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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Reimagining Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning for New Manufactured Homes

Manufactured homes represent one of the most affordable paths to home ownership for American households, but minimum-efficiency equipment and poor-quality home installation can lead to excess energy use and high operating costs. Slipstream, with partners from the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), Northwest Energy Works, and Washington State University, identified and tested manufactured home HVAC innovations targeted for new construction offering the most promising mix of improved energy performance and likelihood of industry uptake.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advanced Manufactured Home Case Study: A Collaboration for High-Efficiency, Affordable Housing

The introduction of Zero Energy Ready Home Manufactured Homes (ZERH MH) qualification for manufactured homes has generated significant attention and interest in the industry to employ advanced manufacturing techniques. VEIC engaged with Titan Homes to create an advanced manufactured home design that employs ZERH standards, other client-driven above-code standards, and manufacturing processes improvements. This case study identifies specific energy-efficient and quality improvement measures that were implemented to achieve certification and take advantage of incentives for home manufacturers.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Manufactured Home Equipment Sizing and Selection Tool

This tool is for use for manufactured homes built to the HUD Code (thermal provisions of the Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards, Subpart F, Section §3280), including manufactured homes certified as ENERGY STAR® and DOE Efficient New Homes. It provides a simple look-up procedure to assist equipment specifiers, HVAC contractors, home installers, retailers, manufacturers, and electric utility staff. For new manufactured homes, it guides in selection of single speed heat pumps and air conditioners. For existing homes, it determines design conditions and nominal equipment size. The guidelines provide a simple but accurate procedure that reduces oversizing and its associated problems.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Program Design Combining Community Solar and Weatherization for Manufactured Homes in Michigan

The Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) is interested in combining community solar with weatherization programs for manufactured homes. To collect program strategies, EGLE made a request for technical assistance from the US Department of Energy’s National Community Solar Partnership (NCSP). Lawrence Berkeley National Lab developed this study in response. It briefly reviews issues relevant to the question, attempts to lay out a methodology for more in-depth analysis, and provides some recommendations for program design and implementation. While the research is specific to Michigan, the recommendations and methodologies could serve as an example for other states and regions. The paper first provides an overview of manufactured home communities in Michigan, with a discussion of demographics and energy issues they face. It then discusses weatherization opportunities for manufactured homes, opportunities for community solar, and opportunities for combining the two. The methodology proposed is intended to help EGLE: -Identify priority locations, -Set eligibility criteria for communities and households, and -Make the most of federal and other funding sources The paper concludes with recommendations for a program that combines community solar with efficient electrification of manufactured homes to reduce the burden of the largest source of energy expenditure in Michigan, winter heating bills. Specifically, it envisions community solar subscriptions for occupants of manufactured homes that have been converted to high-efficiency cold weather heat pumps. The combination can be managed to alleviate seasonal variations in both solar and heating bills, such as through an annualized “budget billing” program.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of Envelope Energy in a High-Performance Manufactured Home in California

There are important applications for a robust energy model for new construction manufactured homes that can characterize the individual performance of the opaque wall and ceiling components of the building envelope. The efficacy of different insulation materials can be assessed with the confidence that modeled performance will closely predict installed performance. This study uses careful calibration of a standard energy model with a short-term co-heating test in an installed manufactured home to de-aggregate the contributions of planar wall sections from overall building envelope thermal resistance. The methodology takes into account thermal mass effects, solar gains, and physical adjustments to the structure to achieve successful calibration and to inform adjustments to the test procedure for future study.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Simulation-Based Analysis of Impacts of Reduced Envelope and Duct Air Leakage on Indoor Air Pollutant Concentrations in Occupied Manufactured Homes

This report presents a simulation-based analysis that estimates the magnitude of indoor air pollutant concentration changes that could result from the proposed energy conservation standards. The analysis was conducted for a 1568 ft 2 , double-wide MH with variations in heating and cooling equipment (either furnace + air conditioner or heat pump) and various types of whole-house mechanical ventilation (continuous exhaust fan or central fan integrated supply), in three locations with varying climate conditions: Chicago IL, Fresno, CA; and Houston TX. The simulations tracked four air pollutants that can reach levels exceeding established safe target levels in homes: acrolein, formaldehyde, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). The simulations considered acrolein and formaldehyde emitted from continuous indoor sources; acrolein, NO 2 and PM 2.5 from cooking; PM 2.5 from dispersed occupant activities; and NO 2 and PM 2.5 from outdoors, using historical data to identify typical levels. The impacts in homes operating or not operating whole-house mechanical ventilation equipment, kitchen and bath exhaust fans, and window opening as ventilation approaches were examined.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bringing Low- and Moderate-Income Solar Financing Models to Scale (Final Technical Report (FTR))

