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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

A declining major merger fraction with redshift in the local Universe from the largest-yet catalogue of major and minor mergers in SDSS

It is difficult to accurately identify galaxy mergers and it is an even larger challenge to classify them by their mass ratio or merger stage. In previous work we used a suite of simulated mergers to create a classification technique that uses linear discriminant analysis to identify major and minor mergers. Here, we apply this technique to 1.3 million galaxies from the SDSS DR16 photometric catalogue and present the probability that each galaxy is a major or minor merger, splitting the classifications by merger stages (early, late, post-coalescence). We present publicly available imaging predictor values and all of the above classifications for one of the largest-yet samples of galaxies. We measure the major and minor merger fraction (f merg ) and build a mass-complete sample of galaxies, which we bin as a function of stellar mass and redshift. For the major mergers, we find a positive slope of fmerg with stellar mass and negative slope of f merg with redshift between stellar masses of 10.5 < M * (log M ⊙ ) < 11.6 and redshifts of 0.03 < z < 0.19. We are able to reproduce an artificial positive slope of the major merger fraction with redshift when we do not bin for mass or craft a complete sample, demonstrating the importance of mass completeness and mass binning. Further, we determine that the positive trend of the major merger fraction with stellar mass is consistent with a hierarchical assembly scenario. The negative trend with redshift requires that an additional assembly mechanism, such as baryonic feedback, dominates in the local Universe.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

SDSS-IV MaNGA: The incidence of major mergers in type I and II AGN host galaxies in the DR15 sample

We present a study on the incidence of major mergers and their impact on the triggering of nuclear activity in 47 type I and 236 type II optically selected AGN from the MaNGA DR15 sample. From an estimate of non-parametric image predictors (Gini, M_20, concentration (C), asymmetry (A), clumpiness (S), Sérsic index (n), and shape asymmetry ()) using the SDSS images, in combination with a Linear Discriminant Analysis Method, we identified major mergers and merger stages. We reinforced our results by looking for bright tidal features in our post-processed SDSS and DESI legacy images. We find a statistically significant higher incidence of major mergers of 29 per cent ± 3 per cent in our type I+II AGN sample compared to 22 per cent ± 0.8 per cent for a non-AGN sample matched in redshift, stellar mass, colour, and morphological type, finding also a prevalence of post-coalescence (51 per cent ± 5 per cent) over pre-coalescence (23 per cent ± 6 per cent) merger stages. The levels of AGN activity among our massive major mergers are similar to those reported in other works using [O iii] tracers. However, similar levels are produced by our AGN-galaxies hosting stellar bars, suggesting that major mergers are important promoters of nuclear activity but are not the main nor the only mechanism behind the AGN triggering. The tidal strength parameter Q was considered at various scales looking for environmental differences that could affect our results on the merger incidence, finding non-significant differences. Finally, the H-H β diagram could be used as an empirical predictor for the flux coming from an AGN source, useful to correct photometric quantities in large AGN samples emerging from surveys.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Prevention of resistive wall tearing mode major disruptions with feedback

Resistive wall tearing modes (RWTMs) can cause major disruptions. A signature of RWTMs is that the rational surface is sufficiently close to the wall to interact with it. For (m,n) = (2,1) modes, a RWTM requires normalized minor radius of the rational surface ρ q2 ≥ 0.75, which can also be expressed as q 75 ≤ 2. Major disruptions can occur when the criterion is satisfied. This is confirmed in simulations and theory and in a DIII-D locked mode disruption database. The q 75 < 2 criterion is valid at high β as well as at low β. A very important feature of RWTMs is that they can be feedback stabilized. If the ρ q2 criterion is not satisfied, or if the wall is ideally conducting, then the mode does not produce a major disruption, although it can produce a minor disruption. Feedback, or rotation of the mode at the wall by complex feedback, can emulate an ideal wall, preventing major disruptions. The ρ q2 criterion depends weakly on the wall radius. A simple geometric model of its dependence on wall radius is given.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sorghum SbGhd7 is a major regulator of floral transition and directly represses genes crucial for flowering activation

