), that 1- to 5-kV field-aligned potential drops correspond to significant electrojet enhancement, and that the required energy dissipation of field-aligned currents in the topside ionosphere, a few ergs/per sq cm per sec column, suggests significant topside modification following auroral breakup.

Coroniti, F. V.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Polarization of the auroral electrojet

Precipitation from the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet creates a density maximum in the auroral oval ionosphere, which in turn leads to Hall and Pedersen conductance maxima. A uniform westward convection electric field is imposed upon the lower ionosphere previous to polarization. Field-aligned currents flow into the ionosphere equatorward, and out poleward, of the Hall conductance maximum. As the convection field and ionospheric density increase during substorm growth phase, the field-aligned current densities eventually reach an instability threshold, beyond which anomalous resistance produces field-aligned electric fields. The partial blockage of the field-aligned currents produces an equatorward electric field and therefore a partial Cowling conductivity in the lower ionosphere.

Coroniti, F. V.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Ion-wave current instabilities and anomalous resistivity.

A theory of ion-wave current instabilities which takes into account, in a self-consistent manner, the inhomogeneities generated by field-aligned currents in a collisionless plasma is presented. Diamagnetic current associated with the current-produced density gradient is included in the distribution. The theory predicts that for a given frequency, the current threshold for ion-wave current instabilities is, in general, much below the threshold of ion acoustic instability in a uniform plasma as given by Fried and Gould. The current threshold is essentially zero in the limit when the ion Landau damping effect is negligible, or equivalently, the ion-wave current instabilities are absolute if there are no limitations on the wavelength. This is true even in the absence of externally applied density gradients in contrast to Kadomtsev's drift-wave results. For dimensions of interest in laboratory plasmas, the predicted linear growth rate increases with increasing longitudinal wavelength and with decreasing wavelength parallel to the diamagnetic current. Under the conditions of an experiment on anomalous resistivity (the dimensions but not the geometry of the machine have been considered), there is good agreement between the predicted onset of ion-wave current instabilities and the experimental data on the onset of anomalous resistivity.

Kan, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Magnetic field signatures of substorms on high latitudes field lines in the nighttime magnetosphere

Two types of magnetic field changes are repeatedly observed in the high latitude nightside magnetosphere in association with magnetic substorms. One type is characterized by sudden decrease in the field strength, accompanied by an abrupt perturbation in the field declination angle. These changes are attributed to field aligned-sheet currents flowing on the high latitude boundary of an expanding plasma sheet following substorms. Single sheets of field-aligned currents on this boundary tend to flow toward the earth in the morning quadrant and away in the evening. Multiple sheets of current may also occur, with the direction of the high latitude sheet generally being the same as for a single sheet. A second type of field change is a decrease in field inclination during substorms. This is regarded as a manifestation of the changing field configuration during substorms and can be described in terms of azimuthal currents.

Fairfield, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Imp 5 magnetic-field measurements in the high-latitude outer magnetosphere near the noon meridian.

Results of Imp 5 magnetic-field measurements at geomagnetic latitudes up to 75 deg and at distances beyond six earth radii, revealing the permanent existence of a broad depressed field region centered on the polar or dayside cusp. Field strengths at seven earth radii on cusp field lines that connect to the earth are typically only 50 to 70% of that of an undistorted dipole field. The transition region between the magnetosheath and the point where the fields are clearly of dipolar origin is characterized by large-amplitude fluctuations and the lack of a clear magnetopause boundary. Magnetic-field perturbations are observed in the cusp region with magnitudes up to 45 gamma and in directions that are approximately perpendicular to the average field. These perturbations are suggestive of field-aligned currents, and their magnitudes are consistent with the low-altitude measurements obtained on polar-orbiting spacecraft.

Fairfield, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Dayside auroral-oval plasma density and conductivity enhancements due to magnetosheath electron precipitation.

Demonstration that magnetosheath electrons precipitating into the dayside auroral oval are a significant source of ionization and consequently will lead to electrical conductivity enhancements within the oval. By assuming that the electrons are maintained isotropic by strong pitch-angle diffusion as they precipitate into the ionosphere, the precipitation heat flux can be simply related to solar-wind energy density and consequently to the level of magnetic activity. For quiet solar-wind conditions, the heat fluxes of 1 to 10 ergs/sq cm/sec expected and observed lead to height-integrated Pedersen conductivity enhancements of 4 to 15 mhos. During magnetic storms the conductivity enhancements could increase by a factor of 3 to 5. Since the precipitating electrons are soft, the Hall conductivity enhancements are smaller than the Pedersen conductivity enhancements. For typical electric fields the computed conductivity enhancements lead to field-aligned currents bounding the enhancements in order-of-magnitude agreement with observation. The topside ionosphere should also have a density enhancement over the auroral oval on the dayside.

Kennel, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Outer magnetosphere near midnight at quiet and disturbed times.

