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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Intercomparison of airborne and surface-based measurements during the CLARIFY, ORACLES and LASIC field experiments

Data are presented from intercomparisons between two research aircraft, the FAAM BAe-146 and the NASA Lockheed P3, and between the BAe-146 and the surface-based DOE (Department of Energy) ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring) Mobile Facility at Ascension Island (8 S, 14.5W, a remote island in the mid-Atlantic). These took place from 17 August to 5 September 2017, during the African biomass burning season. The primary motivation was to give confidence in the use of data from multiple platforms with which to evaluate numerical climate models. The three platforms were involved in the CLouds-Aerosol-Radiation Interaction and Forcing for Year 2017 (CLARIFY-2017), ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES), and Layered Atlantic Smoke and Interactions with Clouds (LASIC) field experiments. Comparisons from flight segments on six days where the BAe-146 flew alongside the ARM facility on Ascension Island are presented, along with comparisons from wing-tip to wing-tip flight of the P3 and BAe-146 on 18 th August 2017. The intercomparison flight sampled a relatively clean atmosphere overlying a moderately polluted boundary layer, while the 6 fly-bys of the ARM site sampled both clean and polluted conditions 2–4 km upwind. We compare and validate characterisations of aerosol physical, chemical, and optical properties, atmospheric radiation, and cloud microphysics between platforms. We assess the performance of measurement instrumentation in the field, under conditions where sampling conditions are not tightly controlled as in laboratory measurements where calibrations are performed. Solar radiation measurements compared well between airborne platforms. Optical absorption coefficient measurements compared well across all three platforms, even though absolute magnitudes were often low (< 10 Mm -1 ) and close to the sensitivity limits of measurement instrumentation thereby confounding assessments of the comparability of absorption Ångström exponent characterisations. Aerosol absorption measurements from airborne platforms were more comparable than aircraft-to-ground observations. Scattering coefficient observations compared well between airborne platforms, but agreement with ground-based measurements was worse, potentially caused by small differences in sampling conditions or actual aerosol population differences. Chemical composition measurements followed a similar pattern, with better comparisons between the airborne platforms. Thermodynamics, aerosol, and cloud microphysical properties generally compared well.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

List-Mode source injection algorithm for detectors with arbitrary pose and trajectory

environments, introducing actual sources is usually neither feasible nor economical. It is more practical to move the detector (whether airborne, vehicle-borne, or human-portable) through the test environment and then later artificially superimpose either measured or simulated source signatures on the recorded background data. We present a source injection (SI) algorithm that inserts source events into list-mode background data. It is designed to accommodate cases where “injection data” are available only at a limited set of locations. Stochastic methods are employed both to select source events from a measured dataset containing both source and background events, and to scale the number of selected events to match the field conditions of detector-source distance, air attenuation, acquisition duration, and the relative strength of the measured and injected sources. The algorithm is deployed as part of the Airborne Radiation Enhanced-sensor System (ARES) Advanced Technology Demonstration, and is applied to field data obtained using the ARES detector system. For this helicopter-borne detection system, we describe a practical ground-based measurement scheme for acquiring data for later injection. These data are then injected into background data acquired during flight, where arbitrary detector poses and trajectories are possible. Similar flight paths are traversed with and without actual 137Cs and 60Co sources present. SI is applied to the source-absent datasets, and the results are compared to the source-present datasets. SI output is found to be consistent with measured activity within the estimated uncertainties in GPS position and source strength.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Optimizing Long-term Monitoring of Radiation Air Dose Rates - 19169