Molecular genetic understanding of flowering time regulation is crucial for sorghum development. GRAIN NUMBER, PLANT HEIGHT AND HEADING DATE 7 (SbGhd7) is one of the six classical loci conferring photoperiod sensitivity of sorghum flowering. However, its functions remain poorly studied. The molecular functions of SbGhd7 were characterized. The gene regulatory network controlled by SbGhd7 was constructed and validated. The biological roles of SbGhd7 and its major targets were studied. SbGhd7overexpression (OE) completely prevented sorghum flowering. Additionally, we show thatSbGhd7is a major negative regulator of flowering, binding to the promoter motif TGAATG(A/T)(A/T/C) and repressing transcription of the major florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T 10(SbFT10) and floral activators EARLY HEADING DATE(SbEhd1),FLAVIN-BINDING,KELCH REPEAT,F-BOX1(SbFKF1) and EARLY FLOWERING 3(SbELF3). Reinforcing the direct effect ofSbGhd7,SbEhd1OE activated the promoters of three functional florigens (SbFT1,SbFT8andSbFT10), dramatically accelerating flowering. Here our studies demonstrate that SbGhd7 is a major repressor of sorghum flowering by directly and indirectly targeting genes for flowering activation. The mechanism appears ancient. Our study extends the current model of floral transition regulation in sorghum and provides a framework for a comprehensive understanding of sorghum photoperiod response.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Sel1-like proteins and peptides are the major Oxalobacter formigenes -derived factors stimulating oxalate transport by human intestinal epithelial cells

Kidney stones (KSs) are very common, excruciating, and associated with tremendous healthcare cost, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and kidney failure (KF). Most KSs are composed of calcium oxalate and small increases in urinary oxalate concentration significantly enhance the stone risk. Oxalate also potentially contributes to CKD progression, kidney disease-associated cardiovascular diseases, and poor renal allograft survival. This emphasizes the urgent need for plasma and urinary oxalate lowering therapies, which can be achieved by enhancing enteric oxalate secretion. We previously identified Oxalobacter formigenes (O. formigenes)-derived factors secreted in its culture-conditioned medium (CM), which stimulate oxalate transport by human intestinal Caco2-BBE (C2) cells and reduce urinary oxalate excretion in hyperoxaluric mice by enhancing colonic oxalate secretion. Given their remarkable therapeutic potential, we now identified Sel1-like proteins as the major O. formigenes-derived secreted factors using mass spectrometry and functional assays. Crystal structures for six proteins were determined to confirm structures and better understand functions. OxBSel1-14-derived small peptides P8 and P9 were identified as the major factors, with P8 + 9 closely recapitulating the CM’s effects, acting through the oxalate transporters SLC26A2 and SLC26A6 and PKA activation. Besides C2 cells, P8 + 9 also stimulate oxalate transport by human ileal and colonic organoids, confirming that they work in human tissues. Finally, P8 and P9 peptides are identified as the major O. formigenes-derived secreted factors and they have significant therapeutic potential for hyperoxalemia, hyperoxaluria, and related disorders, impacting the outcomes of patients suffering from KSs, enteric hyperoxaluria, primary hyperoxaluria, CKD, KF, and renal transplant recipients.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

A North Carolina Retrospective: Major Outage Event Trends & Hurricane Helene using TASTI-GRID

The impacts of Hurricane Helene in September of 2024 showed magnifying effects on the number of major power outages reported both during and after the catastrophic weather event. The affected areas on the western edge of North Carolina, particularly Buncombe County (Asheville), endured a disproportionate number of outage impacts than surrounding counties atop the Piedmont Plateau. In 2024, each of the counties with the highest frequency of major outage events received at least one category of FEMA Disaster Declaration following Hurricane Helene. While the storm’s impacts certainly skewed 2024’s yearly major outage frequencies, we use TASTI-GRID to identify existence resilience challenges in the years prior to 2024 that may have given way to understanding how geography, topography, population density and other factors have compounding effects on existing resilience challenges in Buncombe and Mecklenburg counties, specifically.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Compact Ferroelectric Programmable Majority Gate for Compute-in-Memory Applications

