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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2016

Metallic Thin-Film Bonding and Alloy Generation

Diffusion bonding a stack of aluminum thin films is particularly challenging due to a stable aluminum oxide coating that rapidly forms on the aluminum thin films when they are exposed to atmosphere and the relatively low meting temperature of aluminum. By plating the individual aluminum thin films with a metal that does not rapidly form a stable oxide coating, the individual aluminum thin films may be readily diffusion bonded together using heat and pressure. The resulting diffusion bonded structure can be an alloy of choice through the use of a carefully selected base and plating metals. The aluminum thin films may also be etched with distinct patterns that form a microfluidic fluid flow path through the stack of aluminum thin films when diffusion bonded together.

Fryer, Jack Merrill↗

NASA NTRS1989

A compendium of controlled diffusion blades generated by an automated inverse design procedure

A set of sample cases was produced to test an automated design procedure developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center for the design of controlled diffusion blades. The range of application of the automated design procedure is documented. The results presented include characteristic compressor and turbine blade sections produced with the automated design code as well as various other airfoils produced with the base design method prior to the incorporation of the automated procedure.

Sanz, Jose M.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Numerical simulation of unsteady flows generated by dissociating nitrogen diffusion

An explicit time accurate predictor-corrector scheme, similar to MacCormack's, has been used to simulate unsteady nonequilibrium laminar chemically-reacting diffusion-reaction generated flows. A zonal approach, along with nonstructured boundaries, allows computation of internal and external flow with the same computer code. Results for equilibrium flows generated by dissociating, vibrationally relaxing nitrogen in a rectangular chamber are presented. The unsteady flows were generated strictly by the chemical reactions and concentration gradients.

Marraffa, Lionel↗

NASA NTRS1984

Ambipolar diffusion in the middle atmosphere

In the middle atmosphere above 60 km, the electron concentration increases with altitude, reaching values of 10 to the 10th per cu m in the daytime ionospheric E region near 100 km. The electrons are more mobile than the ions and diffuse more rapidly through the neutral atmosphere. The electron diffusion polarizes the medium, causing an electric field to develop that acts to retard the electron diffusion and enhance the conduction current of ions. A global zonally averaged numerical model of atmosheric electricity from the ground to 100 km is used to examine the effect of ambipolar diffusion and the earth's geomagnetic field on the currents and fields in the middle atmosphere. The results show that above about 65 km, ambipolar diffusion generates local electric fields and conduction currents that balance electron diffusion currents. The electric fields and conduction currents are a few orders of magnitude larger than the vertical fields and currents calculated from the downward mapping of the ionospheric potential without taking electron diffusion into account. Ambipolar diffusion does not alter the total current flowing in the global circuit. It is a local effect where enhanced conduction currens flow to balance the electron diffusion current.

Tzur, I.↗

NASA NTRS1998

Comments on the Diffusive Behavior of Two Upwind Schemes

The diffusive characteristics of two upwind schemes, multi-dimensional fluctuation splitting and locally one-dimensional finite volume, are compared for scalar advection-diffusion problems. Algorithms for the two schemes are developed for node-based data representation on median-dual meshes associated with unstructured triangulations in two spatial dimensions. Four model equations are considered: linear advection, non-linear advection, diffusion, and advection-diffusion. Modular coding is employed to isolate the effects of the two approaches for upwind flux evaluation, allowing for head-to-head accuracy and efficiency comparisons. Both the stability of compressive limiters and the amount of artificial diffusion generated by the schemes is found to be grid-orientation dependent, with the fluctuation splitting scheme producing less artificial diffusion than the finite volume scheme. Convergence rates are compared for the combined advection-diffusion problem, with a speedup of 2.5 seen for fluctuation splitting versus finite volume when solved on the same mesh. However, accurate solutions to problems with small diffusion coefficients can be achieved on coarser meshes using fluctuation splitting rather than finite volume, so that when comparing convergence rates to reach a given accuracy, fluctuation splitting shows a speedup of 29 over finite volume.