Radiation air dose rates near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) have been steadily decreasing over the past seven years since the accident in March 2011. After seven years, the radiation monitoring program is expected to transition from short-term emergency responses to long-term monitoring. The objectives of long-term monitoring are often different from early emergency responses, since extensive data accumulation has led to an understanding of contaminant distributions and mobility. The main long-term monitoring objectives are (1) to confirm system stability and the continuing reduction of contaminant and hazard levels, (2) to provide assurance for the public, (3) to accumulate the basic datasets for scientific knowledge and future preparation, and (4) to detect changes or anomalies in contaminant mobility (if they occur), or any unexpected processes or events. In this work, we have developed a methodology for optimizing the sampling locations of radiation air dose-rate monitoring. Three steps are taken in order to determine sampling locations in a systematic manner: (1) prioritizing the critical locations, such as schools or regulatory requirement locations, (2) diversifying locations across the key environmental controls that are known to influence contaminant mobility and distributions, and (3) capturing the heterogeneity of radiation air dose rates across the domain. In the second step, we use a Gaussian mixture model to identify the representative locations in multiple environmental variables, such as elevation and land-cover types. In the third step, we use a Gaussian process model to capture and estimate the heterogeneity of air dose rates across the domain. We use the integrated dose-rate map from the Bayesian geostatistical method as the reference map and distribute the sampling in such a way as to capture the heterogeneity of the reference map. Although we assume hypothetical sets of measurement locations to evaluate the performance of the methodology and algorithms, we have demonstrated this approach using real, spatially extensive datasets, including the integrated air-dose-rate map of 2016. Our results have shown that this approach allows us to add sampling locations in a systematic manner. Increasing the number of sampling locations can better capture the heterogeneity of dose rates, although the estimation error does not decrease further after a certain number of samples. We have also found that when there are restrictions such as pre-existing monitoring locations or the ones along roads, the spatial estimation becomes poor even with the same number of monitoring locations. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Improving Operational Efficiency, Compliance and Community Perception with Real-time Data - 19260

The nuclear and medical radiation industry has always faced a significant burden in effectively balancing exposure and productivity. Maintenance operations and development of new techniques require significant staffing resources to monitor and review personnel exposures and changes in operational radiation levels. Currently utilised monitoring technology and review techniques remain unchanged since the 1950's, relying upon mostly analogue instrumentation and paper reporting. After utilising isolated-area monitoring during a reactor decommissioning project it became apparent that current systems created false assurance as the units continually failed without warning due to 'dirty' power. These instrument failures could have easily led to an unnecessary exposure while operators continued to assume they were being safely monitored. This paper is a philosophical discussion on how current shortcomings could be addressed, security increased, and exposure risks minimised, by utilising real-time monitoring and automated reporting. The community and media expectations of reported data and nuclear monitoring systems continue to be coloured by sensational technology seen in movies and emerging technology available through smart homes and smart cities initiatives. For the general public to be more engaged with real radiation levels and effects, the nuclear industry needs to more effectively communicate safe levels. Organisations can have regain control of exposure levels discussions through the controlled release of background and expected exposure level data. An increase in real world monitoring data communicated in a controlled and more effective way will aid in the general public accepting, and being educated about, the minimal increase above natural background levels of the nuclear industry and other radiation facilities. This is particularly as Australia is in the process of implementing its Nuclear Waste Facility, with community acceptance the number one inhibitor of being able to move forward. Storage, mobile assets, and processing all present unique management, security, exposure, and telemetry challenges for a facility operations manager. Active monitoring and automated review of the monitoring data can alert operators to any unexpected events before any resultant increases in radiation levels cause an unplanned exposure to operators or the environment. Integration of radiation monitoring data with global positioning telemetry enables better organisational awareness of mobile asset location and early detection of any potential shifting and reduction in shielding integrity of sources and encapsulated waste during transport. Additionally, the real-time monitoring can be set-up to enhance an organisations' or nation's security capabilities. For instance, the real time monitor will send an automated alert in the case of an unexpected movement of a source through a monitored facility or for an unscheduled movement of a monitored vehicle. There are further benefits to be gained in control, ALARA principles and effluent management by increasing real-time monitoring capabilities through the stages of the waste cycle. Increasing operational effectiveness while delivering operational cost savings sounds like an attractive proposition. With increased access to operational area radiation data comes drastically improved real-time management of exposures for new, and experimental practices. Increased live data can be utilised to identify optimum practices for reducing operational and environmental exposures or releases. This increased operational data effectively comes with the added benefit of a reduction in the required health physics personnel resources for general operations. By reducing exposure and the detachment of required health physics resources from routine operations, there is greater availability for these resources to support maintenance operations and project-based work. The review of this increased data will create internal capability to identify low-- and high-risk activities, resulting in the ability to reduce the number of highly skilled workers in an industry where the availability of this talent is declining. During my time as the Radiation Safety and Nuclear Security Manager at a research facility, I implemented a real-time monitoring system. The system identified a secondary risk that had previously been unidentified and posed a higher exposure and security risk than the radiation practice being monitored. What stops industry from implementing technology that encourages agile work practices, while minimising security risks and personnel exposure? (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Optimizing DOE Opportunities to Research Land–Atmosphere Interactions in the U.S. Southeast (Workshop Report)

