Temporally resolved light emission and optical emission spectroscopy of surface flashover in vacuum.
Abstract not provided.
Clark, Raimi↗
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Temporally resolved light emission and optical emission spectroscopy of surface flashover in vacuum.
Abstract not provided.
Clark, Raimi↗
Optical emission diagnostics of plasmas in chemical vapor deposition of single-crystal diamond
A key aspect of single crystal diamond growth via microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition is in-process control of the local plasma–substrate environment, that is, plasma gas phase concentrations of activated species at the plasma boundary layer near the substrate surface. Emission spectra of the plasma relative to the diamond substrate inside the microwave plasma reactor chamber have been analyzed via optical emission spectroscopy. The spectra of radical species such as CH, C{sub 2}, and H (Balmer series) important for diamond growth were identified and analyzed. The emission intensities of these electronically excited species were found to be more dependent on operating pressure than on microwave power. Plasma gas temperatures were calculated from measurements of the C{sub 2} Swan band (d{sup 3}Π → a{sup 3}Π transition) system. The plasma gas temperature ranges from 2800 to 3400 K depending on the spatial location of the plasma ball, microwave power and operating pressure. Addition of Ar into CH{sub 4}+H{sub 2} plasma input gas mixture has little influence on the Hα, Hβ, and Hγ intensities and single-crystal diamond growth rates.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Design and implementation of a portable diagnostic system for Thomson scattering and optical emission spectroscopy measurements
A diagnostic system, which has a design goal of high-portability, has been designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). This project aims at providing measurements of key plasma parameters (ne, Te, ni, Ti) for fusion-relevant devices, utilizing Thomson scattering (TS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The innovative design employs mostly commercial off-the-shelf instrumentation and a traveling team of researchers to conduct measurements at various magnetic-confinement plasma devices. The TS diagnostic uses a Quantel Q-smart 1500 Nd:YAG laser with a 2ω harmonic generator to produce up to 850 mJ of 532 nm laser pulses at 10 Hz. Collection optics placed at the detection port consists of an 11 × 3 optical fiber bundle, where the TS diagnostic uses an 11 × 1 subset array of the fibers, the OES diagnostic uses another 11 fibers, and the remaining fibers are available to the host institution. The detection system is comprised of two separate IsoPlane-320 spectrometers with triple-grating turrets of various line spacing and two PI-MAX 4 intensified CCD detectors, used simultaneously to measure a broad range of ion, impurity, and electron parameters. The self-contained diagnostic package also includes a data processing and storage system. The design and initial implementation of the TS-OES diagnostic system are described. The experiments from the proof-of-principle operation of the portable package on a high density (∼2.5 × 1022 m−3) and low-temperature (∼5 eV) electrothermal arc source at ORNL are also discussed.
Kafle, N. (ORCID:000000028144787X)↗
Portable diagnostic package for Thomson scattering and optical emission spectroscopy on Princeton field-reversed configuration 2 (PFRC 2)
An Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy funded diagnostic system has been deployed to the Princeton field-reversed configuration 2 (PFRC-2) device, located at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The Portable Diagnostic Package (PDP), designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, allows for the measurement of Thomson Scattering (TS) for electron density and temperature and Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) for ion temperature, impurity density, and ion velocity. A tunable spectrometer on the PDP with three gratings provides the flexibility to measure low (1 eV) and high (1000 eV) electron temperature ranges from TS. Additionally, using a second spectrometer, the OES diagnostic can survey light emission from various ion excitation levels for wide wavelength ranges. The electron density (<2 × 10 19 m –3 ) of plasmas generated in PFRC-2 has been below the PDP TS discrimination threshold, which has made TS signal detection challenging against a high-background of laser stray light. The laser stray light was iteratively reduced by making modifications to the entrance and exit geometry on PFRC-2. Rayleigh scattering experiments on PFRC have yielded the TS discrimination sensitivity to be >1 × 10 20 m –3 for the PDP. A recently implemented narrow-band notch spectral filter that masks the second harmonic 532 nm Nd:YAG laser wavelength has increased the system’s TS light discrimination sensitivity 65 times compared to the instance when the notch filter was not implemented. The hardware implementation including design changes to the flight tubes and Brewster windows will be discussed, along with results from Rayleigh and rotational Raman scattering sensitivity analyses, which were used to establish a quantitative figure of merit on the system performance. Further, the Raman scattering calibration with the notch filter has improved the PDP electron density threshold to 1 ± 0.5 × 10 18 m –3 .
