Tertiary flow injection thrust vectoring system Patent
Tertiary flow injection system for thrust vectoring of propulsive nozzle flow
Kepler, C. E.↗
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A microfabricated electroosmotic pump coupled to a gas-diffusion microchip for flow injection analysis of ammonia
Here we have microfabricated two functional components toward developing a microchip flow injection analysis (FIA) system, i.e., an open-channel electroosmotic pump and a gas-diffusion chip, consisting of two microfabricated glass wafers and a porous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. This is the first application of gas-diffusion separation in a microchip FIA system. To demonstrate the feasibility of using these two components for performing gas-diffusion FIA, we have incorporated them together with a regular FIA injection valve and a capillary electrophoresis absorbance detector in a flow injection system for determination of ammonia in environmental water samples. This system has a limit of detection of 0.10 mg L -1 NH 3 , with a good repeatability (relative standard deviation of less than 5 % for 4.0 mg L - 1 NH 3 ). We also discuss parameters affecting its performance.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Flow Injection Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with ICP-OES Detection: Electroprecipitation and Stripping of Lanthanum and Neodymium in a Flow Cell
We used an improved version of our hyphenated analysis technique, flow injection electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) with inductively coupled optical emission spectroscopy, to investigate the electroprecipitation of lanthanum and neodymium from flowing solutions. The improved version has two independent flow injection circuits, allowing different conditions for electrochemical precipitation (pH=4.3 or 2.6) and quick stripping (2% HNO3) with EQCM mass detection and ICP-OES elemental analysis. Lanthanum or neodymium ions in a 500 uL sample were injected into a carrier stream and deposited onto an EQCM housed in a micro flow cell, owing to a localized high-pH layer. The deposits are subsequently stripped from the electrode using HNO3 and analyzed downstream using an ICP-OES. We found that using acidic solutions without supporting electrolyte leads to an increase of the amount of lanthanum detected by 4-fold. The enhanced deposition can be attributed to enhanced mass transfer by migration. Furthermore, we showed that by applying chronopotentiometry, we can detect a change in the hydrogen evolution reaction mechanism that enables the precipitation of lanthanides on the surface of the electrode. Understanding and enhancing the deposition of lanthanides is relevant for elemental or isotopic detection in nuclear forensics.
38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
Three-dimensional computations of cross-flow injection and combustion in a supersonic flow
A low-storage version of the SPARK3D code which is based on the temporally second-order accurate MacCormack (1969) explicit scheme is used to solve the governing equations for three-dimensional chemically reacting flows with finite-rate chemistry. The code includes a fourth-order compact spatial scheme capable of providing higher order spatial accuracy, and it is used to study two-dimensional linear advection, two-dimensional Euler flow, and three-dimensional viscous flow. Also considered are the injection, mixing, and combustion of hydrogen in a supersonic cross stream.
Carpenter, M. H.↗
Supersonic Mixing and Combustion in Parallel Injection Flow Fields
Adequate prediction techniques for supersonic, mixing, reacting flows are of great importance in the design and performance analysis of supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) engines. Analytical programs for parallel injection flow fields with chemical reaction and turbulent mixing are now available for both single and multiple-jet flows. The application of these analyses to simple flow geometries is discussed, and comparisons also are made with data on the more complex case of multiple-jet, reacting flows. A review is given of Langley investigations of parallel injection flow fields. Among these are single-jet studies of nonreacting, turbulent mixing (H2 in air and H2 in N2), and of reacting turbulent mixing (H2 in air) with both single and multiple jets. Implications of the results of the studies for scramjet fuel injector design are discussed.
