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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Internet Performance Analysis of South Asian Countries Using End-to-End Internet Performance Measurements

Internet performance is highly correlated with key economic development metrics of a region. According to World Bank, the economic growth of a country increases 1.3% with a 10% increase in the speed of the Internet. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and understand the performance of the Internet links in the region. It helps to figure out the infrastructural inefficiencies, poor resource allocation, and routing issues in the region. Moreover, it provides healthy suggestions for future upgrades. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to understand the Internet performance and routing infrastructure of South Asian countries in comparison to the developed world and neighboring countries using end-to-end Internet performance measurements. The South Asian countries comprise nearly 32% of the Internet users in Asia and nearly 16% of the world. The Internet performance metrics in the region are collected through the PingER framework. The framework is developed by the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, USA and is running for the last 20 years. PingER has 16 monitoring nodes in the region, and in the last year PingER monitors about 40 sites in South Asia using the ubiquitous ping facility. The collected data is used to estimate the key Internet performance metrics of South Asian countries. The performance metrics are compared with the neighboring countries and the developed world. Particularly, the TCP throughput of the countries is also correlated with different development indices. Further, worldwide Internet connectivity and routing patterns of the countries are investigated to figure out the inconsistencies in the region. Furthermore, the performance analysis revealed that the South Asia region is 7-10 years behind the developed regions of North America (USA and Canada), Europe, and East Asia.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Detecting Anomalies from End-to-End Internet Performance Measurements (PingER) Using Cluster Based Local Outlier Factor

PingER (Ping End-to-End Reporting) is a worldwide end-to-end Internet performance measurement framework. It was developed by the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, USA and running from the last 20 years. It has more than 700 monitoring agents and remote sites which monitor the performance of Internet links around 170 countries of the world. At present, the size of the compressed PingER data set is about 60 GB comprising of 100,000 flat files. The data is publicly available for valuable Internet performance analyses. However, the data sets suffer from missing values and anomalies due to congestion, bottleneck links, queuing overflow, network software misconfiguration, hardware failure, cable cuts, and social upheavals. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to detect such performance drops or spikes labeled as anomalies or outliers for the PingER data set. In the proposed approach, the raw text files of the data set are transformed into a PingER dimensional model. The missing values are imputed using the k-NN algorithm. The data is partitioned into similar instances using the k-means clustering algorithm. Afterward, clustering is integrated with the Local Outlier Factor (LOF) using the Cluster Based Local Outlier Factor (CBLOF) algorithm to detect the anomalies or outliers from the PingER data. Lastly, anomalies are further analyzed to identify the time frame and location of the hosts generating the major percentage of the anomalies in the PingER data set ranging from 1998 to 2016.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Sampling Approaches for Multi-Domain Internet Performance Measurement Infrastructures

The next-generation of high-performance networks being developed in DOE communities are critical for supporting current and emerging data-intensive science applications. The goal of this project is to investigate multi-domain network status sampling techniques and tools to measure/analyze performance, and thereby provide “network awareness” to end-users and network operators in DOE communities. We leverage the infrastructure and datasets available through perfSONAR, which is a multi-domain measurement framework that has been widely deployed in high-performance computing and networking communities; the DOE community is a core developer and the largest adopter of perfSONAR. Our investigations include development of semantic scheduling algorithms, measurement federation policies, and tools to sample multi-domain and multi-layer network status within perfSONAR deployments. We validate our algorithms and policies with end-to-end measurement analysis tools for various monitoring objectives such as network weather forecasting, anomaly detection, and fault-diagnosis. In addition, we develop a multi-domain architecture for an enterprise-specific perfSONAR deployment that can implement monitoring-objective based sampling and that adheres to any domain-specific measurement policies.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Internet Access Index: Measuring the availability and household adoption of high-speed internet