In this final report, the Clean Energy States Alliance(CESA) and its project partners describe their work to accelerate the development of solar projects for three distinct subsets of the low- to moderate-income(LMI) solar market: single-family homes, manufactured homes, and community institutions, including multifamily affordable housing. For each market sector, the project team undertook research, outreach, and market-building activities. By advancing promising LMI solar financing innovations for different housing types and spreading them to new locations, the Scaling Up Solar for Under-Resourced Communities project has built momentum to scale up LMI solar. Although the report describes some research pertaining to solar adoption in LMI communities, this project was original in that it focused on two specific models to tackle single-family homes and community institutions. Until this project, very little research dedicated to solar for manufactured homes existed. For each market sector, the project team undertook research, outreach, and market-building activities. For the single-family homes sector, the project encouraged states to adapt a program model based on a successful Connecticut initiative that has brought solar to thousands of LMI homeowners. For manufactured homes, the project analyzed the potential for using solar for that housing sector and worked with states, utilities, and other stakeholders to launch pilot projects or programs. For community institutions, the project team worked with foundations, lenders, and community service organizations to inventory, analyze, and communicate models for philanthropic investment that accelerate the deployment of solar and solar+storage in multifamily affordable housing, health centers, and other LMI-serving community institutions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

An Approach to High-Performance Affordable Housing Using Point-Source Space Conditioning

This project explored the use of minisplit ductless heat pumps in combination with small through-wall transfer fans to provide space conditioning in small single-story homes, including manufactured homes and homes built by Habitat for Humanity. The objectives were to reduce space-conditioning energy consumption by 50% compared to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (ICC 2009) while maintaining home affordability and thermal comfort. The strategy to achieve this goal also included a highly efficient thermal envelope to reduce space-conditioning loads.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

DOE Zero Energy Ready Manufactured Housing: Subject Matter Expert Technical Assistance Summary

Manufactured homes offer American consumers an affordable option for decent single-family detached housing. For working-class American families in many U.S. markets, manufactured homes are the first step toward home ownership. They now make up 10% of all new homes constructed in the United States, with higher percentages in the south and in rural communities. To help encourage the production of homes that are more durable, healthy, efficient, and disaster resistant, the U.S. Department of Energy is bringing its building science research to the manufactured housing industry through DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Manufactured Home (ZER-MH) program, which provides technical assistance and voluntary guidelines to manufactured home builders. Homes built to these guidelines are better able to handle power outages and less likely to experience moisture issues, offering a better product option for American families. This higher quality is evidenced by energy modeling which shows homes manufactured to these voluntary guidelines will typically use half the energy of manufactured homes built to the current minimum requirements of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)’s Manufactured Housing and Construction Safety Standard (MHCSS). These homes can also reduce critical energy demand during the busiest hours of the day, typically late afternoon and early evening in the summer when air conditioning demand is highest and mornings in the winter when furnaces and heaters are heating up. Reducing electricity demand during these peak periods when electricity rates are at their highest reduces costs for American families while freeing up capacity on overburdened energy distribution networks. Builders participating in the DOE ZER-MH program are eligible for a tax incentive via the 45L tax credit, which helps to offset the costs of ZER-MH upgrades, enabling builders to offer these certified homes at no additional cost. Together these factors enable manufactured homes to offer home buyers a housing option that is both affordable to finance and affordable to operate, with lower monthly mortgage payments and lower monthly energy bills.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

An Approach to High-Performance Affordable Housing Using Point-Source Space Conditioning

This project explored the use of minisplit ductless heat pumps in combination with small through-wall transfer fans to provide space conditioning in small single-story homes including manufactured homes and homes built by Habitat for Humanity. The objectives were to reduce space conditioning energy consumption by 50% compared to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code while maintaining home affordability and thermal comfort. The strategy to achieve this goal also included a highly efficient thermal envelope to reduce space conditioning loads.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