Ogo 5 magnetic-field and energetic-electron (E greater than 50 keV) data are used to study both the quiet-time, steady-state configuration of the outer magnetosphere or near tail region near midnight and the disturbed time changes of this configuration. The nighttime cusp is found to be a distinct feature within the plasma sheet at quiet times but indistinguishable from the plasma sheet at disturbed times. The sequence of thinning and expansion of the plasma sheet in this region in association with the substorms is studied. The response of the plasma sheet in the near tail at about 10 earth radii is found to be similar to that in the more distant tail at more than 20 earth radii. Finally, the nature of field-aligned currents flowing on the plasma-sheet boundary is investigated. Assuming infinite current sheets, the sheet current density at Ogo 5 is found to be approximately .01 A/m.

Aubry, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Review of magnetic field observations.

Recent observations in previously unexplored regions of the magnetosphere, particularly in the polar-cusp region, compliment and reinforce emphasis on particle access to the plasma sheet via the polar neutral points. Significant distortions of the geomagnetic field in the polar-cusp region suggest field-aligned currents at large geocentric distances which can be related to low-altitude polar-cap phenomena. Studies of the microstructure of the field reversal region of the plasma sheet embedded in the geomagnetic tail suggest a periodic structure of more complexity than earlier assumed simplified single neutral-line models.

Ness, N. F.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Ionospheric effects of Birkeland currents.

Since Birkeland's observations of high-latitude magnetic perturbations led him to postulate the existence of geomagnetically aligned electric currents, theoretical studies have led to a general understanding of the mechanisms that are capable of driving such currents, and of the processes associated with formation and control of current configurations. Recent advances in experimental techniques have yielded information on the spatial and temporal behavior of such field-aligned Birkeland currents and have established their association to an individual auroral arc and energetic precipitating particles. This paper gives a brief summary of ionospheric effects related to production, maintenance, and control of Birkeland current systems. Available experimental data are discussed in relation to some of these effects.

Cloutier, P. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Trapping boundary and field-line motion during geomagnetic storms.

Observation that the high-latitude trapping boundary for 20-keV electrons and 100-keV protons became very thin in the early morning hours during two intense substorms. The gradients were too steep to be maintained by drifting particles, so they must have been produced locally over the nightside of the earth. The flux gradient is seen to move at speeds in excess of 100 km/sec. Plasma appears to move away from the tail and around the earth at these high speeds during the sudden expansion phases of the substorms. The rapid plasma motion requires the presence of fluctuating electric fields that sometimes exceed 50 to 100 mV/m at a geomagnetic latitude of 30 deg on the L = 5 field line. These observations fit best into a model that contains two field-aligned sheet currents. The high electric fields that accompany the rapid plasma flow can produce nonadiabatic acceleration of 0.1- to 1-MeV electrons and protons.

Kaufmann, R. L.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Fast solvers for tokamak fluid models with PETSc

Multigrid (MG) is widely recognized as a highly effective solver for the model problem, the Laplacian, but textbook MG fails on most problems of interest. MG methods have been applied to complex, real-world applications with careful consideration of the physical model and discretization. In this work we develop the first step in applying MG methods to science and engineering relevant magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) tokamak models in the M3D-C1 (https://m3dc1.pppl.gov) fusion energy science code. The semi-implicit time integrator in M3D-C1 is composed of many linear solves. The implicit advance of the momentum equation is the most challenging and is the focus of this work. The current production solver in M3D-C1 is a block Jacobi (BJ) preconditioner within a Krylov solver, where blocks group degrees of freedom on planes of constant toroidal coordinate. BJ convergence degrades as the number of planes increases due to the spectral properties of the matrix preconditioned with BJ. The partially magnetic field-aligned, regular toroidal grid structure in M3D-C1 is amenable to semi-coarsening geometric MG in the toroidal direction. This paper develops such a solver and demonstrates competitive performance on a runaway electron model of a SPARC (https://cfs.energy/technology/sparc) disruption, and superior robustness on a stellarator model on which the BJ solver fails to converge.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Comparison between Alcator C-Mod ICRF experiments and 3D full wave simulations

Reliable modeling of ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) antenna performance is essential for interpreting present experiments and guiding the design of future reactors. In this work, a 3D model of the Alcator C-Mod field-aligned antenna is implemented in the Petra-M finite-element framework [S. Shiraiwa et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 026024] and benchmarked against experimental results. Four experimental cases are examined. First, the simulated rectified sheath potentials on the antenna limiters are compared with measurements from a power tapering experiment. Second, proof-of-principle far-field sheath simulations are performed. In scenarios with low single-pass absorption, simulations predict enhanced sheath potentials on a distant poloidal limiter in the far field of the antenna, consistent with experimental observations. Third, the simulated antenna loading during edge localized modes follows experimental trends and appears to be dominated by the density gradient at the pedestal. Finally, Petra-M predicts the unintended excitation of high-$k$ ∥ modes during monopole phasing operation, in agreement with experimental evidence of poor wave coupling and accessibility to the plasma core. Overall, reasonable agreement is found between the simulations and experiments. At the same time, areas of imperfect agreement are identified. These provide important guidance on the limits of the current state-of-the-art modeling, which should be kept in mind when using it as a predictive tool for future reactors.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