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Results for “high energy x-ray diffraction”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1985

Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction in the diamond anvil, high-pressure apparatus - Comparison of synchrotron and conventional X-ray sources

The use of both conventional fixed-anode X-ray sources and synchrotron radiation to carry out energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments at high pressure in a diamond anvil cell, is discussed. The photon flux at the sample and at the detector for the two cases are compared and the results are presented in graphs. It is shown that synchrotron radiation experiments can be performed with nearly two orders of magnitude increase in data rate if superior detectors and detector electronics are available.

Spain, I. L.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Diffraction studies of the high pressure phases of GaAs and GaP

High pressure structural phase transitions of GaAs and GaP have been studied by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction with the radiation from the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. GaAs began to transform at 172 + or - 7 kbar to an orthorhombic structure possibly belonging to space group Fmmm. GaP transformed to a tetragonal beta-Sn type phase at 215 + or - 8 kbar. Although pressure transmitting media were used to minimize shear stresses in the specimens, the high pressure diffraction results were interpreted as showing evidence for planar defects in the specimens.

Baublitz, M., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1982

X-ray diffraction from high pressure Ge using synchrotron radiation

The high pressure structural phase transition in Ge has been studied using the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction technique and a synchrotron radiation source. Ge was observed to transform to the beta-Sn tetragonal structure in agreement with the earlier results of Jamieson, but the phase transition began at 80 + or - 5 kilobars, a somewhat lower value than generally reported. These experimental diffraction results are compared with the recent self-consistent pseudopotential calculations of Yin and Cohen (1981) and with the observed transition pressure for shock wave loaded Ge.

Baublitz, M., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A liquid radiation detector with high spatial resolution

Detector, using point anode, minimizes problem of oblique tracks by permitting construction of very thin counter. Detector is useful in cosmic ray and high energy physics research and X-ray and neutron diffraction technology.

Alvarez, L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Vapor phase diamond growth technology

Ion beam deposition chambers used for carbon film generation were designed and constructed. Features of the developed equipment include: (1) carbon ion energies down to approx. 50 eV; (2) in suit surface monitoring with HEED; (3) provision for flooding the surface with ultraviolet radiation; (4) infrared laser heating of substrate; (5) residual gas monitoring; (6) provision for several source gases, including diborane for doping studies; and (7) growth from either hydrocarbon source gases or from carbon/argon arc sources. Various analytical techniques for characterization of from carbon/argon arc sources. Various analytical techniques for characterization of the ion deposited carbon films used to establish the nature of the chemical bonding and crystallographic structure of the films are discussed. These include: H2204/HN03 etch; resistance measurements; hardness tests; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; scanning auger microscopy; electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis; electron diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis; electron energy loss spectroscopy; density measurements; secondary ion mass spectroscopy; high energy electron diffraction; and electron spin resonance. Results of the tests are summarized.

Angus, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Crystal structure and density of helium to 232 kbar

The properties of helium and hydrogen at high pressure are topics of great interest to the understanding of planetary interiors. These materials constitute 95 percent of the entire solar system. A technique was presented for the measurement of X-ray diffraction from single-crystals of low-Z condenses gases in a diamond-anvil cell at high pressure. The first such single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements on solid hydrogen to 26.5 GPa were presented. The application of this technique to the problem of the crystal structure, equation of state, and phase diagram of solid helium is reported. Crucial for X-ray diffraction studies of these materials is the use of a synchrotron radiation source which provides high brillance, narrow collimation of the incident and diffracted X-ray beams to reduce the background noise, and energy-dispersive diffraction techniques with polychromatic (white) radiation, which provides high detection efficiency.

Mao, H. K.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Low-temperature deposition of low resistivity ZnSe films by reactive sputtering

The use of reactive dc magnetron cosputtering of Zn and the dopant In in an H2Se/Ar gaseous mixture is described. It is observed that initial deposition using pure Zn targets produced yellowish transparent ZnSe films on glass with a film resistivity of 10 to the 8th ohms cm and deposition using a Zn target doped with a fixed 1 percent of In produced ZnSe films with resistivities of about 10,000 ohms cm. The improvement of film conductivity by optimizing the In content in the ZnSe films is discussed; the ZnSe resistivity dependence on In flux is studied. Optical absorption/transmission measurements reveal a photon energy band gap of 2.65 eV at room temperature and X-ray diffraction show highly oriented polycrystalline films on glass with the c axis parallel to the plane of the film. Compositional analysis was performed and the Zn/Se ratio is measure as 48.8/49.0 with an In concentration of 1.16 percent. ZnSe films deposited on glass and conducting SnO2-coated glass substrates with a resistance of 20 ohms cm and a substrate temperature of 120 C have been fabricated.

