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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1971

Spacecraft cryogenic gas storage systems

Cryogenic gas storage systems were developed for the liquid storage of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and helium. Cryogenic storage is attractive because of the high liquid density and low storage pressure of cryogens. This situation results in smaller container sizes, reduced container-strength levels, and lower tankage weights. The Gemini and Apollo spacecraft used cryogenic gas storage systems as standard spacecraft equipment. In addition to the Gemini and Apollo cryogenic gas storage systems, other systems were developed and tested in the course of advancing the state of the art. All of the cryogenic storage systems used, developed, and tested to date for manned-spacecraft applications are described.

Rysavy, G.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Gas storage using fullerene based adsorbents

This invention is directed to the synthesis of high bulk density high gas absorption capacity adsorbents for gas storage applications. Specifically, this invention is concerned with novel gas absorbents with high gravimetric and volumetric gas adsorption capacities which are made from fullerene-based materials. By pressing fullerene powder into pellet form using a conventional press, then polymerizing it by subjecting the fullerene to high temperature and high inert gas pressure, the resulting fullerene-based materials have high bulk densities and high gas adsorption capacities. By pre-chemical modification or post-polymerization activation processes, the gas adsorption capacities of the fullerene-based adsorbents can be further enhanced. These materials are suitable for low pressure gas storage applications, such as oxygen storage for home oxygen therapy uses or on-board vehicle natural gas storage. They are also suitable for storing gases and vapors such as hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

Loutfy, Raouf O.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Topping pressure for gas-storage cylinders

With charts derived from gas-storage system model, required topping pressure can be determined from initial cylinder pressure and temperature of gas entering cylinder. Charts are available for hydrogen and oxygen and can be developed for other important industrial gases as well.

Haben, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Procedure for preparation for shipment of natural gas storage vessel

A method for preparing a natural gas storage vessel for shipment is presented. The gas is stored at 3,000 pounds per square inch. The safety precautions to be observed are emphasized. The equipment and process for purging the tank and sampling the exit gas flow are described. A diagram of the pressure vessel and the equipment is provided.

Amawd, A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Waste gas storage

Method for storing a waste gas mixture comprised of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inert gases, the gas mixture containing corrosive contaminants including inorganic acids and bases and organic solvents, and derived from space station operations. The gas mixture is stored under pressure in a vessel formed of a filament wound composite overwrap on a metal liner, the metal liner being pre-stressed in compression by the overwrap, thereby avoiding any tensile stress in the liner, and preventing stress corrosion cracking of the liner during gas mixture storage.

Vickers, Brian D.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Low-Cost, High-Performance Carbon Fiber for Compressed Natural Gas Storage Tanks (Final Technical Report – Down Select Report)

The aim of this project is to reduce the cost of Type IV, carbon fiber (CF) composite overwrap compressed gas storage tanks by reducing the cost of CF and CF composites. The project team worked to reduce the cost of CF by exploring and testing opportunities for a low-cost alternative precursor material for CF production to supplant market-dominant and costly polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Concurrently, the team aimed to reduce the cost of the tanks at the composite level by improving the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the matrix resin through the incorporation of low-cost nanoparticles recycled from waste materials, which would reduce the volume of costly CF required to achieve the same tank performance. At the end of the first year, the project team selected mesophase pitch as the primary precursor candidate from a field of materials based on the superior mechanical performance and cost-saving potential. During the second year, the team produced CFs derived from mesophase pitch achieving an average tensile strength of 365.6 ksi and average tensile modulus of 40.74 Msi. Facility availability for spinning and converting these fibers at greater scale has hindered scale-up demonstration, but the team has identified opportunities to conduct this work in the near term. Cost modeling shows that these mesophase pitch-derived CFs can be up to 40% less expensive than PAN-derived CFs due to the lower cost of the feedstock material, higher throughput, greater conversion yield, and lower cost spinning method and compared to PAN. Additionally, the team has demonstrated at lab-scale that nanoparticle coating CFs can significantly increase the interfacial shear strength and load transfer efficiency of CFs in a matrix. Single filament pull-out testing showed a 27% average increase in max interfacial shear strength due to this coating. A continuous method of applying these coatings to a tow of CF has been developed for scale-up. 26 m tows of coated CFs were produced using this system and formed into composite ring samples for ASTM ring burst testing. Issues with the testing protocol have limited assessment of these results. A prototype Type IV tank was designed to meet ANSI HGV2 standards, and the design criteria set out by DOE, using the CF properties developed by the team paired with a proprietary resin matrix, a polyamide liner, and aluminum end bosses. The tank weighs 153.1 kg and with a total capacity of 5.8 kg H2 (5.6 kg usable), which yields a gravimetric capacity of 1.17 kWh/kg. Cost modeling predicts that the tank will have a projected cost of $15.73/kWh. Tank performance modeling does not include considerations for fiber-matrix load transfer efficiency improvements offered by nanoparticle coating method.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Real-time well integrity monitoring in underground gas storage wells using distributed temperature and strain sensing: a field demonstration

