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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2019

Open Data, Models, and Codes for Vanadium Redox Batch Cell Systems: A Systems Approach Using Zero-Dimensional Models

Abstract In this paper, we study, analyze, and validate some important zero-dimensional physics-based models for vanadium redox batch cell (VRBC) systems and formulate an adequate physics-based model that can predict the battery performance accurately. In the model formulation process, a systems approach to multiple parameters estimation has been conducted using VRBC systems at low C-rates (~C/30). In this batch cell system, the effect of ions' crossover through the membrane is dominant, and therefore, the capacity loss phenomena can be explicitly observed. Paradoxically, this means that using the batch system might be a better approach for identifying a more suitable model describing the effect of ions transport. Next, we propose an efficient systems approach, which enables to help understand the battery performance quickly by estimating all parameters of the battery system. Finally, open source codes, executable files, and experimental data are provided to enable people's access to robust and accurate models and optimizers. In battery simulations, different models and optimizers describing the same systems produce different values of the estimated parameters. Providing an open access platform can accelerate the process to arrive at robust models and optimizers by continuous modification from the users' side.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Targeted electrochemical reduction of carcinogenic N -nitrosamines from emission control systems within CO 2 capture plants

N-Nitrosamines are one of the environmentally significant byproducts from aqueous amine-based post-combustion carbon capture systems (CCS) due to their potential risk to human health. Safely mitigating nitrosamines before they are emitted from these CO 2 capture systems is therefore a key concern before widescale deployment of CCS can be used to address worldwide decarbonization goals. Electrochemical decomposition is one viable route to neutralize these harmful compounds. The circulating emission control waterwash system, commonly installed at the end of the flue gas treatment trains to minimize amine solvent emissions, plays an important role to capture N-nitrosamines and control their emission into the environment. The waterwash solution is the last point where these compounds can be properly neutralized before becoming an environmental hazard. In this study, the decomposition mechanisms of N-nitrosamines in a simulated CCS waterwash with residual alkanolamines was investigated using several laboratory-scale electrolyzers utilizing carbon xerogel (CX) electrodes. Hcell experiments revealed that N-nitrosamines were decomposed through a reduction reaction and are converted into their corresponding secondary amines thereby neutralizing their environmental impact. Batch-cell experiments statistically examined the kinetic models of N-nitrosamine removal by a combined adsorption and decomposition processes. The cathodic reduction of the N-nitrosamines statistically obeyed the first-order reaction model. Finally, a prototype flow-through reactor using an authentic waterwash was used to successfully target and decompose N-nitrosamines to below the detectable level without degrading the amine solvent compounds allowing them to be return to the CCS and lower the system operating costs. Furthermore, the developed electrolyzer was able to efficiently remove greater than 98% of N-nitrosamines from the waterwash solution without producing any additional environmentally harmful compounds and offers an effective and safe route to mitigate these compounds from CO 2 capture systems.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Lignocellulosic materials are plant-derived feedstocks, such as crop residues (e.g., corn stover, rice straw, and sugar cane bagasse) and purpose-grown energy crops (e.g., miscanthus, and switchgrass) that are available in large quantities to produce biofuels, biochemicals, and animal feed. Plant polysaccharides (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin) embedded within cell walls are highly recalcitrant towards conversion into useful products. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) is a thermochemical pretreatment that increases accessibility of polysaccharides to enzymes for hydrolysis into fermentable sugars. These released sugars can be converted into fuels and chemicals in a biorefinery. Here, we describe a laboratory-scale batch AFEX process to produce pretreated biomass on the gram-scale without any ammonia recycling. The laboratory-scale process can be used to identify optimal pretreatment conditions (e.g., ammonia loading, water loading, biomass loading, temperature, pressure, residence time, etc.) and generates sufficient quantities of pretreated samples for detailed physicochemical characterization and enzymatic/microbial analysis. The yield of fermentable sugars from enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover pretreated using the laboratory-scale AFEX process is comparable to pilot-scale AFEX process under similar pretreatment conditions. This paper is intended to provide a detailed standard operating procedure for the safe and consistent operation of laboratory-scale reactors for performing AFEX pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of Electrodialysis Desalination Performance of Novel Bioinspired and Conventional Ion Exchange Membranes with Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions

Electrodialysis (ED) desalination performance of different conventional and laboratory-scale ion exchange membranes (IEMs) has been evaluated by many researchers, but most of these studies used their own sets of experimental parameters such as feed solution compositions and concentrations, superficial velocities of the process streams (diluate, concentrate, and electrode rinse), applied electrical voltages, and types of IEMs. Thus, direct comparison of ED desalination performance of different IEMs is virtually impossible. While the use of different conventional IEMs in ED has been reported, the use of bioinspired ion exchange membrane has not been reported yet. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ED desalination performance differences between novel laboratory‑scale bioinspired IEM and conventional IEMs by determining (i) limiting current density, (ii) current density, (iii) current efficiency, (iv) salinity reduction in diluate stream, (v) normalized specific energy consumption, and (vi) water flux by osmosis as a function of (a) initial concentration of NaCl feed solution (diluate and concentrate streams), (b) superficial velocity of feed solution, and (c) applied stack voltage per cell-pair of membranes. A laboratory‑scale single stage batch-recycle electrodialysis experimental apparatus was assembled with five cell‑pairs of IEMs with an active cross-sectional area of 7.84 cm2. In this study, seven combinations of IEMs (commercial and laboratory-made) were compared: (i) Neosepta AMX/CMX, (ii) PCA PCSA/PCSK, (iii) Fujifilm Type 1 AEM/CEM, (iv) SUEZ AR204SZRA/CR67HMR, (v) Ralex AMH-PES/CMH-PES, (vi) Neosepta AMX/Bare Polycarbonate membrane (Polycarb), and (vii) Neosepta AMX/Sandia novel bioinspired cation exchange membrane (SandiaCEM). ED desalination performance with the Sandia novel bioinspired cation exchange membrane (SandiaCEM) was found to be competitive with commercial Neosepta CMX cation exchange membrane.

42 ENGINEERING↗