Stirn, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Free-standing thin film Ge single crystals grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

The films, which are approximately 10 microns in thickness, are grown epitaxially on polished (100) NaCl substrates at 450 C by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Upon cooling, the films are separated from the substrate by differential shear stress, leaving free-standing films of Ge which can be handled. Growths are attained by nucleating at minimum plasma power for very brief intervals and then raising the power to 65 W to increase the growth rate to approximately 10 microns/h. It is found that substrate exposure to the plasma at too high a power for too long a time sputters and erodes the surface, thereby substantially degrading the nucleation process and the ultimate growths. It is noted that the free-standing films are visually specular and exhibit a high degree of crystalline order when examined by X-ray diffraction. Auger electron spectroscopy and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays reveal no detectable bulk contamination.

Outlaw, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS2026

Thermochemical Stability of Ca2Yb8(SiO4)6O2 Apatite in Presence of Molten Calcium-Magnesium-Aluminosilicate (CMAS)

Thermochemical stability of ytterbium silicon oxyapatite Ca 2 Yb 8 (SiO 4 ) 6 O 2 (CYbS) in the presence of molten calcium-magnesium aluminosilicate (CMAS) has been investigated at elevated temperatures for consideration as a thermal and environmental barrier coating (T/EBC) material. CYbS apatite powder was synthesized from the constituent oxides via a solid-state reaction method. Hot-pressed apatite substrates were exposed to molten CMAS at 1200, 1300, and 1400 °C for 1, 10, and 50 h. Development of phases in the interaction region of the heat-treated specimens was monitored using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field imaging, selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Monoclinic cyclosilicate Ca 3 Yb 2 (Si 3 O 9 ) 2 formed from interaction of CYbS apatite with CaO in the CMAS melt at the apatite-CMAS reaction front and continued to nucleate and grow within the residual CMAS in diffusion couples annealed for 1 to 50 h at 1200 °C as well as in those heat treated at 1300 °C for 1 h. Residual CMAS was depleted of Ca when cyclosilicate was present. Dendritic wollastonite (CaSiO3) was observed within the residual CMAS in couples annealed at 1200 and 1300 °C. Ingress of molten CMAS, because of its exponential decrease in viscosity, occurred through open pores and along the grain boundaries of the apatite substrates without any detectable chemical reaction at 1300 and 1400 °C. Results of this study indicate that Ca 2 Yb 8 (SiO 4 ) 6 O 2 apatite has the potential to mitigate the CMAS corrosion up to about 1200 °C but not at higher temperatures.

Narottam P Bansal↗
NASA NTRS1981

A new method for focusing and imaging X-rays and gamma-rays with diffraction crystals

Bent diffraction crystals in which the intercrystalline-plane spacing is varied as a function of position in the crystal are used to focus monochromatic radiation from a point source or parallel beam down to a point image. Conversely, radiation from a point source can be focused into an outgoing parallel beam. The Bragg angle for diffraction of monochromatic radiation will now vary as a function of position in the crystal and this new degree of freedom is used to obtain focusing and imaging of the diffracted beam. This approach to focusing and imaging is applied to the design of a large-area, high resolution X-ray telescope that is also a high resolution monochromator with the unique feature that the width of the energy increment that is diffracted can be controlled and varied during the operation of the instrument. The field can be scanned with a wide energy increment and then switched to a narrow energy increment for the high resolution work. Both transmission and reflection type diffraction crystals can be used.

Smither, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Pressure-induced phase transition of HgS

The high pressure phase transition of cinnabar (alpha-HgS) was studied by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction using a synchrotron X-ray source. The cinnabar crystal structure was found to transform to the sodium-chloride structure at about 130 kbar. The lattice parameter of the new phase was determined to be 5.070 + or - 0.005 A at 300 kbar. No further phase transition was observed up to 400 kbar.

Huang, T.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Ultrapressure materials science

Three active areas of research at ultra pressure are pursued, i.e., diffraction studies with the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), band gap and absorption edge effects, indentor-anvil experiments and theory and research to attain higher pressures. The range over which X-ray diffraction data and absorption edge data are obtained is extended to 700 kbars. Using the indentor technique pressures of 2.1 Mbars are obtained. Research results and methods are discussed.