In this study, a compact and novel ferroelectric (FE) programmable majority gate is proposed and its novel application in Binary Neural Network (BNNs) is investigated. We demonstrate: i) by integrating N metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) capacitors on the gate of a transistor (1T-N-MFM structure), a nonvolatile and programmable majority (MAJ) gate that performs MAJ of AND between the gate input and polarization is realized; ii) validation the functionality of our 3-input MAJ of AND gate through comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigations; iii) a compact implementation of 3-input MAJ of XNOR gate that leverages only five of our 3-input MAJ of AND gates connected in parallel; iv) application of MAJ of XNOR gates to replace the XNOR gates and the first layer of the adder tree in the BNNs for up to 21x area saving on top of eliminating the energy-hungry memory accesses due to the compute-in-memory nature.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

The major trimeric antenna complexes serve as a site for qH-energy dissipation in plants

Plants and algae are faced with a conundrum: harvesting sufficient light to drive their metabolic needs while dissipating light in excess to prevent photodamage, a process known as nonphotochemical quenching. A slowly relaxing form of energy dissipation, termed qH, is critical for plants’ survival under abiotic stress; however, qH location in the photosynthetic membrane is unresolved. Here, we tested whether we could isolate subcomplexes from plants in which qH was induced that would remain in an energy-dissipative state. Interestingly, we found that chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence lifetimes were decreased by qH in isolated major trimeric antenna complexes, indicating that they serve as a site for qH-energy dissipation and providing a natively quenched complex with physiological relevance to natural conditions. Next, we monitored the changes in thylakoid pigment, protein, and lipid contents of antenna with active or inactive qH but did not detect any evident differences. Finally, we investigated whether specific subunits of the major antenna complexes were required for qH but found that qH was insensitive to trimer composition. Because we previously observed that qH can occur in the absence of specific xanthophylls, and no evident changes in pigments, proteins, or lipids were detected, we tentatively propose that the energy-dissipative state reported here may stem from Chl–Chl excitonic interaction.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Contributions of major tau kinase activation and phospho-tau accumulation to cortical and hippocampal tangle formation and cognition in older adults

Aberrant activation of tau kinases (tauK) has been proposed as a major step in tau hyperphosphorylation and misfolding, and subsequent formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, evidence of tauK hyperactivation in actual AD brains is scarce and inconsistent, and their role in age-related cognitive decline remains undocumented. We evaluated activated/inhibited species of CDK5/p35/p25, GSK3a/ß, and ERK1/2 as well as ten tau/phospho-tau (ptau) peptides (mapping Ser 202 , Thr 217 , Ser 262 , Ser 305 , and Ser 404 phospho-residues) by Western blot or selected reaction monitoring proteomics, respectively, in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampal samples of 150 participants from the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP). Regression models and mediation analyses assessed the contributions of these variables to tau phosphorylation, NFT deposition and antemortem cognitive status of MAP participants. Surprisingly, greater p25 and p35 (indices for CDK5 activation) and lower pSer 21/9 -GSK3a/ß (inhibited species) immunodensities were associated with lower ptau peptide amounts. Individuals with higher p25 cortical densities displayed better cognitive outcomes, particularly working memory. Statistical mediation analyses indicated that the beneficial effect of CDK5/p25 on cognition was mediated by lower densities of phospho-Thr 217 -tau and NFT deposition in DLPFC, and also identified Thr 217 and Ser 262 as the ptau sites with greatest influence in both NFT accumulation and cognitive impairment. The present data suggest that tau hyperphosphorylation, tangle deposition, and the subsequent cognitive impairment do not rely on aberrant activation of major tauKs. Additionally, novel evidence was provided for the beneficial contribution of cortical CDK5/p25 to the maintenance of working memory.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

