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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Secure Firmware Update and Device Authentication for Smart Inverters using Blockchain and Physically Uncloable Function (PUF)-Embedded Security Module

Cybersecurity of inverters has been significantly important as inverters become smarter in cyber-physical environments. However, firmware security of smart inverters against firmware attacks from various attack vectors has been less studied. Furthermore, this paper proposes a secure firmware update and device authentication method using a blockchain-based public key infrastructure (PKI) management system and a physically unclonable function (PUF)-embedded security module in a smart inverter. The proposed method is validated by experiments.

blockchain↗
DOE OSTI2024

Formal Methods for Provably Secure Software and Firmware

This project addresses a gap observed in verifying the programming in embedded devices used in international arms control: namely verifying that embedded programming in an arms control device does exactly what it is supposed to do, no more and no less, every time without fail, and without disclosing unauthorized information accidentally or intentionally. In critical military, aerospace, and industrial safety systems this problem is sometimes addressed using formal methods (FM). This multi-year project seeks to identify formal methods toolsets useable in arms control regimes, with emphasis on applicability, ease of use, long term availability, and support.

formal methods, Arms Control Verification↗
DOE OSTI2025

IoT Firmware Emulation and Its Security Application in Fuzzing: A Critical Revisit

As IoT devices with microcontroller (MCU)-based firmware become more common in our lives, memory corruption vulnerabilities in their firmware are increasingly targeted by adversaries. Fuzzing is a powerful method for detecting these vulnerabilities, but it poses unique challenges when applied to IoT devices. Direct fuzzing on these devices is inefficient, and recent efforts have shifted towards creating emulation environments for dynamic firmware testing. However, unlike traditional software, firmware interactions with peripherals that are significantly more diverse presents new challenges for achieving scalable full-system emulation and effective fuzzing. This paper reviews 27 state-of-the-art works in MCU-based firmware emulation and its applications in fuzzing. Instead of classifying existing techniques based on their capabilities and features, we first identify the fundamental challenges faced by firmware emulation and fuzzing. We then revisit recent studies, organizing them according to the specific challenges they address, and discussing how each specific challenge is addressed. We compare the emulation fidelity and bug detection capabilities of various techniques to clearly demonstrate their strengths and weaknesses, aiding users in selecting or combining tools to meet their needs. Finally, we highlight the remaining technical gaps and point out important future research directions in firmware emulation and fuzzing.

Zhou, Wei (ORCID:0000000178340839)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Device-Centric Firmware Malware Detection for Smart Inverters using Deep Transfer Learning

Since future power grids are inverter-dominant grids and inverters are getting smarter by incorporating remote access and seamless firmware update, it is anticipated that malware attackers will directly target smart inverters. However, malware threats targeting smart inverters have been less studied yet. This paper explores potential malware attacks targeting smart inverters and proposes a deep transfer-learning (DTL)-based malware detection framework for smart inverters. The proposed DTL method can significantly reduce development time and efforts for an artificial intelligence-based malware detection algorithm while improving detection accuracy. The experimental result shows that the proposed method achieves 98% of firmware malware detection accuracy. Furthermore, this approach will be transformative to other smart grid devices enabling seamless firmware update.

artificial intelligence↗
DOE OSTI2026

Firmware Tampering Detection in Heavy-Duty Vehicles through J1939 CAN Analysis

Modern heavy-duty vehicles rely on complex networks of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that communicate using the J1939 protocol. While this system makes it easier to update and configure vehicle components, it also opens the door to serious cybersecurity risks if not properly secured. This work investigates the potential for firmware tampering through the J1939 communication protocol, which enables ECU configuration and reprogramming over the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. By monitoring CAN traffic during legitimate maintenance operations and reverse-engineering OEM diagnostic software, we identified common and proprietary J1939 message identifiers, authentication patterns, and vulnerabilities within Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS). These findings demonstrate that inadequate authentication mechanisms can allow malicious actors to alter ECU firmware or disable safety functions, posing severe operational and safety risks. Our analysis contributes to the development of vehicle intrusion detection systems capable of recognizing abnormal reprogramming activity and future firmware fingerprinting methods to verify software integrity across ECUs. This work highlights the importance of standardizing secure firmware authentication across manufacturers to strengthen cyber resilience in heavy-duty vehicle systems.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Review of Cyber-Physical Security for Photovoltaic Systems