Access to broadband or high-speed internet has taken on increased importance during the COVID-19 pandemic as many workplaces and schools shifted to a virtual environment. The Internet Access Index (IAI) was developed to better understand the challenges many households face in connecting to high-speed internet, whether due to lack of broadband availability from internet service providers or difficulties in subscribing to a broadband service. The IAI is calculated as the product of 3 factors. The first two factors gauge the quality and availability of high-speed internet and the third factor represents the public’s ability to subscribe to high-speed internet services. The IAI scores United States’ census tracts on a [0,1] scale, where values near 0 represent areas with less internet access and values approaching 1 represent more internet access. The maximum score (1.0) implies that all census blocks within a census tract have high speed internet available at the highest national speed (currently 1000 mbps), and that all households within the tract have a fixed broadband subscription of some type.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Millions of targets under attack: a macroscopic characterization of the DoS ecosystem

Denial-of-Service attacks have rapidly increased in terms of frequency and intensity, steadily becoming one of the biggest threats to Internet stability and reliability. However, a rigorous comprehensive characterization of this phenomenon, and of countermeasures to mitigate the associated risks, faces many infrastructure and analytic challenges. We make progress toward this goal, by introducing and applying a new framework to enable a macroscopic characterization of attacks, attack targets, and DDoS Protection Services (DPSs). Our analysis leverages data from four independent global Internet measurement infrastructures over the last two years: backscatter traffic to a large network telescope; logs from amplification honeypots; a DNS measurement platform covering 60% of the current namespace; and a DNS-based data set focusing on DPS adoption. Our results reveal the massive scale of the DoS problem, including an eye-opening statistic that one-third of all / 24 networks recently estimated to be active on the Internet have suffered at least one DoS attack over the last two years. We also discovered that often targets are simultaneously hit by different types of attacks. In our data, Web servers were the most prominent attack target; an average of 3% of the Web sites in .com, .net, and .org were involved with attacks, daily. Finally, we shed light on factors influencing migration to a DPS.

Jonker, Mattijs↗
DOE OSTI2017

Big Data Sanitization and Cyber Situational Awareness: A Network Telescope Perspective

This paper addresses the problems of data sanitization and cyber situational awareness by analyzing 910 GB of real Internet-scale traffic, which has been passively collected by monitoring close to 16.5 million darknet IP addresses from a /8 and a /13 network telescopes. First, the paper offers a novel probabilistic darknet preprocessing model, which aims at sanitizing darknet data to prepare it for effective use in the task of cyber threat intelligence generation. Such model has been engineered using a distributed multithreaded approach, rendering it highly effective on darknet big data. Second, the paper further contributes by presenting an innovative approach to infer large-scale orchestrated probing campaigns by leveraging darknet data, for Internet cyber situational awareness. The approach uniquely reduces the dimensionality of such big data by utilizing its artifacts, instead of processing the actual raw data. This is accomplished by extracting and analyzing probing time series using formal methods rooted in Fourier transform and Kalman filtering. Thorough empirical evaluations indeed validate the accuracy and the performance of the proposed methods. We assert that such approaches are of significant value, given their highly applicable nature to the field of Internet measurements for cyber security in the era of big data.

Bou-Harb, Elias↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison of Social Media, Syndromic Surveillance, and Microbiologic Acute Respiratory Infection Data: Observational Study

Internet data can be used to improve infectious disease models. However, the representativeness and individual-level validity of internet-derived measures are largely unexplored as this requires ground truth data for study. This study sought to identify relationships between Web-based behaviors and/or conversation topics and health status using a ground truth, survey-based dataset. This study leveraged a unique dataset of self-reported surveys, microbiological laboratory tests, and social media data from the same individuals toward understanding the validity of individual-level constructs pertaining to influenza-like illness in social media data. Logistic regression models were used to identify illness in Twitter posts using user posting behaviors and topic model features extracted from users’ tweets. Of 396 original study participants, only 81 met the inclusion criteria for this study. Of these participants’ tweets, we identified only two instances that were related to health and occurred within 2 weeks (before or after) of a survey indicating symptoms. It was not possible to predict when participants reported symptoms using features derived from topic models (area under the curve [AUC]=0.51; P=.38), though it was possible using behavior features, albeit with a very small effect size (AUC=0.53; P≤.001). Individual symptoms were also generally not predictable either. The study sample and a random sample from Twitter are predictably different on held-out data (AUC=0.67; P≤.001), meaning that the content posted by people who participated in this study was predictably different from that posted by random Twitter users. Individuals in the random sample and the GoViral sample used Twitter with similar frequencies (similar @ mentions, number of tweets, and number of retweets; AUC=0.50; P=.19). To our knowledge, this is the first instance of an attempt to use a ground truth dataset to validate infectious disease observations in social media data. The lack of signal, the lack of predictability among behaviors or topics, and the demonstrated volunteer bias in the study population are important findings for the large and growing body of disease surveillance using internet-sourced data.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Privacy-aware contextual localization using network traffic analysis