A thousand-genome panel retraces the global spread and adaptation of a major fungal crop pathogen

Human activity impacts the evolutionary trajectories of many species worldwide. Global trade of agricultural goods contributes to the dispersal of pathogens reshaping their genetic makeup and providing opportunities for virulence gains. Understanding how pathogens surmount control strategies and cope with new climates is crucial to predicting the future impact of crop pathogens. Here, we address this by assembling a global thousand-genome panel of Zymoseptoria tritici, a major fungal pathogen of wheat reported in all production areas worldwide. We identify the global invasion routes and ongoing genetic exchange of the pathogen among wheat-growing regions. We find that the global expansion was accompanied by increased activity of transposable elements and weakened genomic defenses. Finally, we find significant standing variation for adaptation to new climates encountered during the global spread. Our work shows how large population genomic panels enable deep insights into the evolutionary trajectory of a major crop pathogen.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Close Major-merger Pairs at z = 0: Star-forming Galaxies with Pseudobulges

Abstract We present a study of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) with pseudobulges (bulges with Sérsic indexn< 2) in a local close major-merger galaxy pair sample (H-KPAIR). With data from new aperture photometries in the optical and near-infrared bands (aperture size of 7 kpc) and from the literature, we find that the mean Age of central stellar populations in Spirals with pseudobulges is consistent with that of disky galaxies and is nearly constant against the bulge-to-total ratio (B/T). Paired Spirals have a slightly lower fraction of pure disk galaxies (B/T ≤ 0.1) than their counterparts in the control sample. Compared to SFGs with classical bulges, those with pseudobulges have a higher (>2σ) mean of specific star formation rate (sSFR) enhancement (sSFR enh = 0.33 ± 0.07 versus sSFR enh = 0.12 ± 0.06) and broader scatter (by ∼1 dex). The eight SFGs that have the highest sSFR enh in the sample all have pseudobulges. A majority (69%) of paired SFGs with strong enhancement (having sSFR more than 5 times the median of the control galaxies) have pseudobulges. The Spitzer data show that the pseudobulges in these galaxies are tightly linked to nuclear/circum-nuclear starbursts. Pseudobulge SFGs in S+S and in S+E pairs have significantly (>3σ) different sSFR enhancement, with the means of sSFR enh = 0.45 ± 0.08 and −0.04 ± 0.11, respectively. We find a decrease in the sSFR enhancements with the density of the environment for SFGs with pseudobulges. Since a high fraction (5/11) of pseudobulge SFGs in S+E pairs are in rich groups/clusters (local density N 1Mpc ≥ 7), the dense environment might be the cause for their low sSFR enh .

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2023

A New Method for the Evaluation of Majority and Minority Carrier Contact Resistivity of Polysilicon on Oxide Contacts

In this contribution we present a novel technique for characterizing the majority and minority carrier contact resistivity in polysilicon on oxide passivating contacts. Traditionally, contact resistivity is measured through the Transfer Length Method (TLM). This method presents difficulties when measuring the minority carrier contact due to the presence of a blocking diode which prevents current flow between the pads. Our novel method is performed by creating a unipolar device which has the same contact on both sides (either symmetric n-type or symmetric p-type) and metalizing the device with a grid on one side, and a full metal contact on the back (the same pattern that will be used in a final cell). We then measure the resistance across the device at increasing illumination. Since the resistivity of the wafer is a function of carrier density, when increasing illumination, the wafer resistivity decreases. We can then fit modeling equations to the measured resistivity and extrapolate the fit to infinite illumination where only the contact resistivity is measured to accurately measure both the minority and majority carrier contact resistivity.

current measurement↗
DOE OSTI2023

Two major chromosome evolution events with unrivaled conserved gene content in pomegranate

