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At least 19 records

Hitting the Thermal Target for Leptophilic Dark Matter at Future Lepton Colliders

We study future lepton collider prospects for testing predictive models of leptophilic dark matter (DM) candidates with a thermal origin. We calculate experimental milestones for testing the parameter space compatible with freeze-out and the associated collider signals at past, present, and future facilities. This analysis places new limits on such models by leveraging the utility of lepton colliders. At 𝑒+⁢𝑒− machines, we make projections using precision 𝑍 -pole observables from 𝑒+⁢𝑒−→ℓ+⁢ℓ−+𝐸 signatures at large electron-positron collider and future projections for future circular collider (ee) in these channels. Additionally, a muon collider could also probe new thermal relic parameter space in this scenario via 𝜇+⁢𝜇−→𝑋+𝐸 , where 𝑋 is any easily identifiable standard model object. Collectively, these processes can probe much of the parameter space for which DM direct annihilation to ℓ+⁢ℓ− yields the observed relic density in Higgs-like models with mass-proportional couplings to charged leptons.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Probing lepton number violation at same-sign lepton colliders

Same-sign lepton colliders offer a promising environment to probe lepton number violation. We study processes that change lepton number by two units in the context of Majorana heavy neutral leptons and neutrinophilic scalars at μ TRISTAN , a proposed same-sign muon collider. Our work shows that such colliders, with modest energy and luminosity requirements, can either reveal direct evidence of lepton number violation or significantly constrain unexplored regions of parameter space, especially in the case of a neutrinophilic scalar. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

de Lima, Carlos Henrique (ORCID:0000000252126145)↗

From optimal observables to machine learning: an effective-field-theory analysis of e + e − → W + W − at future lepton colliders

We apply machine-learning techniques to the effective-field-theory analysis of the e + e − → W + W − processes at future lepton colliders, and demonstrate their advantages in comparison with conventional methods, such as optimal observables. In particular, we show that machine-learning methods are more robust to detector effects and backgrounds, and could in principle produce unbiased results with sufficient Monte Carlo simulation samples that accurately describe experiments. This is crucial for the analyses at future lepton colliders given the outstanding precision of the e + e − → W + W − measurement (~ 10−4 in terms of anomalous triple gauge couplings or even better) that can be reached. Our framework can be generalized to other effective-field-theory analyses, such as the one of e + e − → t t ¯ or similar processes at muon colliders.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Transverse spin effects and light-quark dipole moments at lepton colliders

We propose to probe light-quark dipole interactions at lepton colliders using the azimuthal asymmetry of a collinear dihadron pair (ℎ 1 ⁡ℎ 2 ) produced in association with another hadron ℎ′. This asymmetry, arising from quantum interference in the quark spin space, is exclusively sensitive to dipole interactions at the leading power of the new physics scale and simultaneously probes both the real and imaginary components of the dipole couplings. By combining all possible channels of ℎ′, this method allows for disentangling the up and down quark dipole moments and has the potential to significantly strengthen current constraints by one to two orders of magnitude.

Wen, Xin-Kai [Peking University, Beijing (China); ↗

Heavy flavor jet substructure at lepton colliders

We provide a detailed analysis of event-shape observables, namely the energy correlation function and jet angularity, for heavy-flavor jets produced in electron-positron collisions, focusing on quantum chromodynamics (QCD) interactions. Using modern jet substructure techniques, we investigate the dead-cone effect, where QCD radiation is suppressed around a heavy quark within an angle proportional to its mass. Our analysis achieves next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy, combined with partial fixed-order contributions, to improve the description of the transition near the dead-cone threshold. To ensure a comprehensive perspective, we compare our analytical results with predictions from the pythia, herwig, and sherpa Monte Carlo simulations at past and future lepton colliders.

