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At least 19 records

Combining cross-pivot flexures to generate improved kinematically equivalent flexure systems

In this work, we show that new kinematic equivalents with improved performance of standard flexure elements can be systematically synthesized by combination of cross-pivot flexures. Cross-pivot flexures provide a unique feature of kinematic stability under both high loading and large displacement conditions which can be exploited to synthesize a range of kinematic equivalents to standard flexure elements which retain much greater stiffness, load capacity and range capacity than the traditional elements. Cross-pivot synthetic elements provide a means to expand the performance of a large range of flexure-based structures including motion stages, manufacturing equipment and optical systems. This could result in better data collection, smaller systems, and less distortion in operation.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Mechanical Characterization of the NIF Ignition Target TMPSA Bonding Flexure

The Thermo-Mechanical Package Sub-Assembly (TMPSA) provides a critical mechanical, thermal, and electrical interface between a silicon arm and a TMP aluminum can in a NIF ignition target. During assembly, sixteen silicon pads are bonded to the aluminum using a fixture that positions the components and applies a repeatable prescribed displacement through a compliant flexure. The flexure converts fixture interference into displacement and reaction force. Because bondline thickness variation must be maintained within +/-4 µm, consistent flexure behavior is important to the assembly process. With a recent string of TMPSAs exhibiting low bond strength, the flexures were inspected. Despite being manufactured to the same specifications, flexures were found to exhibit variation in measured stiffness. Additionally, the measured stiffness values did not always follow the presumed beam mechanics model. This work addresses two questions: whether the bonding fixture is working as intended, and whether the previously made stiffness measurements are accurate representations of the use case. The flexures are analyzed using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, measured beam dimensions, finite element analysis, and tolerance stack-up calculations. The analysis shows that the fixed-guided beam mechanics model appropriately represents the flexure during TMPSA bonding, but the chisel-tip stiffness measurement method introduces a deformation to the inner ring of the flexure that is not represented during use. The measured stiffness values should therefore be interpreted as test-condition stiffness values rather than direct measurements of operational flexure stiffness. The discrepancy is therefore attributed primarily to the measurement boundary condition rather than to failure of the fixed-guided beam model. Recommendations are provided for GD&T, dimensional inspection, and a representative stiffness testing method to better control bondline variation.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Method and precision nanopositioning apparatus with compact vertical and horizontal linear nanopositioning flexure stages for implementing enhanced nanopositioning performance

An enhanced method and precision nanopositioning apparatus for implementing enhanced nanopositioning performance is provided. The nanopositioning apparatus includes a vertical linear nanopositioning flexure stage and a horizontal linear nanopositioning flexure stage. The vertical linear nanopositioning flexure stage includes a stage base, a symmetrically configured flexure linear guiding mechanism with precision motion enhancement structure, and a stage carriage. The horizontal linear nanopositioning flexure stage is mounted on the stage carriage of the vertical linear nanopositioning flexure stage, and includes a middle-bar relative position control mechanism to enhance the stiffness of a flexure linear guiding mechanism.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Rotational flexural strength of cylindrical brittle specimens

Conventional static flexural strength testing of brittle cylindrical rods only subjects a small fraction of the entire specimen's area or volume to the maximum tensile stress. Thus, a nonconservative measured strength likely results since most flaws on the surface or in the bulk are not subjected to a sufficiently high tensile stress that can cause fracture. Here, to mitigate this, a rotational flexural tester and corresponding test method were developed whereby rotation and monotonically increasing three-point flexure were superimposed to investigate fracture response of solid glass cylinders. This combination of rotation and flexure subjects more area and volume of a cylindrical test specimen to tensile stress than a standard static (nonrotating) flexural test. As anticipated, failure stresses were lower for the rotational flexural test. Expressions for effective area and volume are provided for rotating solid rods and tubes subjected to three-point, four-point, uniform, and uniformly distributed load bending configurations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Lattice chain theories for dynamics of acoustic flexural phonons in nonpolar nanomaterials