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Optical emission spectroscopic studies and comparisons of CH{sub 3}F/CO{sub 2} and CH{sub 3}F/O{sub 2} inductively coupled plasmas
A CH{sub 3}F/CO{sub 2} inductively coupled plasma (ICP), sustained in a compact plasma reactor, was investigated as a function of power (5–400 W) and feed gas composition, at a pressure of 10 mTorr, using optical emission spectroscopy and rare gas actinometry. Number densities of H, F, and O increased rapidly between 74% and 80% CO{sub 2}, ascribed to the transition from polymer-covered to polymer-free reactor walls, similar to that found previously in CH{sub 3}F/O{sub 2} ICPs at 48% O{sub 2}. Below 40% O{sub 2} or CO{sub 2}, relative emission intensity ratios were almost identical for most key species in CH{sub 3}F/O{sub 2} and CH{sub 3}F/CO{sub 2} ICPs except for higher OH/Xe (a qualitative measure of OH and H{sub 2}O densities) over the full range of CH{sub 3}F/O{sub 2} composition. The number density of H, F, and O increased with power in CH{sub 3}F/CO{sub 2} (20%/80%) plasmas (polymer-free walls), reaching 4.0, 0.34, and 1.6 × 10{sup 13}/cm{sup 3}, respectively, at 300 W. The CO number density increased with power and was estimated, based on self-actinometry, to be 8.8 × 10{sup 13}/cm{sup 3} at 300 W. The CO{sub 2} number density was independent of power below 40 W (where very little decomposition occurred), and then decreased rapidly with increasing power, reaching 2.8 × 10{sup 13}/cm{sup 3} at 300 W, corresponding to 83% dissociation. Films deposited on p-Si, 10 cm from the open, downstream end of the plasma reactor, were analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Between 10% and 40% CO{sub 2} or O{sub 2} addition to CH{sub 3}F, film deposition rates fell and O content in the films increased. Faster deposition rates in CH{sub 3}F/CO{sub 2} plasmas were ascribed mainly to a larger thermodynamic driving force to form solid carbon, compared with CH{sub 3}F/O{sub 2} plasmas. Oxygen content in the films increased with increasing CO{sub 2} or O{sub 2} addition, but for the same deposition rate, no substantial differences were observed in the composition of the films.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Reverberation Mapping of Optical Emission Lines in Five Active Galaxies
We present the first results from an optical reverberation mapping campaign executed in 2014 targeting the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) MCG+08-11-011, NGC 2617, NGC 4051, 3C 382, and Mrk 374. Our targets have diverse and interesting observational properties, including a “changing look” AGN and a broad-line radio galaxy. Based on continuum-H β lags, we measure black hole masses for all five targets. We also obtain H γ and He ii λ 4686 lags for all objects except 3C 382. The He ii λ 4686 lags indicate radial stratification of the BLR, and the masses derived from different emission lines are in general agreement. The relative responsivities of these lines are also in qualitative agreement with photoionization models. These spectra have extremely high signal-to-noise ratios (100–300 per pixel) and there are excellent prospects for obtaining velocity-resolved reverberation signatures.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Enhancement of Optical Emission and Ion Currents in a Laser Produced Silicon Plasma by Femtosecond Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structuring
Laser-induced periodic surface structuring is a powerful technique for modifying the surface properties of solids. Using ultrashort pulses from a Ti:Sapphire laser (800 nm, 100 fs) we have fabricated nanoscale order laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on a silicon (100) surface. The LIPSS patterns are found to be strongly dependent on the laser pulse energy, state of polarization, number of shots delivered on the target, and the ambient pressure. The role of laser wavelength is studied by using the second harmonic output (400 nm) also for fabrication. Large area (5x4 mm2) surface structuring has been carried out at atmospheric pressure after optimizing the laser parameters at 800 nm. The patterned silicon surface shows a substantial reduction in the reflection of incident light over a wide range of wavelengths, in comparison to plain silicon. Moreover, when used for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) experiments, enhanced optical emission and ion current have been observed from the patterned surface. This indicates that coupling of laser energy to the surface is enhanced in the case of patterned silicon. While spectral lines emitted by doubly ionized silicon have been observed from the patterned surface, the plain surface gives lines from singly ionized silicon only. A discernible enhancement has been measured in both optical (50-90%) and electrical (34%) signals from the plasma generated on the patterned surface. These results confirm that LIPSS is a versatile method for enhancing the coupling of laser energy on to irradiated solid surfaces.
