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6 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics Highlight Specific Genetic Features in Ganoderma Species

The Ganoderma species in Polyporales are ecologically and economically relevant wood decayers used in traditional medicine, but their genomic traits are still poorly documented. In the present study, we carried out a phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses to better understand the genetic blueprint of this fungal lineage. We investigated seven Ganoderma genomes, including three new genomes, G. australe, G. leucocontextum, and G. lingzhi. The size of the newly sequenced genomes ranged from 60.34 to 84.27 Mb and they encoded 15,007 to 20,460 genes. A total of 58 species, including 40 white-rot fungi, 11 brown-rot fungi, four ectomycorrhizal fungi, one endophyte fungus, and two pathogens in Basidiomycota, were used for phylogenomic analyses based on 143 single-copy genes. It confirmed that Ganoderma species belong to the core polyporoid clade. Comparing to the other selected species, the genomes of the Ganoderma species encoded a larger set of genes involved in terpene metabolism and coding for secreted proteins (CAZymes, lipases, proteases and SSPs). Of note, G. australe has the largest genome size with no obvious genome wide duplication, but showed transposable elements (TEs) expansion and the largest set of terpene gene clusters, suggesting a high ability to produce terpenoids for medicinal treatment. G. australe also encoded the largest set of proteins containing domains for cytochrome P450s, heterokaryon incompatibility and major facilitator families. Besides, the size of G. australe secretome is the largest, including CAZymes (AA9, GH18, A01A), proteases G01, and lipases GGGX, which may enhance the catabolism of cell wall carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during hosts colonization. The current genomic resource will be used to develop further biotechnology and medicinal applications, together with ecological studies of the Ganoderma species.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Siderophores and secondary metabolites produced by Ganoderma adspersum

Ganoderma adspersum is a white-rot wood-degrading basidiomycete of ecological, biotechnological and medicinal interest. In addition to its role in lignin degradation, it produces bioactive metabolites with reported antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. However, the mechanisms of iron acquisition, including siderophore-mediated pathways, remain poorly characterized in Ganoderma species. Improved understanding of these systems is essential to elucidate their contributions to fungal physiology, secondary metabolism and ecological adaptation. In this study, the genome of G. adspersum was sequenced for the first time and screened for genes that may be involved in the production of secondary metabolites. A gene cluster was identified as potentially involved in iron uptake. In particular, genes related to non-ribosomal peptide synthetases were detected next to a gene encoding a monooxygenase and indicated a potential hydroxamate-family siderophore. Liquid chromatography (LC)-ES-MS analysis of secondary metabolites secreted by G. adspersum into the growth medium under iron-limiting conditions revealed a group of previously undescribed siderophores. Genome and MS/MS analysis suggested that these structures might be related to the coprinoferrin family of siderophores. Aside from siderophores, the genome and LC-MS analysis revealed G. adspersum to be a prolific producer of a variety of triterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, in agreement with previous findings. This is the first description of the genome sequence of G. adspersum and its siderophores.

Reyes, Carolina [Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood↗
DOE OSTI2025

Integrated Biorefinery of Brewer’s Spent Grain for Second-Generation Ethanol, Mycoprotein, and Bioactive Vinasse Production

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG), the main lignocellulosic by-product of the beer industry, represents an abundant yet underutilized resource with high potential for valorization. This study presents an integrated biorefinery approach to convert BSG into second-generation (2G) ethanol, bioactive vinasse for plant growth promotion, and fungal biomass as a potential mycoprotein source. The biomass was first subjected to biological delignification using the white-rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum, after which two valorization routes were explored: (i) evaluation of the fungal biomass as a mycoprotein candidate and (ii) alcoholic fermentation for ethanol production. For the latter, three pretreatment strategies were assessed (diluted sulfuric acid and two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride combined with either glycerol or lactic acid) followed by a one-pot enzymatic saccharification and fermentation using Kluyveromyces marxianus SLP1. The highest ethanol yield on substrate (YP/S) was achieved with [Ch]Cl:lactic acid pretreatment (0.46 g/g, 89.32% of theoretical). Vinasse, recovered after distillation, was characterized for organic acid content and tested on Solanum lycopersicum seed germination, showing promising biostimulant activity. Overall, this work highlights the potential of BSG as a sustainable feedstock within circular economy models, enabling the production of multiple bio-based products from a single residue.

Ganoderma lucidum↗
NASA NTRS2019

MycoMaterials: Metal-Fungi Hybrids

There is an interest in creating aerospace structures that regenerate, communicate and that are capable of using carbondioxide as a fuel source. Before such a vision is achieved several fundamental questions must first be answered. For example, what are the optimal conditions and laboratory settings for mycelium growth and is it possible for mycelium to digest different metals to form metal-mycelium hybrid structures? Recent research has shown that fungi and photosynthetic organisms can absorb harmful metals. Eight different species of fungi were grown such as blue oyster (Pleurotus columbinus), reishi ling chi (Ganoderma lucidum), and shaggy mane (Coprinus comatus). Species of fungi were chosen based on their potential growth rate, potential strength and non-toxicity to humans. Metal-mycelium hybrids were developed by using both the cell and mycelium life stages. In experiments involving the mycelium stage, varying amounts of sterilized sawdust (0.5-1g), zinc sulfide (0.5-1g), and small pieces of aluminum foil (0.1-1g) were applied on top of the mycelium growing on petri dishes. For experiments using the cell stage, 8-9 drops of the fungal sample were applied to zinc sulfide (0.5-1g) and aluminum foil (0.5-1g). Mycelium (blue oyster) were grown on to differing quantities of aluminum foil. Cells (shaggy mane) have been grown onto aluminum foil with and without nutrients from the petri dish. Shaggy mane cells have also grown onto 0.5 g of zinc sulfide.

Kyles-Stewart, Maiya A.↗