In this paper, the challenges and a future vision of the cyber-physical security of photovoltaic (PV) systems are discussed from a firmware, network, PV converter controls, and grid security perspective. The vulnerabilities of PV systems are investigated under a variety of cyber-attacks, ranging from data integrity attacks to software-based attacks. A success rate metric is designed to evaluate the impact and facilitate decision making. Model-based and data-driven methods for threat detection and mitigation are summarized. In addition, the blockchain technology that addresses cyber-attacks in software and cyber networks is described. Simulation and experimental results that show the impact of cyber-attacks at the converter (device) and grid (system) levels are presented. Finally, potential research opportunities are discussed for next-generation, cyber-secure power electronics systems. These opportunities include multi-scale controllability, self-/event-triggering control, artificial intelligence/machine learning, hot patching, and online security. As of today, this study will be one of the few comprehensive studies in this emerging and fast-growing area.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Forensic Analysis of SOHO Router Binaries

Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) routers are used by millions of consumers across the United States, and are commensurately vulnerable. Forensic analysis of SOHO router firmware helps to understand and mitigate those vulnerabilities. This poster focused particularly on analysis of BusyBox executables, a software suite that provides several Unix utilities in a single file. Three main tools were used to analyze the binaries. BinWalk was used to extract the files, but also to build entropy graphs, extract Linux kernel images, and identify CPU architectures; WiiBin processed the binaries to find endianness, architecture, the percent compressed/encrypted, and compiler data; and @DisCo, a machine learning tool used to determine function similarity in disassembled binaries, analyzed similarities and determined versions of extracted BusyBox files from each router. These tools found that venders from all five routers utilized the same version of the BusyBox software across different firmware updates, demonstrating the importance of constant firmware scrutiny to protect against security vulnerabilities.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hands-On, Heads-Up: Blending Cyber T&E with Data Science-Driven Training in Jupyter Notebooks

In an era of increasingly sophisticated threats to critical infrastructure, cybersecurity professionals must be more than just aware; they must be immersed, agile, and equipped to operate in environments where failure is not an option. Nowhere is this truer than in the nuclear sector, where cyber-physical systems, regulatory scrutiny, and insider threat potential demand a new generation of hands-on, technically fluent defenders. This paper presents a unified training approach that integrates Cybersecurity Test and Evaluation (T&E) with data science techniques using Jupyter Notebooks as the interactive lab environment. The program centers on a modular, scenario-driven curriculum designed to build not just knowledge but practical capability in the assessment and defense of radiation detection systems, firmware interfaces, and operational security postures.

98 - NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL↗
DOE OSTI2025

Braxton Marlatt Intern Poster

The Internet of Things (IoT) encompasses a vast network of interconnected devices embedded with software, sensors, and network connectivity, enabling data collection and exchange. While IoT technology revolutionizes various industries, it also introduces significant security challenges. This research focuses on enhancing IoT security through the implementation of Zero Trust Architecture concepts, specifically targeting the Network and Device pillars of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency’s Zero Trust Maturity Model. By generating Codified Attack Surfaces (CAS) using custom Structured Threat Information eXpression bundles, this project aims to provide enhanced visibility into network communications, detect vulnerabilities in device firmware, and improve the overall security posture for IoT devices and networks. The methodology involves defining custom STIX schema and objects, collecting data from intra-IoT traffic, external network traffic, and firmware analysis, and automating the conversion and correlation of this data into STIX bundles. The automated generation of attack surfaces offers comprehensive insights into activity, vulnerabilities, and anomalies within an IoT environment, enabling proactive threat identification and mitigation.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2019

Flexible Modem Interface (FMI) in Space - Extending Standardized Commercial Satellite Communications Services to Space Users

Recent innovations are producing a multitude of advanced commercial satellite communications (COMSATCOM) systems that could deliver massive amounts of SATCOM capacity at a fraction of current cost while also offering reliability and availability that is critical to achieving mission success for orbiting assets. Recognizing the alignment of commercial capabilities with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) diverse mission requirements, the agency is proactively engaging industry to formulate strategies leading towards a NASA communications architecture that includes advanced commercial capabilities. To fully leverage the expanded space resources, NASA must also address the integration of commercial waveforms into its space terminals. In pursuit of similar goals, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) is leading the standardization of the flexible modem interface (FMI) to address service integration for their tactical terminals in pursuit of a DoD Wideband SATCOM Enterprise.This paper describes how NASA is adapting this FMI standard to work with the Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS) software-defined radio (SDR) framework to address the challenging size, weight, and power resource requirements for terminals in space. A full adaptation would include waveform compatibility with modular baseband processing, frequency compatibility with a wideband front end, and radiated beam control with an electronically steerable antenna to enable multi-provider commercial service capability in a feasible package for space terminals. Security is also a key aspect to be addressed for this integration since data will flow through commercial networks, commercial service providers have their own security mechanisms, and space terminals must be able to securely load proprietary software and firmware needed to access the commercial networks on demand. Success of this effort means commercial partners will be able to allow network-compliant implementations to be hosted on STRS-compliant SDRs in space for reliable and capable network access.