The rise of location-based services has enabled many opportunities for content service providers to optimize the content delivery to user's wireless devices based on her location. Since the sharing precise location remains a major privacy concern among the users, certain location-based services rely on contextual location (e.g. residence, work, etc.) as opposed to acquiring user's exact physical location. In this paper, we present PACL (Privacy-Aware Contextual Localizer) model, which can learn user's contextual location just by passively monitoring user's network traffic. PACL can discern a set of vital attributes (statistical and application-based) from user's network traffic, and predict user's contextual location with a very high accuracy. We design and evaluate PACL using real-world network traces of over 1700 users with over 100GB of total data. Our results show that PACL, when built using the Bayesian Network machine learning algorithm, can predict user's contextual location with the accuracy of around 89%.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Blockchain-Based Decentralized Data Storage and Access Framework for PingER

The blockchain is an innovative technology which opened doors to new applications for solving numerous problems in distributed environments. In this study, we design a blockchain-based data storage and access framework for PingER (worldwide end-to-end Internet performance measurement project) to remove its total dependence on a centralized repository. We use the permissioned blockchain and Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) for this purpose. In the proposed framework, metadata of the files are stored on the blockchain whereas the actual files are stored off-chain through DHT at multiple locations using a peer-to-peer network of PingER Monitoring Agents. Lastly, this will provide decentralized storage, distributed processing, and efficient lookup capabilities to the PingER framework.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1999

Satellite Network Performance Measurements Using Simulated Multi-User Internet Traffic

As a number of diverse satellite systems (both Low Earth Orbit and Geostationary systems) are being designed and deployed, it becomes increasingly important to be able to test these systems under realistic traffic loads. While software simulations can provide valuable input into the system design process, it is crucial that the physical system be tested so that actual network devices can be employed and tuned. These tests need to utilize traffic patterns that closely mirror the expected user load, without the need to actually deploy an end-user network for the test. In this paper, we present trafgen. trafgen uses statistical information about the characteristics of sampled network traffic to emulate the same type of traffic over the test network. This paper compares sampled terrestrial network traffic with emulated satellite network traffic over the NASA ACTS satellite.

Kruse, Hans↗
NASA NTRS2000

Internet Technology on Spacecraft

The Operating Missions as Nodes on the Internet (OMNI) project has shown that Internet technology works in space missions through a demonstration using the UoSAT-12 spacecraft. An Internet Protocol (IP) stack was installed on the orbiting UoSAT-12 spacecraft and tests were run to demonstrate Internet connectivity and measure performance. This also forms the basis for demonstrating subsequent scenarios. This approach provides capabilities heretofore either too expensive or simply not feasible such as reconfiguration on orbit. The OMNI project recognized the need to reduce the risk perceived by mission managers and did this with a multi-phase strategy. In the initial phase, the concepts were implemented in a prototype system that includes space similar components communicating over the TDRS (space network) and the terrestrial Internet. The demonstration system includes a simulated spacecraft with sample instruments. Over 25 demonstrations have been given to mission and project managers, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Department of Defense (DoD), contractor technologists and other decisions makers, This initial phase reached a high point with an OMNI demonstration given from a booth at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) Inspection Day 99 exhibition. The proof to mission managers is provided during this second phase with year 2000 accomplishments: testing the use of Internet technologies onboard an actual spacecraft. This was done with a series of tests performed using the UoSAT-12 spacecraft. This spacecraft was reconfigured on orbit at very low cost. The total period between concept and the first tests was only 6 months! On board software was modified to add an IP stack to support basic IP communications. Also added was support for ping, traceroute and network timing protocol (NTP) tests. These tests show that basic Internet functionality can be used onboard spacecraft. The performance of data was measured to show no degradation from current approaches. The cost to implement is much less than current approaches due to the availability of highly reliable and standard Internet tools. Use of standard Internet applications onboard reduces the risk of obsolescence inherent in custom protocols due to extremely wide use across all domains. These basic building blocks provide the framework for building onboard software to support direct user communication with payloads including payload control. Other benefits are payload to payload communication from dissimilar spacecraft, constellations of spacecraft, and reconfigurability on orbit. This work is funded through contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC).