Here, this article presents the first successful field demonstration of a combined distributed temperature and strain sensing (DTSS) system installed directly on newly replaced tubing in a 5400-ft-deep operational underground gas storage well. The DTSS system uses a single optical fiber to monitor temperature and strain in real-time, providing a cost-effective solution for long-term well integrity assessment. In this study, the strain–stress correlation of the tubing—representative of material behavior analysis—is investigated as a potential method for monitoring tubing integrity throughout its lifetime. Moreover, the DTSS system’s capability to support both continuous and discrete monitoring is evaluated by comparing future data with historical records, enabling the early detection of issues such as material fatigue, corrosion, or deformation. Overall, the work examines the effectiveness and scalability of the DTSS system for real-time monitoring of well operations and integrity in a newly replaced well.

Distributed Strain Sensing↗
NASA NTRS1977

High pressure gas storage system consumable analyses for ALT flights free flight 1 and free flight 6

Consumables analyses are presented for the high pressure gas storage oxygen (O2), and hydrogen (H2) reactant systems for orbiter vehicle 101 approach and landing tests, for two flights, free flight 1 and free flight 6 are given. The consumables analyses are based on average power data. The required system and mission data updates were made in order to perform the analyses, notably the thermal environment profiles of the reactant storage cylinders and the power profile for the Electrical power subsystem. No mission-dependent environment profiles were provided; therefore, nominal free flight mission profile was used to generate environment profiles for free flights 1 and 6.

Hurst, J. E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Porous liquids: an integrated platform for gas storage and catalysis

Porous liquids (PLs) represent a new frontier in materials design, combining the unique features of fluidity in liquids and permanent porosity in solids. By engineering well-defined pores into liquids via designed structure modification techniques, the greatly improved free volume significantly enhances the gas transport and storage capability of PL sorbents. Triggered by the promising applications of PLs in gas separation, PLs are further explored in catalysis particularly to integrate the gas storage and catalytic transformation procedure. This emerging field has demonstrated promising progress to advance catalytic procedures using PLs as catalysts, with performance surpassing that of the pure liquid and porous host counterparts. In this perspective article, the recent discoveries and progress in the field of integrated gas storage and catalysis by leveraging the PL platforms will be summarized, particularly compared with the traditional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalytic procedures. The unique features of PLs endow them with combined merits from liquid and solid catalysts and beyond which will be illustrated first. This will be followed by the unique techniques being utilized to probe the porosity and active sites in PLs and the structural evolution during the catalytic procedures. The catalytic application of PLs will be divided by the reaction categories, including CO 2 -involving transformation, O 2 -involving reaction, H 2 S conversion, hydrogenation reaction, and non-gas involving cascade reactions. In each reaction type, the synthesis approaches and structure engineering techniques of PLs, structure characterization, catalytic performance evaluation, and reaction mechanism exploration will be discussed, highlighting the structure–performance relationship and the advancement benefiting from the unique features of PLs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1981

High pressure gas storage capacities. Example of a solution using filament windings

The use of epoxy resin fiber glass and economic factors affecting the choice of materials for gas storage are discussed. The physical nature of the filament windings are described together with the results obtained. It is demonstrated that a substantial reduction in mass and an enhanced level of safety can be assured at a competitive cost by storing gases in this way.

Phan, A.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Noble gas storage and delivery system for ion propulsion

A method and system for storing and delivering a noble gas for an ion propulsion system where an adsorbent bearing a noble gas is heated within a storage vessel to desorb the noble gas which is then flowed through a pressure reduction device to a thruster assembly. The pressure and flow is controlled using a flow restrictor and low wattage heater which heats an adsorbent bed containing the noble gas propellant at low pressures. Flow rates of 5-60 sccm can be controlled to within about 0.5% or less and the required input power is generally less than 50 W. This noble gas storage and delivery system and method can be used for earth orbit satellites, and lunar or planetary space missions.