Knowledge of lattice dynamics of acoustic flexural phonons is critically important in understanding the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of nanomaterials. However, the general nature of acoustic flexural phonons for the span of possible nanomaterials and the dependence of these on microscopic material properties remain unclear. Therefore, we develop general lattice chain theories to understand acoustic flexural vibrations in covalent and van der Waals lattices. Furthermore, the analytic theories suggest that the flexure branch has quadratic dispersion for low dimensional lattices in the long-wavelength limit, quite different from linear branches in bulk van der Waals bonded lattices like graphite. Surprisingly, interlayer van der Waals interactions in multilayer lattices do not determine the behavior of the flexural dispersion. The bonds of covalent interactions in multilayer and buckled monolayer lattices play different roles in determining the flexural dispersion with those in flat monolayer lattices, e.g., graphene. Further, based on the correspondence between microscopic and continuum dynamics, we provide a universal and effective approach to characterize the intrinsic bending rigidity of low dimensional nanomaterials using dispersion data.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Monolithic flexure mount

A flexure mount is described herein. The flexure mount includes three different flexures laterally offset from one another along a length of the flexure mount. The flexured design of the flexure mount allows for compliance in certain directions to reduce stress buildup normally associated with rigid mounting of dissimilar materials under dynamic thermal environments.

Winrow, Edward G.↗

Flexure-based, tip-tilt-piston actuation micro-array

A flexure-based micro-array having a plurality of micro-assemblies, each comprising: an object; and at least three electrostatic actuation modules for tipping, tilting, and/or piston-actuating the object, each actuation module comprising: a base with first and second electrodes electrically isolated from each other; an electrically conductive lever arm; a first flexure bearing suspending the lever arm adjacent the first and second electrodes so that electrical activation of at least one of the first and second electrodes produces an electrostatic moment of force on the lever arm to resiliently bias the first flexure bearing and pivot the lever arm about a fulcrum; and a second flexure bearing connecting the lever arm to the object at a connection location that is different from other connection locations of the other actuation modules so that pivoting the lever arm about the fulcrum induces the second flexure bearing to pivot the object about an object pivot axis defined between two of the other connection locations while the second flexure bearing decouples the lever arm from object displacements induced by two of the other actuation modules connected to the two other connection locations defining the object pivot axis, wherein the plurality of micro-assemblies are arranged with the objects juxtaposed in a substantially 2D array.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Jitter minimization flexure pointing system

The illustrative embodiments provide for a telescope. The telescope includes a housing; an optical assembly disposed inside the housing and configured to gather light from a distant object; and a jitter reduction system connected to the housing. The jitter reduction system includes a first flexure assembly comprising a first base to which is attached to a first armature connected to a first linear motor winding configured to push out a first flexure connected to the first armature and to push out a second flexure connected to the first armature opposite the first flexure, wherein the first flexure and the second flexure have a first normal axis pointing through a center of mass of the optical assembly.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Six degrees of freedom compliant flexure and autonomous assembly using same

A flexure having six degrees of freedom is disclosed. The constraint and compliance of the flexure in all six degrees of freedom may be independently tuned for an application. The flexure may include various combinations of sections including, for example, straight arm and curvilinear sections. The constraint and compliance of the flexure is determined by the geometry, cross-sectional area, cross-sectional shape, and material used to form the various sections. A coupling mechanism and a corresponding method for using the coupling mechanism for automated or autonomous assembly of elements using tuned flexures is disclosed. The automated or autonomous assembly of elements employs a coupling mechanism having a motor driven grip and a coupler, in which the coupler includes a six degrees of freedom flexure. The motor driven grip and coupler may optionally include electrical or optical interconnections and self-aligning features.