COMSATCOM↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cyber Protection of Grid-Connected Devices Through Embedded Online Security

Cybersecurity research regarding the electric power grid has primarily been focused on protecting the communication layer of grid-connected devices against cyber-attack threats. Although many developed methods have greatly reduced the effects of a cyber-attack on the vulnerabilities of grid-connected devices, discovering new vulnerabilities is inevitable and a constant threat. As a result, the overall reliability and security of network communications with regard to grid-connected devices is a concern. Here, this paper proposes a method that further secures a system by focusing on the control and hardware layer of grid-connected devices. The device’s controller firmware will be validated and authenticated using integrated device emulation resources prior to being activated to control the grid-connected device. This verification process is performed while the controller is online and actively controlling power flows related to the device. Therefore, an attack to the system through a malicious firmware patch would be detected by the online security and rejected while safely maintaining continuous and stable control of the device. This method integrates the concepts of firmware hot-patching, digital twins, and active monitoring into an overall cybersecurity protection system.

cybersecurity↗
DOE OSTI2024

Field Programmable Gate Array-Based Reactor Protection Systems and Potential for Inclusion of Secure Elements to Improve Cybersecurity

For acceptable implementations of technologies like wireless communications, remote monitoring, etc., strong mitigations must be developed and evaluated to ensure that new attack pathways do not increase risk for Advanced Reactors. Secure Elements can be adopted and adapted for this purpose based on tamper resistance and cryptographic abilities, but research must be done to properly integrate into critical components such as FPGA-based Important to Safety systems in conjunction with current and future regulations on cyber security features in Advanced Reactors. Typically, the integration of a Secure Element happens during the POST and UEFI boot of a computing platform, performed by the Operating System, which is not possible with FPGAs because they do not include these firmware components. Work must be done to identify a reliable and secure method for integration in FPGA-based systems which lack Operating Systems and therefore complex boot procedures, system calls, etc.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Field Programmable Gate Array-Based Reactor Protection Systems and Potential for Inclusion of Secure Elements to Improve Cybersecurity

For acceptable implementations of technologies like wireless communications, remote monitoring, etc., strong mitigations must be developed and evaluated to ensure that new attack pathways do not increase risk for Advanced Reactors. Secure Elements can be adopted and adapted for this purpose based on tamper resistance and cryptographic abilities, but research must be done to properly integrate into critical components such as FPGA-based Important to Safety systems in conjunction with current and future regulations on cyber security features in Advanced Reactors. Typically, the integration of a Secure Element happens during the POST and UEFI boot of a computing platform, performed by the Operating System, which is not possible with FPGAs because they do not include these firmware components. Work must be done to identify a reliable and secure method for integration in FPGA-based systems which lack Operating Systems and therefore complex boot procedures, system calls, etc.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Recommendations for Distributed Energy Resource Patching

While computer systems, software applications, and operational technology (OT)/Industrial Control System (ICS) devices are regularly updated through automated and manual processes, there are several unique challenges associated with distributed energy resource (DER) patching. Millions of DER devices from dozens of vendors have been deployed in home, corporate, and utility network environments that may or may not be internet-connected. These devices make up a growing portion of the electric power critical infrastructure system and are expected to operate for decades. During that operational period, it is anticipated that critical and noncritical firmware patches will be regularly created to improve DER functional capabilities or repair security deficiencies in the equipment. The SunSpec/Sandia DER Cybersecurity Workgroup created a Patching Subgroup to investigate appropriate recommendations for the DER patching, holding fortnightly meetings for more than nine months. The group focused on DER equipment, but the observations and recommendations contained in this report also apply to DERMS tools and other OT equipment used in the end-to-end DER communication environment. The group found there were many standards and guides that discuss firmware lifecycles, patch and asset management, and code-signing implementations, but did not singularly cover the needs of the DER industry. This report collates best practices from these standards organizations and establishes a set of best practices that may be used as a basis for future national or international patching guides or standards.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Strengthening Cybersecurity for Industrial Control Systems: Innovations in Protecting PLC-Based Infrastructure

In this paper, we propose two new approaches aimed at enhancing the security of industrial control systems (ICS) that utilize programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for the control of critical processes. The first approach involves the addition of a unique digital watermark to the PWM control that adjusts the motor speed to control the critical process. This enables efficient detection and identification of any unauthorized modifications to the sensor signals responsible for controlling the plant. The second approach focuses on monitoring the input current (i.e power) drawn by the PLC during the execution of critical process control tasks. Malicious intrusions to change the PLC parameters and/or unauthorized firmware updates can be rapidly detected. Both approaches demonstrate a substantial improvement in the security of ICS, effectively safeguarding against potential cyber-attacks. Experimental results from a laboratory scale water tank level controlled via PLC showcases rapid intrusion detection capabilities.

Huang, Peng-Hao↗