The southeastern United States (Southeast), with its complex and varied environments, is an area of tremendous economic, ecological, and societal importance to the country. The region is characterized by heterogeneous landscapes (i.e., geology and soil type) and a long history of human land use coupled with a warm temperature regime and high precipitation. As a result, soil erosion and deposition are pronounced, vegetation recovery is rapid, and human modification is extensive across the region. To better understand land–atmosphere interactions in this important and complex region, research communities supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program identified the Southeast as a priority region of interest. In fall 2024, the third Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility (AMF3), one of three mobile monitoring facilities designed to collect atmospheric and climate data from undersampled regions around the world, will begin operations in northwestern Alabama’s Bankhead National Forest (BNF). The AMF3-BNF 5-year deployment, from 2024–2029, will monitor the effects of feedbacks among aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on plant physiology and canopy-scale fluxes. It will also focus on scale aggregation to resolve the role of local forcing on larger-scale processes. To enable broader AMF3 involvement by the science community, the BER Environmental System Science (ESS) program organized the Southeast Land– Atmosphere Research Opportunities (SELARO) workshop in August 2023. The purpose was to identify gaps in scientific understanding of terrestrial processes in the Southeast (defined as states bounded by the Gulf of Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to east, the Mississippi River to the west, and extending through Tennessee and North Carolina to the north) and explore opportunities to use the AMF3-BNF deployment to coordinate and leverage research efforts across the region. Many parts of the Southeast have experienced repeated anthropogenic forcings. Farming, hunting, burning, and settlement of the region by Indigenous Peoples first shaped the distribution of plant communities, which in turn influenced European colonization patterns. Timber harvesting was common during the expansion of European settlements, and production forestry continues today. Agricultural production was extensive and then waned through the 20th century, creating a period of afforestation following agricultural abandonment. Today, many formerly agricultural landscapes are undergoing rapid urbanization and suburbanization. Overlying these patterns of anthropogenic land use are frequent disturbances from hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires, drought, flooding, ice storms, and the occasional blizzard. An additional characteristic of the Southeast is its overall landscape complexity. Unlike the western United States, where broad expanses may share similar characteristics, Southeast topography, drainage patterns, vegetation, and development patterns vary widely across relatively small spatial scales (<1 km). This is due to the region’s underlying geology and soil development, species biodiversity patterns, and land ownership and use coupled with strong forces of erosion, weathering, and rapid plant growth in the warm, wet climate.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2013

Smart SPHERES: A Telerobotic Free-Flyer for Intravehicular Activities in Space

Smart SPHERES is a prototype free-flying space robot based on the SPHERES platform. Smart SPHERES can be remotely operated by astronauts inside a spacecraft, or by mission controllers on the ground. We developed Smart SPHERES to perform a variety of intravehicular activities (IVA), such as operations inside the International Space Station (ISS). These IVA tasks include environmental monitoring surveys (radiation, sound levels, etc.), inventory, and mobile camera work. In this paper, we first discuss the motivation for free-flying space robots. We then describe the development of the Smart SPHERES prototype, including avionics, software, and data communications. Finally, we present results of initial flight tests on-board the ISS.