Perturbative QCD↗

HTS Accelerator Magnets Conceptual Design for Future Lepton Colliders

There is an interest in designing superconducting magnet systems for future lepton circular colliders. This application requires many low-field iron-dominated dipole and quadrupole magnets. Conventional room-temperature magnets are often used because of their low field, low total current, and low power losses. However, high electricity bills for large accelerators drive magnet design to superconductivity. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets can substantially reduce energy losses in magnet systems. The present study investigated the conceptual design of HTS dipole and quadrupole magnets operating in persistent current mode. Energy is transferred into the magnet from an external detachable power source. A continuously circulating current generates a stable magnetic field. The iron-dominated magnet system concept was investigated using OPERA3D code, and the results confirmed the proposed approach’s validity.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Flavor-violating Higgs and Z boson decays at a future circular lepton collider

Recent advances in b , c , and s quark tagging coupled with novel statistical analysis techniques will allow future high energy and high statistics electron-positron colliders, such as the FCC-ee, to place phenomenologically relevant bounds on flavor violating Higgs and Z decays to quarks. We assess the FCC-ee reach for Z / h → b s , c u decays as a function of jet tagging performance. We also update the standard model (SM) predictions for the corresponding branching ratios, as well as the indirect constraints on the flavor violating Higgs and Z couplings to quarks. Using the type III two Higgs doublet model as an example of beyond the standard model physics, we show that the searches for h → b s , c u decays at FCC-ee can probe new parameter space not excluded by indirect searches. We also reinterpret the FCC-ee reach for Z → b s , c u in terms of the constraints on models with vectorlike quarks. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Kamenik, Jernej F. (ORCID:0000000151838637)↗

The science case for an intermediate energy advanced and novel accelerator linear collider facility

It is widely accepted that the next lepton collider beyond a Higgs factory would require center-of-mass energy of the order of up to 15 TeV. Since, given reasonable space and cost restrictions, conventional accelerator technology reaches its limits near this energy, high-gradient advanced acceleration concepts are attractive. Advanced and novel accelerators (ANAs) are leading candidates due to their ability to produce acceleration gradients on the order of 1–100 GV/m, leading to compact acceleration facilities. However, intermediate energy facilities (IEF) are required to test the critical technology elements on the way towards multi-TeV-class colliders. Here a science case for a 20–100 GeV center-of-mass energy ANA-based lepton collider that can be a candidate for an intermediate energy facility is presented. The IEF can provide numerous opportunities for high energy physics studies including precision Quantum Chromodynamics and Beyond the Standard Model physics measurements, investigation of charged particle interactions with extreme electromagnetic fields, and exploring muon and proton beam acceleration. Possible applications of this collider include the studies of γγ and electron beam-fixed target/beamdump collider designs. Thus, the goal of the proposed IEF is to both carry out particle physics measurements in the 20-100 GeV ranges as well as to serve as an ANA demonstrator facility.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

New physics contamination to precision luminosity measurements at future 𝑒 +⁢ 𝑒 − colliders

Several key observables of the high-precision physics program at future lepton colliders will critically depend on the knowledge of the absolute machine luminosity. The determination of the luminosity relies on the precise knowledge of some reference process, which is, in principle, not affected by unknown physics, so that its cross section can be computed within a well-established theory, like the Standard Model. Quantifying the uncertainties induced by possible new physics effects on such processes is, therefore, crucial. We present an investigation of light and heavy new physics contributions to the small-angle Bhabha process at future 𝑒 + ⁢𝑒 − colliders, and we discuss possible strategies to remove the contamination due to heavy degrees of freedom by relying on observables that are independent of the absolute luminosity.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Top quark electroweak dipole moment at a high energy muon collider

We study the sensitivity reach to probe the electroweak dipole operators associated with a top quark at a multi-TeV lepton collider. Studying the electroweak dipole operators is strongly motivated by precision physics. The operators exhibit unique chiral structure and can be enhanced with respect to others in theories beyond the Standard Model. We illustrate this point in a strongly coupled composite Higgs model. We find that a high energy μ + ⁢μ – collider may offer a unique opportunity to probe the electroweak dipole operators beyond the coverage by the LHC and future hadron colliders. The significant sensitivity is achieved by the leading channel μ + ⁢μ – → $t$$\overline{t}$ near the threshold, and substantially improved by the novel channel μ + ⁢μ – → $t$$\overline{t}$⁢ℎ at high energies. We may be able to reach a new physics scale well above the collider energy for moderate couplings of the Wilson coefficients. Our main conclusions are applicable to future e + ⁢e – colliders.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