ion currents, optical emission, laser produced sil↗
Shape controlled Sn doped ZnO nanostructures for tunable optical emission and transport properties
Pure and Sn doped ZnO nanostructures have been grown on SiO{sub 2}/Si substrates by vapor-solid technique without using any catalysts. It has been found that the morphology of the nanostructures depend strongly on the growth temperature and doping concentration. By proper tuning of the growth temperature, morphology of pure ZnO can be changed from tetrapods to multipods. On the other hand, by varying the doping concentration of Sn in ZnO, the morphology can be tuned from tetrapods to flower-like multipods to nanowires. X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that the nanostructures have a preferred (0002) growth orientation, and they are tensile strained with the increase of Sn doping in ZnO. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence characteristics of these nanostructures have been investigated in the range from 10 to 300 K. Pure ZnO tetrapods exhibited less defect state emissions than that of pure ZnO multipods. The defect emission is reduced with low concentration of Sn doping, but again increases at higher concentration of doping because of increased defects. Transport properties of pure and Sn doped ZnO tetrapods have been studied using complex-plane impedance spectroscopy. The contribution from the arms and junctions of a tetrapod could be distinguished. Sn doped ZnO samples showed lower conductivity but higher relaxation time than that of pure ZnO tetrapods.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Preliminary Schlieren and Optical Emission Diagnostics of a High-Voltage Laser Triggered Switch.
Abstract not provided.
Rose, Charles↗
Optical emission from a small scale model electric arc furnace in 250-600 nm region
Optical emission spectroscopy has been for long proposed for monitoring and studying industrial steel making processes. Whereas the radiative decay of thermal excitations is always taking place in high temperatures needed in steel production, one of the most promising environment for such studies are electric arc furnaces, creating plasma in excited electronic states that relax with intense characteristic emission in the optical regime. Unfortunately, large industrial scale electric arc furnaces also present a challenging environment for optical emission studies and application of the method is not straightforward. To study the usability of optical emission spectroscopy in real electric arc furnaces, we have developed a laboratory scale DC electric arc furnace presented in this paper. With the setup, optical emission spectra of Fe, Cr, Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}, Ni, SiO{sub 2}, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, CaO, and MgO were recorded in the wavelength range 250-600 nm and the results were analyzed with the help of reference data. The work demonstrates that using characteristic optical emission, obtaining in situ chemical information from oscillating plasma of electric arc furnaces is indeed possible. In spite of complications, the method could possibly be applied to industrial scale steel making process in order to improve its efficiency.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
A comparison of X-ray and optical emission in Cassiopeia A
Broadband optical and narrowband Si XIII X-ray images of the young Galactic supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A) obtained over several decades are used to investigate spatial and temporal emission correlations on both large and small angular scales. The data examined consist of optical and near-infrared ground-based and Hubble Space Telescope images taken between 1951 and 2011, and of X-ray images from Einstein, ROSAT, and Chandra taken between 1979 and 2013. We find weak spatial correlations between the remnant's X-ray and optical emission features on large scales, but several cases of good optical/X-ray correlations on small scales for features which have brightened due to recent interactions with the reverse shock. We also find instances (1) where a time delay is observed between the appearance of a feature's optical and X-ray emissions, (2) of displacements of several arcseconds between a feature's X-ray and optical emission peaks, and (3) of regions showing no corresponding X-ray or optical emissions. To explain this behavior, we propose a highly inhomogeneous density model for Cas A's ejecta consisting of small, dense optically emitting knots (n ∼10{sup 2-3} cm{sup –3}) and a much lower density (n ∼0.1-1 cm{sup –3}) diffuse X-ray emitting component often spatially associated with optical emission knots. The X-ray emitting component is sometimes linked to optical clumps through shock-induced mass ablation generating trailing material leading to spatially offset X-ray/optical emissions. A range of ejecta densities can also explain the observed X-ray/optical time delays since the remnant's ≈5000 km s{sup –1} reverse shock heats dense ejecta clumps to temperatures around 3 × 10{sup 4} K relatively quickly, which then become optically bright while more diffuse ejecta become X-ray bright on longer timescales. Highly inhomogeneous ejecta as proposed here for Cas A may help explain some of the X-ray/optical emission features seen in other young core-collapse supernova remnants.