Gillund, Daniel Paul↗

Precision Flexure Stages Design for a Compact Multilayer Laue Lens Test Bed for Hard X-ray Nanofocusing

Both the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) at Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) have a keen interest in the development of a compact Multilayer Laue Lens (MLL) test bed for hard x-ray nanofocusing. Recently, collaboration between ANL and IHEP, as a part of the Argonne Strategic Partnership Project (SPP) 85J05, has produced designs of precision flexure stages for a compact MLL test bed for hard x-ray nanofocusing using commercial flexural pivots and Argonne developed laminar nanopositioning flexures. Two sets of the new flexure stages will be built with the new designs, one for R&D activities at the BSRF for the new planned 6 GeV high energy photon source (HEPS) and one for upgrade of the existing MLL test bed at the APS x-ray optics test beamline. Mechanical design and preliminary test for the MLL test bed flexure stages for Argonne SPP project 85J05 are presented in this paper.

nanopositioning flexure stage↗

A Novel Rotating Flexure-Test Technique for Brittle Materials with Circular Geometries

The four-point bend test is one of the simplest and often the preferred flexural strength evaluation method for brittle materials. In this loading mode, fracture often initiates from a critical surface (or subsurface) flaw when subjected to a tensile stress state. However, if the critical flaw exists on the compression side of the test specimen, it may not activate to grow a crack and hence the resulting flexural strength will be higher than the true value. The goal of this study is to measure the true flexural strength of a solid or hollow cylindrical brittle specimen by ensuring that failure occurs at its weakest point by rotating along its longitudinal axis, thereby exposing and activating its critical surface flaw during a four-point bend test. A novel test fixture has been designed and fabricated, and the true flexural strengths of cylindrical brittle and quasi-brittle tubular specimens have been measured and compared to existing experimental data obtained through traditional four-point bend tests. In this work, experimental results showcase the orientation dependance on flexural strength for various materials. Additionally, similarities between experimental findings and those available in literature, including observations of fracture surfaces and relationships between surface roughness and material strength, are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Flexural phonons in supported graphene: from pinning to localization

We identify graphene layer on a disordered substrate as a system where localization of phonons can be observed. Generally, observation of localization for scattering waves is not simple, because the Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to a high power of wavelength. The situation is radically different for the out of plane vibrations, so-called flexural phonons, scattered by pinning centers induced by a substrate. In this case, the scattering time for vanishing wave vector tends to a finite limit. One may, therefore, expect that physics of the flexural phonons exhibits features characteristic for electron localization in two dimensions, albeit without complications caused by the electron-electron interactions. We confirm this idea by calculating statistical properties of the Anderson localization of flexural phonons for a model of elastic sheet in the presence of the pinning centers. Finally, we discuss possible manifestations of the flexural phonons, including the localized ones, in the electronic thermal conductance.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Nanopositioning Flexure Stages Development for Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation at the Advanced Photon Source

Nanopositioning techniques present an important capability to support the state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation instrumentation research for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) operations and upgrade project. To overcome the performance limitations of precision ball-bearing-based or roller-bearing-based stage systems, compact nanopositioning flexure stages have been designed and developed at the APS for x-ray beamline instrumentation applications. Recent progress of such stages development is discussed in this paper, which includes: rotary flexure stages with degrees travel range and 10-nrad-level resolution for x-ray monochromators and analysers, tip-tilting flexure stages for K-B mirror based nanofocusing hard x-ray optics, and linear vertical and horizontal nanopositioning flexure stages with centimeter-level travel range and microradian-level motion trajectory reproducibility for x-ray optics and sample manipulation. The mechanical design and preliminary test results are described in this paper.