Rash, James↗
NASA NTRS2003

Space Communications and Data Systems Technologies for Next Generation Earth Science Measurements

The next generation of Earth observing satellites and sensor networks will face challenges in supporting robust high rate communications links from the increasingly sophisticated onboard instruments. Emerging applications will need data rates forecast to be in the 100's to 1000's of Mbps. As mission designers seek smaller spacecraft, challenges exist in reducing the size and power requirements while increasing the capacity of the spacecraft's communications technologies. To meet these challenges, this work looks at three areas of selected space communications and data services technologies, specifically in the development of reflectarray antennas, demonstration of space Internet concepts, and measurement of atmospheric propagation effects on Ka-band signal transmitted from LEO.

Bauer, Robert A.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Internet Access to Spacecraft

The Operating Missions as Nodes on the Internet (OMNI) project at NASA's Goddard Space flight Center (GSFC), is demonstrating the use of standard Internet protocols for spacecraft communication systems. This year, demonstrations of Internet access to a flying spacecraft have been performed with the UoSAT-12 spacecraft owned and operated by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL). Previously, demonstrations were performed using a ground satellite simulator and NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). These activities are part of NASA's Space Operations Management Office (SOMO) Technology Program, The work is focused on defining the communication architecture for future NASA missions to support both NASA's "faster, better, cheaper" concept and to enable new types of collaborative science. The use of standard Internet communication technology for spacecraft simplifies design, supports initial integration and test across an IP based network, and enables direct communication between scientists and instruments as well as between different spacecraft, The most recent demonstrations consisted of uploading an Internet Protocol (IP) software stack to the UoSAT- 12 spacecraft, simple modifications to the SSTL ground station, and a series of tests to measure performance of various Internet applications. The spacecraft was reconfigured on orbit at very low cost. The total period between concept and the first tests was only 3 months. The tests included basic network connectivity (PING), automated clock synchronization (NTP), and reliable file transfers (FTP). Future tests are planned to include additional protocols such as Mobile IP, e-mail, and virtual private networks (VPN) to enable automated, operational spacecraft communication networks. The work performed and results of the initial phase of tests are summarized in this paper. This work is funded and directed by NASA/GSFC with technical leadership by CSC in arrangement with SSTL, and Vytek Wireless.

Rash, James↗
DOE OSTI2014

Developing Information-Space Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) between India and Pakistan

The Internet has changed the world in ways hitherto unknown. The international financial system, air, land and maritime transport systems are all digitally linked. Similarly most militaries are fully or partially networked. This has not only sped up the decision making processes at all levels, it has also rendered these systems vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Cyber-warfare is now recognized as the most potent form of non-kinetic war fighting. In order to prevent large scale network-attacks, cyber-powers are simultaneously spending a lot of time, money and effort to erect redundant cyber-defenses and enhancing their offensive cyber capabilities. Difficulties in creating a stable environment in information-space stem from differing national perceptions regarding the freedom of the Internet, application of international law and problems associated with attribution. This paper discusses a range of Confidence Building Measures that can be created between India and Pakistan in information-space to control malicious cyber behavior and avert an inadvertent war.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