Fong, Terrence↗
NASA NTRS2013

Smart SPHERES: A Telerobotic Free-Flyer for Intravehicular Activities in Space

Smart SPHERES is a prototype free-flying space robot based on the SPHERES platform. Smart SPHERES can be remotely operated by astronauts inside a spacecraft, or by mission controllers on the ground. We developed Smart SPHERES to perform a variety of intravehicular activities (IVA), such as operations inside the International Space Station (ISS). These IVA tasks include environmental monitoring surveys (radiation, sound levels, etc.), inventory, and mobile camera work. In this paper, we first discuss the motivation for free- flying space robots. We then describe the development of the Smart SPHERES prototype, including avionics, software, and data communications. Finally, we present results of initial flight tests on-board the ISS.

Fong, Terrence↗
DOE OSTI2018

Radiation Anomaly Detection and Classification with Bayes Model Selection

We present a new method for radiation anomaly detection that is based on Bayes Model Selection (BMS), together with models for gamma-radiation measurements from benign and threat sources. The method estimates the relative odds of pairs of such models, with the aim of supporting related hypotheses about the nature of the underlying source material. We also discuss partial optimization of the parameters in the models. The method allows measurements to be broadly categorized and screened for sources of interest in real time, a property that should improve the efficiency of mobile search or unattended monitoring operations.

Anomaly detection, Gamma-ray spectroscopy, Radiati↗
DOE OSTI2020

Optimizing long-term monitoring of radiation air-dose rates after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Radiation air dose rates near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) have been steadily decreasing over the past eight years since the release of radioactive elements in March 2011. Currently, the radiation monitoring program is expected to transition to long-term monitoring after most of the remediation activities are completed. The main long-term monitoring objectives are to (1) confirm the continuing reduction of contaminant and hazard levels, (2) provide assurance for the public, (3) accumulate the basic datasets for scientific knowledge and future preparation, and (4) detect changes or anomalies in contaminant mobility (if they occur), or any unexpected processes or events. In this work, we have developed a methodology for optimizing the monitoring locations of radiation air dose-rate monitoring. Our approach consists of three steps in order to determine monitoring locations in a systematic manner: (1) prioritizing the critical locations, such as schools or regulatory requirement locations, (2) diversifying locations that cover the key environmental controls that are known to influence contaminant mobility and distributions, and (3) capturing the heterogeneity of radiation air-dose rates across the domain. Therefore, for the second step, we use a Gaussian mixture model to identify the representative locations among multiple environmental variables, such as elevation and land-cover types. For the third step, we use a Gaussian process model to capture and estimate the heterogeneity of air-dose rates across the domain. Employing an integrated dose-rate map derived from Bayesian geostatistical methods as a reference map, we distribute the monitoring locations in such a way as to capture the heterogeneity of the reference map. Our results have shown that this approach allows us to select monitoring locations in a systematic manner such that the heterogeneity of air dose rates is captured by the minimal number of monitoring locations.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
NASA NTRS1997

Director's Discretionary Fund Report for Fiscal Year 1996

Topics covered include: Waterproofing the Space Shuttle tiles, thermal protection system for Reusable Launch Vehicles, computer modeling of the thermal conductivity of cometary ice, effects of ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation on plants, a novel telemetric biosensor to monitor blood pH on-line, ion mobility in polymer electrolytes for lithium-polymer batteries, a microwave-pumped far infrared photoconductor, and a new method for measuring cloud liquid vapor using near infrared remote sensing. Also included: laser-spectroscopic instrument for turbulence measurement, remote sensing of aircraft contrails using a field portable imaging interferometer, development of a silicon-micromachined gas chromatography system for determination of planetary surface composition, planar Doppler velocimetry, chaos in interstellar chemistry, and a limited pressure cycle engine for high-speed output.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2016