Nanopositioning, X-ray optics, synchrotron radiati↗

Quality Investigation of Pultruded Carbon Fiber Panels Subjected to Four-Point Flexure via Fiber Optic Sensing

Pultruded carbon fiber-reinforced composites are attractive to the wind energy industry due to the rapid production of highly aligned unidirectional composites with enhanced fiber volume fractions and increased specific strength and stiffness. However, high volume carbon fiber manufacturing remains cost-prohibitive. This study investigates the feasibility of a pultruded low-cost textile carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite as a promising material in spar cap production was undertaken based on mechanical response to four-point flexure loading. As spar caps are primarily subjected to flexural loading, large-span four-point flexure was considered, and coupon testing was restricted to tensile modulus and compression strength assessment. High-resolution spatial fiber optic strain sensing was utilized to determine spatial strain distribution during four-point flexure, revealing consistent strain along the length of the part and proved to be an excellent option for process manufacturing quality examination. Additionally, holes with diameters of 2.49 mm, 5.08 mm, and 1.93 mm were drilled through the thickness of full-width parts to determine the feasibility of structural health monitoring of pultruding parts internal to wind blades via fiber optic strain sensing.

Chemistry↗

Optomechanical Design of Compact Laminar Flexure Bending Mechanism for Elliptically Bent Hard X-ray Mirrors

As a part of the Argonne Strategic Partnership Project (SPP) 85E77, collaboration between Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), has produced designs for a precision compact flexure bending mechanism to provide elliptically shaped 90-mm and 160-mm long hard x-ray mirrors. The design utilizes Argonne's laminar nanopositioning flexure technique. The flexure mirror bending mechanism will be incorporated into the beamline upgrade project at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). Additionally, an Argonne Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) has adopted a modified optomechanical design of the precision compact mirror benders for 300-mm-long hard x-ray mirrors with integrated profile monitoring and feedback, which are described in this paper. The mirror benders are designed with configurations for open-loop or closed-loop controls. Capacitive sensors can be applied to the mirror benders to ensure positioning reproducibility. Design specifications as well as finite element analyses results of the compact mirror benders for hard x-ray mirrors with trapezoid and rectangular shapes are discussed in this paper.

X-ray optics, nanopositioning flexure stage↗

Effect of sintering temperature on feature resolution and flexural strength of ceramics fabricated through vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing

Although ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) could be used to fabricate complex, high-resolution parts for diverse, functional applications, one ongoing challenge is optimizing the post-process, particularly sintering, conditions to consistently produce geometrically accurate and mechanically robust parts. This study aims to investigate how sintering temperature affects feature resolution and flexural properties of silica-based parts formed by vat photopolymerization (VPP) AM. Test artifacts were designed to evaluate features of different sizes, shapes and orientations, and three-point bend specimens printed in multiple orientations were used to evaluate mechanical properties. Sintering temperatures were varied between 1000°C and 1300°C. Deviations from designed dimensions often increased with higher sintering temperatures and/or larger features. Higher sintering temperatures yielded parts with higher strength and lower strain at break. Many features exhibited defects, often dependent on geometry and sintering temperature, highlighting the need for further analysis of debinding and sintering parameters. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time test artifacts have been designed for ceramic VPP. This work also offers insights into the effect of sintering temperature and print orientation on flexural properties. These results provide design guidelines for a particular material, while the methodology outlined for assessing feature resolution and flexural strength is broadly applicable to other ceramics, enabling more predictable part performance when considering the future design and manufacture of complex ceramic parts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effects of the addition of boron nitride nanoplate on the fracture toughness, flexural strength, and Weibull Distribution of hydroxyapatite composites prepared by spark plasma sintering

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has inherently low fracture toughness and low flexural strength, thus limiting it from wide scale application as an implant material in the biomedical field. To increase the fracture toughness and flexural strength, HA composites were fabricated by adding boron nitride nanoplatelets (BNNP) as reinforcement. Spark plasma sintering was utilized to achieve fine grain structure. The addition of BNNP facilitated grain size refinement. The BNNP reinforced HA composites exhibited increased fracture toughness (2.3 MPa m 1/2 ) and flexural strength (79.79 MPa) of HA over previous published values (1.0 MPa m 1/2 ). Despite that the Weibull Distribution indicated a sacrifice in mechanical reliability, all the composites fabricated in this study showed a low probability of failure and a factor of safety (~ 5.6) that is consistent with that of human bones (~ 6). In addition, the current study provides an approach to statistically design sintering parameters and mechanical loading for fabrication of ceramics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