Evans, J. S.↗
Combined Falling Drop/Open Port Sampling Interface System for Automated Flow Injection Mass Spectrometry
The aim of this work was to demonstrate and to evaluate the analytical performance of a combined falling drop/open port sampling interface (OPSI) system as a simple noncontact, no-carryover, automated system for flow injection analysis with mass spectrometry. The falling sample drops were introduced into the OPSI using a widely available autosampler platform utilizing low cost disposable pipet tips and conventional disposable microtiter well plates. The volume of the drops that fell onto the OPSI was in the 7–15 μL range with an injected sample volume of several hundred nanoliters. Sample drop height, positioning of the internal capillary on the sampling end of the probe, and carrier solvent flow rate were optimized for maximum signal. Sample throughput, signal reproducibility, matrix effects, and quantitative analysis capability of the system were established using the drug molecule propranolol and its isotope labeled internal standard in water, unprocessed river water and two commercially available buffer matrices. A sample-to-sample throughput of ~45 s with a ~4.5 s base-to-base flow injection peak profile was obtained in these experiments. In addition, quantitation with minimally processed rat plasma samples was demonstrated with three different statin drugs (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and fluvastatin). Direct characterization capability of unprocessed samples was demonstrated by the analysis of neat vegetable oils. Employing the autosampler system for spatially resolved liquid extraction surface sampling exemplified by the analysis of propranolol and its hydroxypropranolol glucuronide phase II metabolites from a rat thin tissue section was also illustrated.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
"Reagentless" flow injection determination of ammonia and urea using membrane separation and solid phase basification
Flow injection analysis instrumentation and methodology for the determination of ammonia and ammonium ions in an aqueous solution are described. Using in-line solid phase basification beds containing crystalline media. the speciation of ammoniacal nitrogen is shifted toward the un-ionized form. which diffuses in the gas phase across a hydrophobic microporous hollow fiber membrane into a pure-water-containing analytical stream. The two streams flow in a countercurrent configuration on opposite sides of the membrane. The neutral pH of the analytical stream promotes the formation of ammonium cations, which are detected using specific conductance. The methodology provides a lower limit of detection of 10 microgram/L and a dynamic concentration range spanning three orders of magnitude using a 315-microliters sample injection volume. Using immobilized urease to enzymatically promote the hydrolysis of urea to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide, the technique has been extended to the determination of urea.
NASA Center JSC↗
Flow Injection Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with ICP-OES Detection: Recovery of Silver by Electrodeposition with Redox Replacement in a Flow Cell
We developed a new on-line hyphenated flow injection analysis technique (FI-EQCM-ICP-OES) that allows electrochemical deposition and stripping with mass detection and elemental analysis. This technique was used to study a new system for electrochemical recovery of silver from a 0.5 mM Ag + /5 mM Cu 2+ /0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution by pulsed electrodeposition with redox replacement (EDRR) in a small flow cell. The metal ions in a 500 μ l sample are injected into the sulfuric acid carrier stream and deposited onto an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) electrode housed in a 50 μ l flow cell. The deposits are subsequently stripped off electrochemically in the same cell and analyzed downstream in an ICP-OES. The stripped metal layer was found to be composed of Ag with no detectable Cu for a redox replacement time of 10 s, and 91 wt.% Ag–9 wt.% Cu for a redox replacement time of 5 s. Microscopy measurements demonstrated that the electrode was covered with silver particles, some of which contain Cu in the case of the 5 s replacement time. This technique allowed the study of mass changes on the electrode during electrodeposition and open circuit times in each EDRR cycle in flowing solutions.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
A unified non-equilibrium phase change model for injection flow modeling
The homogenous relaxation model (HRM) is one of the most widely used models to describe the liquid- gas phase transition. However, in its original formulation, it is unable to handle multispecies vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), which limits its applicability to single-component fluids. In this work, a unified non-equilibrium phase change model that considers the VLE of multicomponent mixtures is proposed building upon the HRM's structure. A time factor is introduced to mimic the effect of different phase change timescales due to different mechanisms, e.g., cavitation, flash-boiling, and evaporation. Here to assess the model's performance, computational fluid dynamics simulations of the internal and near-nozzle injection flow of the Engine Combustion Network's Spray G injector were performed using the nine-component PACE-20 fuel with both the unified model and the original HRM. The predicted fuel density in the near-nozzle region matched well with X-ray tomography measurements. The simulation results indicated that, whereas the HRM failed to capture the vaporization due to convective mixing between the fuel and ambient gas, the unified model performed well in predicting the mixing-driven vaporization and the corresponding evaporative cooling. Further comparisons using the nine-component fuel formula and a single-component fuel surrogate demonstrated the unified model's ability to predict preferential vaporization, which affects the predictions of local mixture composition and rate of vaporization. Finally, it is shown that the unified model is capable of representing multiple phase change mechanisms, and the relaxation time factor plays an important role in determining the degree of phase change due to the different mechanisms.
33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
Theoretical and experimental study of flow through turbine cascades with coolant flow injection
An analytical study is presented which deals with the change in the outlet flow conditions from a turbine blade row due to coolant air injection through slots. The analysis applies to small secondary to primary mass flow ratios, taking into consideration the change in boundary layer development resulting from injection. The effects of injection location, injection flow angle and injected air momentum flux are investigated. The results of the present analysis are compared with the values obtained using the mixing theory method and experimental data from cold flow tests in a turbine cascade tunnel.
Tabakoff, W.↗
Flow regime analysis for geologic CO2 sequestration and other subsurface fluid injections
Not provided.