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
GaAs/GaP quantum dots: Ensemble of direct and indirect heterostructures with room temperature optical emission
We describe the optical emission and the carrier dynamics of an ensemble of self-assembled GaAs quantum dots embedded in GaP(001). The QD formation is driven by the 3.6% lattice mismatch between GaAs and GaP in the Stranski-Krastanow mode after deposition of more than 1.2 monolayers of GaAs. The quantum dots have an areal density between 6 and 7.6 × 10{sup 10} per cm{sup −2} and multimodal size distribution. The luminescence spectra show two peaks in the range of 1.7 and 2.1 eV. The samples with larger quantum dots have red emission and show less thermal quenching compared with the samples with smaller QDs. The large QDs luminescence up to room temperature. We attribute the high energy emission to indirect carrier recombination in the thin quantum wells or small strained quantum dots, whereas the low energy red emission is due to the direct electron-hole recombination in the relaxed quantum dots.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF GAMMA-RAY BURST OPTICAL EMISSION. III. BRIGHTNESS DISTRIBUTIONS AND LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS OF OPTICAL AFTERGLOWS
We continue our systematic statistical study on optical afterglow data of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We present the apparent magnitude distributions of early optical afterglows at different epochs (t = 10{sup 2} s, 10{sup 3} s, and 1 hr) for the optical light curves of a sample of 93 GRBs (the global sample) and for sub-samples with an afterglow onset bump or a shallow decay segment. For the onset sample and shallow decay sample we also present the brightness distribution at the peak time t{sub p} and break time t{sub b}, respectively. All the distributions can be fit with Gaussian functions. We further perform Monte Carlo simulations to infer the luminosity function of GRB optical emission at the rest-frame time 10{sup 3} s, t{sub p}, and t{sub b}. Our results show that a single power-law luminosity function is adequate to model the data with indices -1.40 {+-} 0.10, -1.06 {+-} 0.16, and -1.54 {+-} 0.22. Based on the derived rest-frame 10{sup 3} s luminosity function, we generate the intrinsic distribution of the R-band apparent magnitude M{sub R} at the observed time 10{sup 3} s post-trigger, which peaks at M{sub R} = 22.5 mag. The fraction of GRBs whose R-band magnitude is fainter than 22 mag and 25 mag and at the observer time 10{sup 3} s are {approx}63% and {approx}25%, respectively. The detection probabilities of the optical afterglows with ground-based robotic telescopes and the UV-Optical Telescope on board Swift are roughly consistent with that inferred from this intrinsic M{sub R} distribution, indicating that the variations of the dark GRB fraction among the samples with different telescopes may be due to the observational selection effect, although the existence of an intrinsically dark GRB population cannot be ruled out.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Exploring the working range of automated standard dilution analysis of nutrient elements in foods by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) is an important tool for measuring nutrient elements in food. ICP-OES methods typically determine analytical concentrations using external standard calibration but can be susceptible to matrix effects. The method of standard additions does not suffer from matrix effects but is time consuming and labor intensive. Automated standard dilution analysis (SDA) allows for online matrix matched calibration without preparing individual standard additions for each sample matrix. This approach may solve both time and matrix issues and has been described in the literature as an attractive alternative to standard additions. The working range of the method for nutrient elements, however, is an understudied feature of SDA that may be a potential drawback to routine analysis of foods. We