HDSense: An efficient method for ranking observable sensitivity

Identifying which observables most effectively constrain model parameters can be computationally prohibitive when considering full likelihoods of many correlated observables. This is especially important for, e.g., hadronization models, where high precision is required to interpret the results of collider experiments. We introduce the High-Dimensional Sensitivity (HDSense) score, a computationally efficient metric for ranking observable sets using only one-dimensional histograms. Derived by profiling over unknown correlations in the Fisher information framework, the score balances total information content against redundancy between observables. We apply HDSense to rank a set observables in terms of their constraining power with respect to five parameters of the Lund string model of hadronization implemented in Pythia using simulated leptonic collider events at the $Z$ pole. Validation against machine-learning--based full-likelihood approximations demonstrates that HDSense successfully identifies near-optimal observable subsets. The framework naturally handles data from multiple experiments with different acceptances and incorporates detector effects. While demonstrated on hadronization models, the methodology applies broadly to generic parameter estimation problems where correlations are unknown or difficult to model.

Assi, Benoît [Cincinnati U.] (ORCID:00000003092433↗

Higgs boson width and couplings at high energy muon colliders with forward muon detection

We propose a novel method using the ZZ-fusion channel and forward muon detection at high energy muon colliders to address the challenge of the Higgs coupling-width degeneracy. Our approach enables inclusive Higgs rate measurement to 0.75% at 10 TeV muon collider, breaking the coupling-width degeneracy. Results indicate the potential to refine Higgs coupling to subpercent levels and estimate its total width within (–0.41%, +2.1%). Key insights include the effectiveness of forward muon tagging in signal-background separation despite broad recoil mass distribution due to muon energy reconstruction and beam energy spread. The study emphasizes the significance of muon rapidity coverage up to |η⁡(μ)| < 6, enhancing measurement precision. Our findings highlight the unique capabilities of high energy lepton colliders for model-independent Higgs coupling determination and lay the groundwork for future advancements in muon collider technology and Higgs physics research.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

FCC feasibility studies: Impact of tracker- and calorimeter-detector performance on jet flavor identification and Higgs physics analyses

The ambitious physics program planned for the Future Circular Collider electron-positron phase imposes stringent constraints on detector performance. This study systematically investigates how different detector configurations impact jet flavor identification and their effects on high-profile physics analyses. Using Higgs boson coupling measurements and searches for invisible Higgs decays as benchmarks, we evaluate the sensitivity of these analyses to variations in tracker and calorimeter detector properties. We examine modifications to single-point resolution, material budget, silicon layer placement, and particle identification capabilities, quantifying their effects on flavor-tagging performance. Additionally, we present the first comprehensive study of Higgs-to-invisible decay detection using full detector simulation, providing insights for optimizing detector designs at lepton colliders.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

The three-point energy correlator in the coplanar limit

Energy correlators are a type of observables that measure how energy is distributed across multiple detectors as a function of the angles between pairs of detectors. In this paper, we study the three-point energy correlator (EEEC) at lepton colliders in the three-particle near-to-plane (coplanar) limit. The leading-power contribution in this limit is governed by the three-jet (trijet) configuration. We introduce a new approach by projecting the EEEC onto the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the unit vectors aligned with three detected final-state particles. Analogous to the back-to-back limit of the two-point energy correlator probing the dijet configuration, the small-volume limit of the EEEC probes the trijet configuration. We derive a transverse momentum dependent (TMD) based factorization theorem that captures the soft and collinear logarithms in the coplanar limit, which enables us to achieve the next-to-next-to-next-to-leading logarithm (N 3 LL) resummation. To our knowledge, this is the first N 3 LL result for a trijet event shape. Additionally, we demonstrate that a similar factorization theorem can be applied to the fully differential EEEC in the three-particle coplanar limit, which provides a clean environment for studying different coplanar trijet shapes.

