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Sostdc1 Regulates NK Cell Maturation and Cytotoxicity [Sostdc1 regulates natural killer cell maturation and cytotoxicity]
NK cells are innate-like lymphocytes that eliminate virally infected and cancerous cells, but the mechanisms that control NK cell development and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We identified roles for sclerostin domain–containing-1 ( Sostdc1 ) in NK cell development and function. Sostdc1 -knockout ( Sostdc1 –/– ) mice display a progressive accumulation of transitional NK cells (tNKs) (CD27 + CD11b + ) with age, indicating a partial developmental block. The NK cell Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1 –/– mice is also changed. Lower frequencies of Sostdc1 –/– splenic tNKs express inhibitory Ly49G2 receptors, but higher frequencies express activating Ly49H and Ly49D receptors. Yet, the frequencies of Ly49I + , G2 + , H + , and D + populations were universally decreased at the most mature (CD27 – CD11b + ) stage. We theorized that the Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1 –/– mice would correlate with NK killing ability and observed that Sostdc1 –/– NK cells are hyporesponsive against MHC class I–deficient cell targets in vitro and in vivo, despite higher CD107a surface levels and similar IFN-γ expression to controls. Consistent with Sostdc1’s known role in Wnt signaling regulation, Tcf7 and Lef1 levels were higher in Sostdc1 –/– NK cells. Expression of the NK development gene Id2 was decreased in Sostdc1 –/– immature NK and tNK cells, but Eomes and Tbx21 expression was unaffected. Reciprocal bone marrow transplant experiments showed that Sostdc1 regulates NK cell maturation and expression of Ly49 receptors in a cell-extrinsic fashion from both nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic sources. Taken together, these data support a role for Sostdc1 in the regulation of NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity, and identify potential NK cell niches.
HydG, the “dangler” iron, and catalytic production of free CO and CN - : implications for [FeFe]-hydrogenase maturation
The hydrogenase maturase HydG produces multiple equivalents of free CO and CN - during catalysis. This production correlates with the activation of hydrogenase, supporting a model in which free CO and CN - are relevant to maturation.
Moving Toward Quantifying Reliability - The Next Step in a Rapidly Maturing PV Industry: Preprint
Some may say that PV modules are moving toward being a simple commodity, but most major PV customers ask: 'How can I minimize chances of a module recall?' Or, 'How can I quantify the added value of a 'premium' module?' Or, 'How can I assess the value of an old PV system that I'm thinking of purchasing?' These are all questions that PVQAT (the International PV Quality Assurance Task Force) and partner organizations are working to answer. Defining standard methods for ensuring minimal acceptable quality of PV modules, differentiating modules that provide added value in the toughest of environments, and creating a process (e.g. through IECRE [1]) that can follow a PV system from design through installation and operation are tough tasks, but having standard approaches for these will increase confidence, reduce costs, and be a critical foundation of a mature PV industry. This paper summarizes current needs for new tests, some challenges for defining those tests, and some of the key efforts toward development of international standards, emphasizing that meaningful quantification of reliability (as in defining a service life prediction) must be done in the context of a specific product with design parameters defined through a quality management system.
Extensive dissemination and intraclonal maturation of HIV Env vaccine-induced B cell responses
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[FeFe]- and [NiFe]-hydrogenase diversity, mechanism, and maturation
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Oxidation-derived maturing process of soot, dependent on O2–NO2 mixtures and temperatures
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Maturation Pathway from Germline to Broad HIV-1 Neutralizer of a CD4-Mimic Antibody
Abstract not provided
Amino acid residue at the 165th position tunes EYFP chromophore maturation. A structure-based design
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Porosity and storage capacity of Middle Devonian shale: A function of thermal maturity, total organic carbon, and clay content
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Effects of aggregate morphology and size on laser-induced incandescence and scattering from black carbon (mature soot)
Not Available
Two disulfide-reducing pathways are required for the maturation of plastid c -type cytochromes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Abstract In plastids, conversion of light energy into ATP relies on cytochrome f, a key electron carrier with a heme covalently attached to a CXXCH motif. Covalent heme attachment requires reduction of the disulfide-bonded CXXCH by CCS5 and CCS4. CCS5 receives electrons from the oxidoreductase CCDA, while CCS4 is a protein of unknown function. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, loss of CCS4 or CCS5 yields a partial cytochrome f assembly defect. Here, we report that the ccs4ccs5 double mutant displays a synthetic photosynthetic defect characterized by a complete loss of holocytochrome f assembly. This defect is chemically corrected by reducing agents, confirming the placement of CCS4 and CCS5 in a reducing pathway. CCS4-like proteins occur in the green lineage, and we show that HCF153, a distant ortholog from Arabidopsis thaliana, can substitute for Chlamydomonas CCS4. Dominant suppressor mutations mapping to the CCS4 gene were identified in photosynthetic revertants of the ccs4ccs5 mutants. The suppressor mutations yield changes in the stroma-facing domain of CCS4 that restore holocytochrome f assembly above the residual levels detected in ccs5. Because the CCDA protein accumulation is decreased specifically in the ccs4 mutant, we hypothesize the suppressor mutations enhance the supply of reducing power through CCDA in the absence of CCS5. We discuss the operation of a CCS5-dependent and a CCS5-independent pathway controlling the redox status of the heme-binding cysteines of apocytochrome f.