Pomegranate has a unique evolutionary history given that different cultivars have eight or nine bivalent chromosomes with possible crossability between the two classes. Therefore, it is important to study chromosome evolution in pomegranate to understand the dynamics of its population. Here, we de novo assembled the Azerbaijani cultivar “Azerbaijan guloyshasi” (AG2017; 2n = 16) and re-sequenced six cultivars to track the evolution of pomegranate and to compare it with previously published de novo assembled and re-sequenced cultivars. High synteny was observed between AG2017, Bhagawa (2n = 16), Tunisia (2n = 16), and Dabenzi (2n = 18), but these four cultivars diverged from the cultivar Taishanhong (2n = 18) with several rearrangements indicating the presence of two major chromosome evolution events. Major presence/absence variations were not observed as >99% of the five genomes aligned across the cultivars, while >99% of the pan-genic content was represented by Tunisia and Taishanhong only. We also revisited the divergence between soft- and hard-seeded cultivars with less structured population genomic data, compared to previous studies, to refine the selected genomic regions and detect global migration routes for pomegranate. We reported a unique admixture between soft- and hard-seeded cultivars that can be exploited to improve the diversity, quality, and adaptability of local pomegranate varieties around the world. Our study adds body knowledge to understanding the evolution of the pomegranate genome and its implications for the population structure of global pomegranate diversity, as well as planning breeding programs aiming to develop improved cultivars.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Distant Echoes of the Milky Way’s Last Major Merger

The majority of the Milky Way’s stellar halo consists of debris from our galaxy’s last major merger, the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus (GSE). In the past few years, stars from the GSE have been kinematically and chemically studied in the inner 30 kpc of our galaxy. However, simulations predict that accreted debris could lie at greater distances, forming substructures in the outer halo. Here we derive metallicities and distances using Gaia DR3 XP spectra for an all-sky sample of luminous red giant stars, and map the outer halo with kinematics and metallicities out to 100 kpc. We obtain follow-up spectra of stars in two strong overdensities—including the previously identified outer Virgo Overdensity—and find them to be relatively metal rich and on predominantly retrograde orbits, matching predictions from simulations of the GSE merger. We argue that these are apocentric shells of GSE debris, forming 60–90 kpc counterparts to the 15–20 kpc shells that are known to dominate the inner stellar halo. Extending our search across the sky with literature radial velocities, we find evidence for a coherent stream of retrograde stars encircling the Milky Way from 50 to 100 kpc, in the same plane as the Sagittarius Stream but moving in the opposite direction. These are the first discoveries of distant and structured imprints from the GSE merger, cementing the picture of an inclined and retrograde collision that built up our galaxy’s stellar halo.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

H I Gas and Star Formation in Major Galaxy Pairs from the FAST All Sky H I Survey (FASHI)

Atomic hydrogen (H I ) plays a fundamental role in fueling star formation in galaxies. However, the behavior of H I gas in interacting systems, particularly galaxy pairs, remains elusive. In this work, we investigate the H I content of major mergers by crossmatching the extragalactic H I catalog from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) All-Sky H I Survey with a previously established sample of isolated galaxy pairs. With the superior sensitivity of FAST, we have constructed the largest sample of major mergers with H I detections, consisting of 440 galaxy pairs: 364 spiral-spiral (S+S) and 76 spiral-elliptical (S+E) systems. We examine the H I gas fraction (f H I ), star formation rate (SFR), and H I star formation efficiency (SFE H I = SFR/M H I ) for individual galaxies in pairs. The control sample is matched in both stellar mass and redshift. We find that paired galaxies, particularly those in pairs with small projected separations (d p < 50 h −1 kpc), exhibit systematically lower (by 8.8%) H I gas fractions compared to the control galaxies. The SFR is enhanced for galaxies in the S+S pairs. The SFE H I is ∼15% higher for galaxies in the S+S pairs than in the control galaxies, while spiral galaxies in the S+E pairs show no significant difference in SFE H I compared to the control sample. These findings suggest that the merger process triggers efficient H I gas depletion and enhances star formation, especially in close S+S pairs. Notably, our sample includes 26 red spirals in paired systems. These galaxies exhibit H I deficiency and suppressed star formation activity compared to the isolated galaxies, indicating that interactions may affect quiescent spirals differently, potentially due to mechanisms similar to those of ellipticals.