Effective Field Theories of QCD↗

Studies of Cherenkov photon production in PbF 2 crystals using proton beams at Fermilab

Future lepton colliders such as the FCC-ee, CEPC, ILC, or a muon collider will collect large data samples that allow precision physics studies with unprecedented accuracy, especially when the data is collected by innovative state-of-the-art detectors. An electromagnetic calorimeter based on scintillating crystals, designed to separately record Cherenkov and scintillation light, can achieve precision measurements of electrons and photons without sacrificing jet energy resolution, given adequate light collection efficiency and separation. This paper presents initial measurements from a program aimed at developing such a calorimeter system for future colliders. Finally, we focus on using PbF 2 crystals to enhance the understanding of Cherenkov light collection, marking the first step in this endeavor.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Bayesian optimization of PYTHIA 8 tunes

A new tune (set of model parameters) is found for the six most important parameters of the PYTHIA 8 final state parton shower and hadronization model using Bayesian optimization. The tune fits the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEPI) data from ALEPH better than the default tune in PYTHIA 8. To the best of our knowledge, we present the most comprehensive application of Bayesian optimization to the tuning of a parton shower and hadronization model using the LEPI data.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Toward UV models of kinetic mixing and portal matter. V. Indirect probes of the new physics scale

Kinetic mixing of the dark photon, the gauge boson of a hidden U ( 1 ) D , with the Standard Model (SM) gauge fields to induce an interaction between ordinary matter and dark matter (DM) at 1-loop requires the existence of portal matter (PM) fields having both dark and SM charges. As discussed in earlier work, these same PM fields can also lead to other loop-level mechanisms besides kinetic mixing that can generate significant interactions between SM fermions and the dark photon in a manner analogous to those that can be generated between a Dirac neutrino and a SM photon, i.e., dark moments. In either case, there are reasons to believe, e.g., due to the renormalization group equation running of the U ( 1 ) D gauge coupling, that PM fields may have ∼ TeV -scale masses that lie at or above those directly accessible to the HL-LHC. If they lie above the reach of the HL-LHC, then the only way to possibly explore the physics at this high scale in the short term is via indirect measurements made at lower energies, e.g., at lepton colliders operating in the m Z to 1 TeV range. In particular, processes such as e + e − → γ + DM or e + e − → f ¯ f , where f is a SM fermion, may be most useful in this regard. Here we explore these possibilities within the framework of a simple toy PM model, introduced in earlier work, based on a non-Abelian dark gauge group completion operating at the PM scale. In the kinetic mixing setup, we show these efforts fail due to the inherently tiny cross sections in the face of substantial SM backgrounds. However, in the case of interactions via induced dark moments, since they necessarily take the form of higher dimensional operators whose influence grows with energy, we show that access to PM-scale information may become possible for certain ranges of the toy model parameters for both of these e + e − processes at a 1 TeV collider. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Three-point energy correlators in hadronic Higgs boson decays

We present the analytic calculation of the leading-order three-point energy correlator (EEEC) in hadronic Higgs decays, including both the gluon-initiated channel H → g g + X and quark-initiated channel H → q q ¯ + X . The phase-space integration is evaluated directly using Mandelstam variables s i j = ( p i + p j ) 2 , and the appearing square roots can be rationalized by either conformal ratios or celestial coordinate variables. Throughout the calculation, we observe the same transcendental function space as in N = 4 super–Yang-Mills theory and e + e − → hadrons . Different infrared limits are also explored using the full analytic result, offering the fixed-order data for EEEC factorization and resummation. Given its nontrivial shape dependence, the EEEC presents an excellent opportunity to explore the dynamics of gluon jets originating from the H → g g decay channel at future lepton colliders. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