Wood, William A.↗

NASA NTRS1998

Diffusion Characteristics of Upwind Schemes on Unstructured Triangulations

The diffusive characteristics of two upwind schemes, multi-dimensional fluctuation splitting and dimensionally-split finite volume, are compared for scalar advection-diffusion problems. Algorithms for the two schemes are developed for node-based data representation on median-dual meshes associated with unstructured triangulations in two spatial dimensions. Four model equations are considered: linear advection, non-linear advection, diffusion, and advection-diffusion. Modular coding is employed to isolate the effects of the two approaches for upwind flux evaluation, allowing for head-to-head accuracy and efficiency comparisons. Both the stability of compressive limiters and the amount of artificial diffusion generated by the schemes is found to be grid-orientation dependent, with the fluctuation splitting scheme producing less artificial diffusion than the dimensionally-split finite volume scheme. Convergence rates are compared for the combined advection-diffusion problem, with a speedup of 2-3 seen for fluctuation splitting versus finite volume when solved on the same mesh. However, accurate solutions to problems with small diffusion coefficients can be achieved on coarser meshes using fluctuation splitting rather than finite volume, so that when comparing convergence rates to reach a given accuracy, fluctuation splitting shows a 20-25 speedup over finite volume.

Wood, William A.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Kinematic models of supergranular diffusion on the Sun

We develop kinematic models of diffusion generated by supergranulation at the solar surface. These models use current observations for the size, horizontal velocity, and lifetime of supergranules. Because there is no observational description of the appearance and disappearance of supergranules, we investigate models using several plausible evolution processes, including the effect of different lifetime distribution functions for the cells. The results are quite insensitive to the methods chosen to replace old supergranules, the distribution of cell lifetimes, and even the cell lifetime itself, for mean lifetimes between 15 to 30 hr. Calculated diffusion coefficients range between 500 and 700 sq km/s, in agreement with the best fit diffusion coefficients used by Sheeley and his collaborators to model the large-scale distribution of magnetic fields over the solar surface. However, our models do not explain the field distribution in plage, and they predict that virtually all the strong field in quiet Sun exists in relatively isolated clumps. We suggest possible mechanisms for the creation of plage and the bright network seen in quiet Sun.

Simon, G. W.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Uncertainty propagation in a stratospheric model. I - Development of a concise stratospheric model. II - Monte Carlo analysis of imprecisions due to reaction rates

The paper discusses the development of a concise stratospheric model which uses iteration to obtain coupling between interacting species. The one-dimensional, steady-state, diurnally-averaged model generates diffusion equations with appropriate sources and sinks for species odd oxygen, H2O, H2, CO, N2O, odd nitrogen, CH4, CH3Cl, CCl4, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, and odd chlorine. The model evaluates steady-state perturbations caused by injections of chlorine and NO(x) and may be used to predict ozone depletion. The model is used in a Monte Carlo study of the propagation of reaction-rate imprecisions by calculating an ozone perturbation caused by the addition of chlorine. Since the model is sensitive to only 10 of the more than 50 reaction rates considered, only about 1000 Monte Carlo cases are required to span the space of possible results.

Rundel, R. D.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Testing Secondary Models for the Origin of Radio Mini-Halos in Galaxy Clusters

We present an MHD simulation of the emergence of a radio minihalo in a galaxy cluster core in a "secondary" model, where the source of the synchrotron-emitting electrons is hadronic interactions between cosmic-ray protons with the thermal intracluster gas, an alternative to the "reacceleration model" where the cosmic ray electrons are reaccelerated by turbulence induced by core sloshing, which we discussed in an earlier work. We follow the evolution of cosmic-ray electron spectra and their radio emission using passive tracer particles, taking into account the time-dependent injection of electrons from hadronic interactions and their energy losses. We find that secondary electrons in a sloshing cluster core can generate diffuse synchrotron emission with luminosity and extent similar to observed radio minihalos. However, we also find important differences with our previous work. We find that the drop in radio emission at cold fronts is less prominent than that in our reacceleration-based simulations, indicating that in this flavor of the secondary model the emission is more spatially extended than in some observed minihalos. We also explore the effect of rapid changes in the magnetic field on the radio spectrum. While the resulting spectra in some regions are steeper than expected from stationary conditions, the change is marginal, with differences in the synchrotron spectral index of delta(spectral index) less than approximately 0.15-0.25, depending on the frequency band. This is a much narrower range than claimed in the best-observed minihalos and produced in the reacceleration model. Our results provide important suggestions to constrain these models with future observations.

clusters: general aEuro" magnetohydrodynamics (MHD↗

NASA NTRS2015

A Linearized Prognostic Cloud Scheme in NASAs Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation Tools