Ruoff, A. L.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Calculated performance of a Wolter type I X-ray telescope coated by multilayers

Deposition of multilayered diffraction coatings on the reflecting surfaces of a Wolter type I X-ray telescope offers the potential of using Bragg reflection to achieve enhanced effective area in selected high energy bandpasses. The structure of a gold-carbon multilayer has been optimized for study of 1.8 A iron-line emission with an X-ray telescope designed for observations from Spacelab. The response of this mirror assembly has been calculated as a function of X-ray energy and the resulting effective area is enhanced by a factor of 10 and peaks at 160 sq cm with a bandpass of 0.4 keV FWHM. This enhanced response is sufficient to allow study of the angular distribution of iron-line emission from the 20 brightest cluster X-ray sources during a 7 day Spacelab mission. The possibility of achieving X-ray imaging in narrow bandpasses at even higher energies has been investigated. It is concluded that it should be possible to achieve effective areas of approximately 5 sq cm in bandpasses approximately 1 keV wide for energies in the 15-25 keV range, a spectral region of much importance during the impulsive phase of solar flares.

Catura, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Effects of high energy radiation on the mechanical properties of epoxy/graphite fiber composites

Studies on the effects of high energy radiation on graphite fiber reinforced composites are summarized. Studies of T300/5208 and C6000/PMR15 composites, T300 fibers and the resin system MY720/DDS (tetraglycidyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane cured with diaminodiphenyl sulfone) are included. Radiation dose levels up to 8000 Mrads were obtained with no deleterious effects on the breaking stress or modulus. The effects on the structure and morphology were investigated using mechanical tests, electron spin resonance, X-ray diffraction, and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Details of the experiments and results are given. Studies of the fracture surfaces of irradiated samples were studied with scanning electron microscopy; current results indicate no differences in the morphology of irradiated and control samples.

Fornes, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Surface characteristics of metallic glass spheres of Au(55)Pb(22.5)Sb(22.5)

It is pointed out that the production of metallic glasses of high atomic number is currently of considerable importance for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target applications. In connection with the present investigation, spherules of the alloy Au(55)Pb(22.5)Sb(22.5) were produced. Metallic glass was formed on solidification. With the aid of X-ray diffraction studies, it was established that the spheres were completely amorphous. A near-surface phase separation on spheres of the metallic glass could be observed. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements showed that the average composition of the surface differed from that of the bulk.

Lee, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Oxidation and emittance of superalloys in heat shield applications

Recently developed superalloys that form alumina coatings have a high potential for heat shield applications for advanced aerospace vehicles at temperatures above 1095C. Both INCOLOY alloy MA 956 (of the Inco Alloys International, Inc.), an iron-base oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloy, and CABOT alloy No. 214 (of the Cabot Corporation), an alumina-forming nickel-chromium alloy, have good oxidation resistance and good elevated temperature strength. The oxidation resistance of both alloys has been attributed to the formation of a thin alumina layer (alpha-Al2O3) at the surface. Emittance and oxidation data were obtained for simulated Space Shuttle reentry conditions using a hypersonic arc-heated wind tunnel. The surface oxides and substrate alloys were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis unit. The mass loss and emittance characteristics of the two alloys are discussed.

Wiedemann, K. E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Vaporization thermodynamics of K2S and K2SO3

The vaporization reactions, vapor pressures, and thermodynamics of potassium sulfide and potassium sulfite were studied for purposes of providing fundamental data for the seed cycle in magnetohydrodynamic electric power generation. Rate of effusion studies, supported by tube furnace experiments, X-ray powder diffraction, mass spectrometry and appropriate chemical analyses and tests, revealed that potassium sulfite disproportionates at high temperatures to form potassium sulfide and potassium sulfate. Potassium sulfide was observed to vaporize incongruently, the initial vapors beng predominantly potassium atoms, with minor species being S2 and various K-S molecules. The ratio of K/S2 in the vapor is very large initially and decreases steadily with prolonged heating. Several materials were evaluated for purposes of containing K2S/K2SO3 at temperatures or = 800 C: Pt, Mo, W, quartz, machinable glass, BN, high density graphite, pyrolytic coated graphite, and alumina. Of these, only alumina was observed to be chemically inert to both K2S but reacted with K2SO3. The other materials were not suitable for either substance. Thermodynamic calculations based on measured vapor pressures and approximate free energy functions are described. Results from isothermal total mass loss experiments and from thermogravimetric experiments are also included.

Bennet, J. E.↗