Energy & Fuels↗
A Customizable Flow Injection System for Automated, High Throughput, and Time Sensitive Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry Measurements
To better understand disease conditions and environmental perturbations, multi-omic studies (i.e. proteomic, lipidomic, metabolomic, etc. analyses) are vastly increasing in popularity. In a multi-omic study, a single sample is typically extracted in multiple ways and numerous analyses are performed using different instruments. Thus, one sample becomes many analyses, making high throughput and reproducible evaluations a necessity. One way to address the numerous samples and varying instrumental conditions is to utilize a flow injection analysis (FIA) system for rapid sample injection. While some FIA systems have been created to address these challenges, many have limitations such as high consumable costs, low pressure capabilities, limited pressure monitoring and fixed flow rates. To address these limitations, we created an automated, customizable FIA system capable of operating at diverse flow rates (~50 nL/min to 500 µL/min) to accommodate low- and high-flow instrument sources. This system can also operate at varying analytical throughputs from 24 to 1200 samples per day to enable different MS analysis approaches. Applications ranging from native protein analyses to molecular library construction were performed using the FIA system. The results from these studies showed a highly robust platform, providing consistent performance over many days without carryover as long as washing buffers specific to each molecular analysis were utilized.
Orton, Daniel J.↗
Improved Safety Injection Flow Map Associated with Target RCS Depressurization to Maintain Core Coolability of OPR1000
In Korea, Severe Accident Management Guidance (SAMG) for Optimized Power Reactor (OPR1000) has been developed through the research results related to the WOG SAMG, in which the operation phase shifts from the Emergency Operation Procedure (EOP) to the SAMG when the Core Exit Temperature (CET) reaches 923 K. Among 7 mitigation strategies envisioned, the third management strategy, injecting coolant into Reactor Coolant System (RCS) by depressurizing the RCS is one of the key strategies to fortify the in-vessel retention capability. As an aid to such mitigation strategy, a safety injection (SI) flow map has been developed by Lee et al. for predicting required flow rate associated with target RCS depressurization to recover in-vessel coolability. The mechanistic SI flow map used the CET increase rate and core water level decrease rate obtained from MELCOR code simulation. It should be noted that during the severe accident, the total heat generated is sum of the decay heat and the oxidation heat. Thus, it is necessary to consider additional heat sources by oxidation reaction between cladding, structure, control rod, and hot steam prior to the injection of coolant. It was believed that the SI model estimated required flow rate rather conservatively by considering the expected amount decay heat and the accumulated heat in the core based on the RCS pressure. However, it was confirmed that the SI model developed by Lee et al. could not represent the total heat removal especially since start of oxidation. Under transient conditions, the heat sources accumulated in the heat structures (fuel, cladding, supporting structures) should be embarked in the model for accurate contribution of the total heat source to the required flow rate. Therefore, the objective of this study is to improve the previous SI flow map predicting the injection flow rate associated with target RCS depressurization to satisfy the in-vessel coolability during severe accidents. Additional terms were developed to reflect accurate heat accumulating and included in the existing model. Resulting SI flow map includes the target RCS depressurization, which enables discharge of the required flow rate by utilizing the flow rate-pressure curve with operation of two high pressure safety injections (HPSIs). Also recent MELCOR simulation result of a postulated steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) accident verified the accuracy of the improved map.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Effect of Trailing Edge Flow Injection on Fan Noise and Aerodynamic Performance
An experimental investigation using trailing edge blowing for reducing fan rotor/guide vane wake interaction noise was completed in the NASA Glenn 9- by 15-foot Low Speed Wind Tunnel. Data were acquired to measure noise, aerodynamic performance, and flow features for a 22" tip diameter fan representative of modern turbofan technology. The fan was designed to use trailing edge blowing to reduce the fan blade wake momentum deficit. The test objective was to quantify noise reductions, measure impacts on fan aerodynamic performance, and document the flow field using hot-film anemometry. Measurements concentrated on approach, cutback, and takeoff rotational speeds as those are the primary conditions of acoustic interest. Data are presented for a 2% (relative to overall fan flow) trailing edge injection rate and show a 2 dB reduction in Overall Sound Power Level (OAPWL) at all fan test speeds. The reduction in broadband noise is nearly constant and is approximately 1.5 dB up to 20 kHz at all fan speeds. Measurements of tone noise show significant variation, as evidenced by reductions of up to 6 dB in the 2 BPF tone at 6700 rpm.: and increases of nearly 2 dB for the 4 BPF tone at approach speed. Aerodynamic performance measurements show the fan with 2 % injection has an overall efficiency that is comparable to the baseline fan and operates, as intended, with nearly the same pressure ratio and mass flow parameters. Hot-film measurements obtained at the approach operating condition indicate that mean blade wake filling in the tip region was not as significant as expected. This suggests that additional acoustic benefits could be realized if the trailing edge blowing could be modified to provide better filling of the wake momentum deficit. Nevertheless, the hot-film measurements indicate that the trailing edge blowing provided significant reductions in blade wake turbulence. Overall, these results indicate that further work may be required to fully understand the proper implementation of injecting flow at/near the trailing edge as a wake filling strategy. However, data do support the notion that noise reductions can be realized not only for tones but perhaps more importantly, also for broadband. Furthermore, the technique can be implemented without adversely effecting overall fan aerodynamic performance.