A linearized prognostic cloud scheme has been developed to accompany the linearized convection scheme recently implemented in NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System data assimilation tools. The linearization, developed from the nonlinear cloud scheme, treats cloud variables prognostically so they are subject to linearized advection, diffusion, generation, and evaporation. Four linearized cloud variables are modeled, the ice and water phases of clouds generated by large-scale condensation and, separately, by detraining convection. For each species the scheme models their sources, sublimation, evaporation, and autoconversion. Large-scale, anvil and convective species of precipitation are modeled and evaporated. The cloud scheme exhibits linearity and realistic perturbation growth, except around the generation of clouds through large-scale condensation. Discontinuities and steep gradients are widely used here and severe problems occur in the calculation of cloud fraction. For data assimilation applications this poor behavior is controlled by replacing this part of the scheme with a perturbation model. For observation impacts, where efficiency is less of a concern, a filtering is developed that examines the Jacobian. The replacement scheme is only invoked if Jacobian elements or eigenvalues violate a series of tuned constants. The linearized prognostic cloud scheme is tested by comparing the linear and nonlinear perturbation trajectories for 6-, 12-, and 24-h forecast times. The tangent linear model performs well and perturbations of clouds are well captured for the lead times of interest.

Precipitation↗

NASA NTRS1990

Diffusive shock acceleration of energetic electrons and the method of generations

The diffusive shock acceleration of energetic electrons at a plane shock is studied by means of the method of generations developed by Petukhov et al. (1986), where the particles are binned according to the number of particle acceleration cycles. The method emphasizes the cyclic character of the shock acceleration process, and takes into account the particle energy increment per cycle, the energy loss per cycle, and the escape probability of particles downstream of the shock. In the limit of a small fractional momentum gain per cycle, the method reproduces the known steady-state semianalytic solution for constant diffusion coefficients on both sides of the shock. It is demonstrated that the method may also be applied to time-dependent shock-acceleration problems.

Webb, G. M.↗

NASA NTRS1988

The role of gravity wave generated advection and diffusion in transport of tracers in the mesosphere

The roles of advection and turbulent diffusion in controlling tracer transport in the meridional plane of the mesosphere are compared using a version of the global primitive equation model for the middle atmosphere developed by Holton and Wehrbein (1980). The results of model sensitivity tests demonstrated that transport in the mesosphere for long-lived species with large-scale heights, such as H2O, CO, and NO(x), is primarily an advective process; on a global scale, small-scale turbulent diffusion produced by gravity wave breaking plays a secondary role. It is concluded that, for such tracers, the eddy diffusion coefficient used in one-dimensional chemical models of the mesosphere should be regarded as a parameterization of the transport by the meridional circulation, not as a parameterization of mixing by small-scale diffusion.

Holton, James R.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Three Dimensional Compressible Turbulent Flow Computations for a Diffusing S-Duct With/Without Vortex Generators

Numerical investigations on a diffusing S-duct with/without vortex generators and a straight duct with vortex generators are presented. The investigation consists of solving the full three-dimensional unsteady compressible mass averaged Navier-Stokes equations. An implicit finite volume lower-upper time marching code (RPLUS3D) has been employed and modified. A three-dimensional Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model has been modified in conjunction with the flow physics. A model for the analysis of vortex generators in a fully viscous subsonic internal flow is evaluated. A vortical structure for modeling the shed vortex is used as a source term in the computation domain. The injected vortex paths in the straight duct are compared with the analysis by two kinds of prediction models. The flow structure by the vortex generators are investigated along the duct. Computed results of the flow in a circular diffusing S-duct provide an understanding of the flow structure within a typical engine inlet system. These are compared with the experimental wall static-pressure, static- and total-pressure field, and secondary velocity profiles. Additionally, boundary layer thickness, skin friction values, and velocity profiles in wall coordinates are presented. In order to investigate the effect of vortex generators, various vortex strengths are examined in this study. The total-pressure recovery and distortion coefficients are obtained at the exit of the S-duct. The numerical results clearly depict the interaction between the low velocity flow by the flow separation and the injected vortices.

Cho, Soo-Yong↗

NASA NTRS1985

Generation of Z mode radiation by diffuse auroral electron precipitation

The generation of Z mode waves by diffuse auroral electron precipitation is investigated assuming that a loss cone exists in the upgoing portion of the distribution due to electron interactions with the atmosphere. The waves are generated at frequencies above, but very near, the local electron cyclotron frequency omega(e) and at wave normal angles larger than 90 deg. In agreement with Hewitt et al. (1983), the group velocity is directed downward in regions where the ratio of the upper hybrid frequency omega(pe) to Omega(e) is less than 0.5, so that Z mode waves excited above a satellite propagate toward it and away from the upper hybrid resonance. Z mode waves are excited in a frequency band between Omega(e) and about 1.02 Omega(e), and with maximum growth rates of about 0.001 Omega(e). The amplification length is about 100 km, which allows Z mode waves to grow to the intensities observed by high-altitude satellites.