Back, Dwight Douglas↗
DOE OSTI2024

Heteroatom-Modified and Compacted Zeolite-Templated Carbons for Gas Storage

Methane, the primary component of natural gas, is an energy-rich fuel by weight but exhibits lower energy density by volume than diesel and gasoline; efforts to increase its “volumetric” energy density have been focused on the design and synthesis of a porous scaffold that can bind the methane favorably. Novel approaches typically invoke the highly designable class of materials known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) owing to the relative difficulty of controlling carbon structure and composition precisely, without the use of a metal-based node. In this project, we instead explore the concept of carbon templating to achieve a porous scaffold with atomistically thin walls separated at a distance of ~1.2 nm, ideal for the formation of precisely two layers of methane per pore. This bottom-up templating approach permits the use of any small molecular precursor to build up the carbon scaffold, begging the question: which other elements (besides carbon) can be used to tune the surface for optimal methane binding without compromising the structure of the overall material? Boron and nitrogen were both explored and nitrogen was identified as the ideal agent for increasing methane binding to the optimal strength for use at near room temperature. Densification of the resulting materials by mechanical compaction was then explored to produce free-standing pellets with the highest methane “delivery” capacities of any known material. Here we define the amount “delivered” as the amount stored minus the amount remaining in the tank at 73 psi, the lowest useful pressure for vehicular transportation applications. The key features of the resulting methane storage system are rapid discharging and refueling speeds, extremely long cycle life (infinite cycle life for high-purity methane), a near-constant heat of refueling (making the heat generated upon refueling easier to manage), and a low maximum pressure of operation (<1500 psi), enabling the use of all-metal Type I cylinders and significantly reducing the costs of conversion of existing vehicles to cleaner burning, abundantly available natural gas). The technical effectiveness of this approach was further improved by exploring several cost-reduction strategies and investigating the reliability of such storage systems in the presence of “real” natural gas mixtures which contain a mixture of gaseous species.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Resource Adequacy and Capital Cost Considerations Pertaining to Large Electric Grids Powered by Wind, Solar, Storage, Gas, and Nuclear

The capacity and generation of wind, solar, storage, nuclear, and gas are estimated for large, idealized copper-plate electric grids. Wind and solar penetrations of 30% to 80% are considered together with different storage systems such as vanadium and lithium-ion batteries, pumped hydroelectric, compressed air, and hydrogen. In addition to a baseline dispatchable fleet without wind/solar, two bounding cases with wind/solar are analyzed: one without storage and one where the whole wind/solar fleet is connected to the storage system, hence providing a buffer between the wind/solar fleet and the grid. The reality will likely be somewhere between these bounding cases. The viability of a power grid with a large wind/solar penetration and no storage is not guaranteed but was nonetheless considered to provide a lower-bound capital cost estimate. Overall, the options that rely strongly on wind, solar, and storage could be significantly more capital-intensive than those that rely strongly on nuclear, depending on the amount of storage necessary to ensure grid stability. This is especially true in the long run because wind, solar, and storage assets have shorter lifetimes than nuclear plants and, consequently, need to be replaced more frequently. More analyses (e.g., grid stability and public acceptance) are necessary to determine which option is most likely to provide the path of least resistance to powering a clean, affordable, and reliable grid in a timely manner. Depending on the priorities, the path of least resistance may not necessarily be the one that is less capital intensive.

adequacy↗
DOE OSTI2025

Monitoring pipeline integrity of underground gas storage facilities using membrane-based electrochemical sensors

Effective monitoring of internal corrosion risk is crucial to ensuring the safety and longevity of natural gas pipeline infrastructure. While electrochemical sensors are commonly used to assess corrosion rates and corrosion indicators in aqueous fluids, they are rarely used in gas pipelines as these fluids lack the ionic conductivity needed for electrochemical measurements. The inclusion of ion-conductive membranes into electrochemical sensors can extend their functionality into humidified gas streams, providing critical information about emerging corrosion events that are common during withdrawal season in pipeline systems downstream from underground storage facilities. In parallel, new protective films, like those obtained through cold spray coating, are being developed to protect oil and gas pipelines and recover losses in structural integrity due to corrosion damage. Herein, we demonstrate how membrane-based electrochemical sensors (MBES) can be used to monitor fluid corrosivity by examining their response to changes in water content for a wide range of fluid compositions. It was found that MBES readings were highly sensitive to water content changes with membrane conductivity measurements varying from 10 –6 to 10 –1 S cm -1 , and corrosion rate measurements which varied from 10 –7 to 1 mm y -1 . Electron microscopy confirmed that the self-healing characteristics of metal coating films were still active despite their inclusion into an MBES probe. In conclusion, these findings indicate that membrane-based corrosion monitoring can be expanded to monitor coated-pipeline materials and provide early detection of emerging corrosion upsets relevant to underground gas storage facilities.

Electrochemical sensor↗