iOS Heart Rate Monitor

The objective of this research project is to create a heart rate monitor mobile application (app) that allows the user to receive an accurate heart rate reading by placing their finger on the camera for about fifteen seconds. The app will be designed to read the heart rate through blood flow, and because blood flow is directly proportional with blood pressure, this app will also allow the user to get a blood pressure estimate. This enables anyone to have an understanding of their health issues if any are present. The overall goal to integrate this heart rate and blood pressure monitoring app with a personal dosimeter to build a comprehensive health monitoring app. The personal dosimeter Bluetooth connection function is being developed by another student group at Texas A and M University-Kingsville. This allows a user to transfer radiation readings from the Geiger counter to an iOS device while being able to monitor their health as they are exposed to radiation. This app's Bluetooth Geiger counter and heart rate/blood pressure monitor features would prove beneficial to individuals in the nuclear industry who are exposed to various levels of radiation. The combination of those functions will allow workers to measure their heart rate and blood pressure conveniently and within short periods of time. The people this app can help include nuclear power plant workers, radiology technicians, hazardous materials removal workers, and nuclear medicine technologists. We strive to create a mobile app that will allow a nuclear field worker to have a faster and more efficient health monitoring method. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1969

Mobility Monitoring System For Ecological Studies

Radioactive-nuclide system automatically monitors animals in the field, using radioactive tracers affixed to the animals, Geiger-Muller tube radiation detectors, and event-recorders. Four animals can be monitored simultaneously within a 32-m circle, with each animal as far as 1 m from its associated detector.

Eisler, W. J., Jr.↗
DOE OSTI2019

The De-Icing Comparison Experiment – ARM Contribution (DICEXACO) Field Campaign Report

Longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes are fundamental quantities regularly observed globally using broadband radiometers. In regions conducive to frost, rime, and snow, ice frequently builds up on sensor windows, contaminating measurements. Since icing occurs under particular meteorological conditions, associated data loss constitutes a climatological bias. Furthermore, the signal caused by ice is difficult to distinguish from that of clouds, hampering efforts to identify contaminated data in post-processing. Because of the sensitivity of radiometers to internal temperature instabilities, there are limitations to using heat as a de-icing method, and consequently substantial amounts of data are lost. The De-Icing Comparison Experiment (D-ICE) was a campaign carried out at $Utqia\dot{g}vik$ (formerly known as Barrow) and Oliktok Point, Alaska, from August 2017 to July 2018. The purpose of D-ICE was to evaluate ventilation and heating technologies developed to mitigate radiometer icing. D-ICE consisted of 20 pyranometers and 5 pyrgeometers operating in various ventilator housings alongside operational stations run by the NOAA Global Monitoring Division (GMD) at NOAA’s Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory. D-ICE also evaluated the sky radiometer (SKYRAD) systems at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) and Oliktok Point (OLI; third ARM Mobile Facility [AMF3]) observatories. In total, 34 systems were evaluated (8 of which were SKYRAD radiometers). All radiometers were monitored continuously using cameras, and a total of more than one million images of sensor domes were archived collectively between the stations. Data collected as part of D-ICE by NOAA can be found through the project web page, https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/arctic/d-ice/. The DICEXACO component of D-ICE (https://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/nsa2017dicexaco) are the images collected at 10-min intervals at both OLI and NSA and are the subject of this report. Two cameras were installed at each ARM station, one directed towards the SKYRAD tracker and the other towards the SKYRAD global precision spectral pyranometer (PSP).