Dusenbery, P. B.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Computing Shapes Of Cascade Diffuser Blades

Computer program generates sizes and shapes of cascade-type blades for use in axial or radial turbomachine diffusers. Generates shapes of blades rapidly, incorporating extensive cascade data to determine optimum incidence and deviation angle for blade design based on 65-series data base of National Advisory Commission for Aeronautics and Astronautics (NACA). Allows great variability in blade profile through input variables. Also provides for design of three-dimensional blades by allowing variable blade stacking. Enables designer to obtain computed blade-geometry data in various forms: as input for blade-loading analysis; as input for quasi-three-dimensional analysis of flow; or as points for transfer to computer-aided design.

Tran, Ken↗

NASA NTRS1980

Low speed test of the aft inlet designed for a tandem fan V/STOL nacelle

An approximately .25 scale model of a Tandem Fan nacelle designed for a Type A V/STOL aircraft configuration was tested in a 10-by-10 foot wind tunnel. A 12 inch, tip driven, turbofan simulator was used to provide the suction source for the aft fan inlet. The front fan inlet was faired over for this test entry. Model variables consisted of a long aft inlet cowl, a short aft inlet cowl, a shaft simulator, blow-in door passages and diffuser vortex generators. Inlet pressure recovery, distortion, inlet angle of attack separation limits were evaluated at tunnel velocities from 0 to 240 knots, angles of attack from -10 to 40 degrees and inlet flow rates representative of throat Mach numbers of 0.1 to 0.6. High inlet performance and stable operation was verified at all design forward speed and angle of attack conditions. The short aft inlet configuration provided exceptionally high pressure recovery except at the highest combination of angle of attack and forward speed. The flow quality at the fan face was somewhat degraded by the addition of blow-in door passages to the long aft inlet configuration due to the pressure disturbances generated by the flow entering the diffuser through the auxiliary air passages.

Rhoades, W. W.↗

NASA NTRS2004

EGRET Diffuse Gamma Ray Maps Between 30 MeV and 10 GeV

This paper presents all-sky maps of diffuse gamma radiation in various energy ranges between 30 MeV and 10 GeV, based on data collected by the EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Although the maps can be used for a variety of applications, the immediate goal is the generation of diffuse gamma-ray maps which can be used as a diffuse background/foreground for point source analysis of the data to be obtained from new high-energy gamma-ray missions like GLAST and AGILE. To generate the diffuse gamma maps from the raw EGRET maps, the point sources in the Third EGRET Catalog were subtracted out using the appropriate point spread function for each energy range. After that, smoothing was performed to minimize the effects of photon statistical noise. A smoothing length of 1deg was used for the Galactic plane maps. For the all-sky maps, a procedure was used which resulted in a smoothing length roughly equivalent to 4deg. The result of this work is 16 maps of different energy intervals for [b]less than or equal to 20deg, and 32 all-sky maps, 16 in equatorial coordinates (J2000) and 16 in Galactic coordinates.

Cillis, A. N.↗

NASA NTRS2004

EGRET Diffuse Gamma Ray Maps Between 30 MeV and 10 GeV

This paper presents all-sky maps of diffuse gamma radiation in various energy ranges between 30 MeV and 10 GeV, based on data collected by the EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Although the maps can be used for a variety of applications. the immediate goal is the generation of diffuse gamma-ray maps which can be used as a diffuse background/foreground for point source analysis of the data to be obtained from new high-energy gamma-ray missions like GLAST and AGILE. To generate the diffuse gamma maps from the raw EGRET maps, the point sources in the Third EGRET Catalog were subtracted out using the appropriate point spread function for each energy range. After that, smoothing was performed to minimize the effects of photon statistical noise. A smoothing length of 1 deg vas used for the Galactic plane maps. For the all-sky maps, a procedure was used which resulted in a smoothing length roughly equivalent to 4 deg. The result of this work is 16 maps of different energy intervals for absolute value of b < or equal to 20 deg, and 32 all-sky maps, 16 in equatorial coordinates (J2000) and 16 in Galactic coordinates.

Cillis, A, N.↗