An Approach to High-Performance Affordable Housing Using Point-Source Space Conditioning

In cooperation with the Building America Program, The Levy Partnership explored a variety of options to reduce space-conditioning energy consumption, working with partners to design, manu- facture, and build test homes in three states. The Levy Partnership tested the use of minisplit ductless heat pumps in combi- nation with small through-wall transfer fans to provide space conditioning in small single-story homes, including manufactured homes and homes built by Habitat for Humanity. The team set out to achieve 50% less energy consumption, compared to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code, while maintaining home afford- ability and thermal comfort. The strategy also included a highly efficient thermal envelope to reduce space-conditioning loads.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Smart, Connected Manufactured Housing Solutions through High-Performance Design. Final CRADA report

This report focuses on HVAC, domestic hot water, and miscellaneous electric loads via voluntary opportunities that may arise from partnerships with utilities, as well as future US Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR and DOE Zero Energy Ready Manufactured Home programs. Phase I of this project has begun the technical dialogue toward developing an implementation plan among DOE’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Clayton Manufactured Homes, and US Department of Housing and Urban Development Code manufactured housing stakeholders. These activities have focused on delivering high-performance design through integration of technology. Project tasks include the following: Identifying baseline energy analysis resources opportunities from a variety of DOE and utility stakeholders; Developing a smart home and business solution by leveraging existing utility programs working with Smart Homes Partners resources such as ACE IoT Solutions, Google Nest, and Ecobee; Developing improved smarter ventilation systems with industry ventilation partners such as the Madison Group; Developing improved building science QA/QC testing equipment with manufacturers such as The Energy Conservatory, and supporting other feasible concepts vetted under DOE’s Advanced Buildings Collaborative with Slipstream, reinventing HVAC in manufactured housing; and, Developing smart home short- and long-term viable technical solutions in coordination with Clayton Manufactured Homes in new and/or revitalized community scales for future Phase II prototype demonstrations, which may include design (and perhaps construction) of single-section homes targeting rental property developers and multi-section homes targeting low- to middle-income affordable housing community developers Given the ongoing US Department of Energy (DOE) rulemaking activities, baseline energy analysis assessments of envelope prescriptive and Uo (i.e., the overall thermal energy efficiency of the home in British thermal units per square foot of exterior heat loss/gain surfaces) measures were removed from the scope of Phase I of this project.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Optimization of wall assembly for DOE Efficient New Homes Program in HUD’s Climate Zones 2 and 3

Manufactured homes provide affordable housing for over 20 million Americans. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Efficient New Homes (ENH) program has introduced new energy certification requirements that manufacturers can optionally target to ensure outstanding levels of energy savings, comfort, health, and durability. In collaboration with Clayton Homes (under User Agreement (NN-23-1469)), Oak Ridge National Laboratory evaluated multiple wall assembly options to meet ENH requirements in HUD Climate Zones 2 and 3, with a target maximum cost premium of 5%. After analyzing thermal performance, cost, and manufacturability, insulated structural sheathing was identified as the most practical and effective solution. A full-scale manufactured home prototype demonstrated that this approach meets energy performance goals with minimal disruption to existing manufacturing processes and a cost premium of less than 10% with a path to further lower costs, offering a promising path forward for more efficient manufactured housing.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Energy Conservation Standards for Manufactured Housing

This draft environmental impact statement (EIS) analyzes the impacts related to DOE’s proposed energy conservation standards for manufactured homes. DOE’s proposed energy conservation standards are based on the 2021 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) and relate to the building thermal envelope; air sealing; installation of insulation; duct sealing; heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC); service hot water systems; mechanical ventilation fan efficacy; and heating and cooling equipment sizing. The draft EIS evaluates DOE’s proposed action (energy conservation standards tiered based the manufacturers retail list price), alternatives to the proposed action (including energy conservation standards tiered based on size of the manufactured home and untiered standards), and a no action alternative. The draft EIS presents analysis of impacts related to (1) energy resources; (2) air resources (including greenhouse gases, climate change, ambient air quality and indoor air quality); (3) health and safety; (4) socioeconomics; and (5) environmental justice.

MacDonell, Margaret↗