Oliktok Point, North Slope of Alaska, SKYRAD, pyra↗
NASA NTRS2010

Planetary Protection Considerations for Life Support and Habitation Systems

Life support systems for future human missions beyond low Earth orbit may include a combination of existing hardware components and advanced technologies. Discipline areas for technology development include atmosphere revitalization, water recovery, solid waste management, crew accommodations, food production, thermal systems, environmental monitoring, fire protection and radiation protection. Life support systems will be influenced by in situ resource utilization (ISRU), crew mobility and the degree of extravehicular activity. Planetary protection represents an additional set of requirements that technology developers have generally not considered. Planetary protection guidelines will affect the kind of operations, processes, and functions that can take place during future exploration missions, including venting and discharge of liquids and solids, ejection of wastes, use of ISRU, requirements for cabin atmospheric trace contaminant concentrations, cabin leakage and restrictions on what materials, organisms, and technologies that may be brought on missions. Compliance with planetary protection requirements may drive development of new capabilities or processes (e.g. in situ sterilization, waste containment, contaminant measurement) and limit or prohibit certain kinds of operations or processes (e.g. unfiltered venting). Ultimately, there will be an effect on mission costs, including the mission trade space. Planetary protection requirements need to be considered early in technology development programs. It is expected that planetary protection will have a major impact on technology selection for future missions.

Barta, Daniel J.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hurricanes and turbulent floods threaten arsenic-contaminated coastal soils and vulnerable communities

Coastal environments, particularly those adjacent to Superfund sites, are at increased risk of contaminant release during natural disasters, posing serious threats to nearby communities. To investigate this issue, we employed an advanced laboratory flood simulator to impose arsenic-contaminated sediments to turbulent flooding events. We further monitored changes in arsenic collocation and solid-phase speciation using advanced synchrotron radiation-based techniques to understand the impacts of flooding on arsenic mobility. Our results demonstrate that turbulent conditions significantly enhance the resuspension of arsenic-rich sediments, resulting in increased arsenic release into the water. This mobilization is driven by the erosion of the reduced sediments and the redox-mediated transformation and dissolution of Fe and Mn (oxyhydr) oxides, which promote the release of As(III). We found that arsenic speciation on resuspended particles is closely tied to shear stress, with As(V) prevailing at low stress and the more toxic As(III) dominating at higher stress levels. In the post-erosion phase, solid-phase As(III) decreased while dissolved As(III) increased, indicating ongoing desorption. The persistence of multiple arsenic species on resuspended particles marks them as potential long-range transport vectors. Thus, the environmental impact of flooding and sediment resuspension extends beyond the event itself, raising longer-term concerns for arsenic mobility. Our comprehensive geospatial analysis revealed substantial overlap between arsenic-contaminated soils and regions at high risk of flooding and hurricanes across the conterminous United States. This overlap disproportionately impacts economically disadvantaged and marginalized communities. Approximately 40 million Americans reside within 10 kilometers of these high-risk contaminated zones, with nearly 28 million exposed to hurricane threats and around 18 million vulnerable to flooding risks. Alarmingly, over 40% of those affected by hurricanes and 33% of those impacted by flooding belong to underrepresented minority and low-income populations. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted mitigation strategies to protect public health and address environmental justice concerns.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Solid-state transformation of uranyl peroxide materials through high-level irradiation

The solid-state transformation of sodium uranyl triperoxide (Na 4 (UO 2 )(O 2 ) 3 ∙9H 2 O, NaUT) to sodium uranyl tricarbonate (Na 4 (UO 2 )(CO 3 ) 3 ) by radiolysis has been observed for the first time. The exposure of NaUT to 3 MGy gamma irradiation resulted in partial breakdown of the peroxides forming a mixed peroxide and carbonate species. The effects of He ion irradiation on NaUT was also investigated up to 225 MGy using both hydrated argon and dry argon. The complete conversion to the uranyl tricarbonate phase by 56 MGy using hydrated argon, while dry argon did not fully convert showing the importance of water in the system. He-ion irradiated NaUT samples all convert to the tricarbonate phase with time in air post radiation exposure. This transition was monitored via Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to further confirm the identity of the final product as the sodium uranyl tricarbonate, čejkaite. This transformation outlines a mechanism for the mobility of uranyl in natural environments and in the Hanford tanks.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