Fite, E. Brian↗
National Combustion Code Validated Against Lean Direct Injection Flow Field Data
Most combustion processes have, in some way or another, a recirculating flow field. This recirculation stabilizes the reaction zone, or flame, but an unnecessarily large recirculation zone can result in high nitrogen oxide (NOx) values for combustion systems. The size of this recirculation zone is crucial to the performance of state-of-the-art, low-emissions hardware. If this is a large-scale combustion process, the flow field will probably be turbulent and, therefore, three-dimensional. This research dealt primarily with flow fields resulting from lean direct injection (LDI) concepts, as described in Research & Technology 2001. LDI is a concept that depends heavily on the design of the swirler. The LDI concept has the potential to reduce NOx values from 50 to 70 percent of current values, with good flame stability characteristics. It is cost effective and (hopefully) beneficial to do most of the design work for an LDI swirler using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes are CAE tools that can calculate three-dimensional flows in complex geometries. However, CFD codes are only beginning to correctly calculate the flow fields for complex devices, and the related combustion models usually remove a large portion of the flow physics.
Iannetti, Anthony C.↗
Static Flow Characteristics of a Mass Flow Injecting Valve
A sleeve valve is under development for ground-based forced response testing of air compression systems. This valve will be used to inject air and to impart momentum to the flow inside the first stage of a multi-stage compressor. The valve was designed to deliver a maximum mass flow of 0.22 lbm/s (0.1 kg/s) with a maximum valve throat area of 0.12 sq. in (80 sq. mm), a 100 psid (689 KPA) pressure difference across the valve and a 68 F, (20 C) air supply. It was assumed that the valve mass flow rate would be proportional to the valve orifice area. A static flow calibration revealed a nonlinear valve orifice area to mass flow relationship which limits the maximum flow rate that the valve can deliver. This nonlinearity was found to be caused by multiple choking points in the flow path. A simple model was used to explain this nonlinearity and the model was compared to the static flow calibration data. Only steady flow data is presented here. In this report, the static flow characteristics of a proportionally controlled sleeve valve are modelled and validated against experimental data.
Mattern, Duane↗
Co-flow injection for serial crystallography at X-ray free-electron lasers
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is a powerful technique that exploits X-ray free-electron lasers to determine the structure of macromolecules at room temperature. Despite the impressive exposition of structural details with this novel crystallographic approach, the methods currently available to introduce crystals into the path of the X-ray beam sometimes exhibit serious drawbacks. Samples requiring liquid injection of crystal slurries consume large quantities of crystals (at times up to a gram of protein per data set), may not be compatible with vacuum configurations on beamlines or provide a high background due to additional sheathing liquids present during the injection. Proposed and characterized here is the use of an immiscible inert oil phase to supplement the flow of sample in a hybrid microfluidic 3D-printed co-flow device. Co-flow generation is reported with sample and oil phases flowing in parallel, resulting in stable injection conditions for two different resin materials experimentally. A numerical model is presented that adequately predicts these flow-rate conditions. The co-flow generating devices reduce crystal clogging effects, have the potential to conserve protein crystal samples up to 95% and will allow degradation-free light-induced time-resolved SFX.
3D printing↗
Large Eddy Simulation of a Film Cooling Flow Injected from an Inclined Discrete Cylindrical Hole into a Crossflow with Zero-Pressure Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layer
A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is performed of a high blowing ratio (M = 1.7) film cooling flow with density ratio of unity. Mean results are compared with experimental data to show the degree of fidelity achieved in the simulation. While the trends in the LES prediction are a noticeable improvement over Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) predictions, there is still a lack a spreading on the underside of the lifted jet. This is likely due to the inability of the LES to capture the full range of influential eddies on the underside of the jet due to their smaller structure. The unsteady structures in the turbulent coolant jet are also explored and related to turbulent mixing characteristics
Johnson, Perry L.↗