Yan, Shulan 淑澜鄢 [Xiamen University (China); SDSS C↗
DOE OSTI2026

Utilities' Role in Major Grid Disruptions [Slides]

The Energy to Communities (E2C) peer-learning cohort program provides technical assistance to groups of 15 community entities around a common energy topic over the course of 6 months. Every month, participants join a virtual meeting where they hear from experts and exchange strategies and best practices with their peers. This cohort, "Planning for Major Energy Disruptions in the Southeast" focuses on strategies for entities in the Southeast to quickly recover from impacts to energy infrastructure caused by extreme events, such as severe weather and natural disasters. This presentation focuses on the role of utilities in preparing for and responding to major energy disruptions. The workshop is on April 23, 2026.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Polymorphic Membrane Protein G Has a Neutral Effect and the Plasmid Glycoprotein 3 an Antagonistic Effect on the Ability of the Major Outer Membrane Protein to Elicit Protective Immune Responses against a Chlamydia muridarum Respiratory Challenge

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen. The number of chlamydial infections continuous to increase and there is an urgent need for a safe and efficacious vaccine. To assess the ability of the Chlamydia muridarum polymorphic membrane protein G (PmpG) and the plasmid glycoprotein 3 (Pgp3) as single antigens, and in combination with the major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) to induce protection, BALB/c mice were immunized utilizing CpG-1826 and Montanide ISA 720 VG as adjuvants. Following vaccination with MOMP, significant humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were observed, while immunization with PmpG, or Pgp3, elicited weaker immune responses. Weaker immune responses were induced with MOMP+Pgp3 compared with MOMP alone. Following the intranasal challenge with C. muridarum, mice vaccinated with MOMP showed robust protection against body-weight loss, inflammatory responses in the lungs and number of Chlamydia recovered from the lungs. PmpG and Pgp3 elicited weaker protective responses. Mice immunized with MOMP+PmpG, were no better protected than animals vaccinated with MOMP only, while Pgp3 antagonized the protection elicited by MOMP. In conclusion, PmpG and Pgp3 elicited limited protective immune responses in mice against a respiratory challenge with C. muridarum and failed to enhance the protection induced by MOMP alone. The virulence of Pgp3 may result from its antagonistic effect on the immune protection induced by MOMP.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cell-Free Screening, Production and Animal Testing of a STI-Related Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein Supported in Nanolipoproteins

Background: Vaccine development against Chlamydia, a prevalent sexually transmied infection (STI), is imperative due to its global public health impact. However, significant challenges arise in the production of effective subunit vaccines based on recombinant protein antigens, particularly with membrane proteins like the Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP). Methods: Cellfree protein synthesis (CFPS) technology is an aractive approach to address these challenges as a method of high-throughput membrane protein and protein complex production coupled with nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs). NLPs provide a supporting scaffold while allowing easy adjuvant addition during formulation. Over the last decade, we have been working toward the production and characterization of MOMP-NLP complexes for vaccine testing. Results: The work presented here highlights the expression and biophysical analyses, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scaering (DLS), which confirm the formation and functionality of MOMP-NLP complexes for use in animal studies. Moreover, immunization studies in preclinical models compare the past and present protective efficacy of MOMP-NLP formulations, particularly when co-adjuvanted with CpG and FSL1. Conclusion: Ex vivo assessments further highlight the immunomodulatory effects of MOMP-NLP vaccinations, emphasizing their potential to elicitrobust immune responses. However, further research is warranted to optimize vaccine formulations further, validate efficacy against Chlamydia trachomatis, and beer understand the underlying mechanisms of immune response.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