evaluated automated SDA performance through the analysis of 10 reference materials and four fortified (i.e., spiked) foods spanning the AOAC food triangle. We evaluated the working range, accuracy, and precision for analyses of nutrient elements in foods. Accepted accuracy (80–120% recovery) was achieved for 10 nutrient elements, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Zn, when the analytical solution concentration to standard concentration ratio was less than 10. This equates to a working range for each element spanning at least two orders of magnitude. Removing outliers, Z scores (n = 95) ranged from –1.8 to 0.88, and the average recovery (n = 85) from fortification experiments was 97 ± 12% (2σ). Therefore, automated SDA applied to ICP-OES may be used for nutrient elemental analyses in samples with difficult matrices such as foods.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
GRB 090727 AND GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITH EARLY-TIME OPTICAL EMISSION
We present a multi-wavelength analysis of Swift gamma-ray burst GRB 090727, for which optical emission was detected during the prompt gamma-ray emission by the 2 m autonomous robotic Liverpool Telescope and subsequently monitored for a further two days with the Liverpool and Faulkes Telescopes. Within the context of the standard fireball model, we rule out a reverse shock origin for the early-time optical emission in GRB 090727 and instead conclude that the early-time optical flash likely corresponds to emission from an internal dissipation process. Putting GRB 090727 into a broader observational and theoretical context, we build a sample of 36 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with contemporaneous early-time optical and gamma-ray detections. From these GRBs, we extract a sub-sample of 18 GRBs, which show optical peaks during prompt gamma-ray emission, and perform detailed temporal and spectral analysis in gamma-ray, X-ray, and optical bands. We find that in most cases early-time optical emission shows sharp and steep behavior, and notice a rich diversity of spectral properties. Using a simple internal shock dissipation model, we show that the emission during prompt GRB phase can occur at very different frequencies via synchrotron radiation. Based on the results obtained from observations and simulation, we conclude that the standard external shock interpretation for early-time optical emission is disfavored in most cases due to sharp peaks ({Delta}t/t < 1) and steep rise/decay indices, and that internal dissipation can explain the properties of GRBs with optical peaks during gamma-ray emission.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Note: Plasma optical emission spectroscopy for water vapor quantification and detection during vacuum drying process
In this work, a methodology involving plasma optical emission spectroscopy driven by a direct current (dc) plasma source is developed to quantify water vapor concentration in a gaseous stream. The experimental setup consists of a dc driven low-pressure plasma cell in which the emission from the plasma discharge is measured by using an optical emission spectrometer. The emission from Hα at 656.2 nm—the first transition in the Balmer series, was found to be the most sensitive to the water vapor concentration in the gas stream. Consistent linear trends of the emission signals with respect to variation in concentration of water are observed for multiple combinations of operating parameters. This method has been applied to a vacuum drying process of a mock nuclear fuel assembly to quantify the concentration of water vapor during the drying process.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
RESOLVING THE OPTICAL EMISSION LINES OF Ly{alpha} BLOB ''B1'' AT z = 2.38: ANOTHER HIDDEN QUASAR
We have used the SINFONI near-infrared integral field unit on the Very Large Telescope to resolve the optical emission line structure of one of the brightest (L{sub Ly{alpha}} Almost-Equal-To 10{sup 44} erg s{sup -1}) and nearest (z Almost-Equal-To 2.38) of all Ly{alpha} blobs (LABs). The target, known in the literature as object {sup B}1{sup ,} lies at a redshift where the main optical emission lines are accessible in the observed near-infrared. We detect luminous [O III] {lambda}{lambda}4959, 5007 and H{alpha} emission with a spatial extent of at least 32 Multiplication-Sign 40 kpc (4'' Multiplication-Sign 5''). The dominant optical emission line component shows relatively broad lines (600-800 km s{sup -1}, FWHM) and line ratios consistent with active galactic nucleus (AGN) photoionization. The new evidence for AGN photoionization, combined with previously detected C IV and luminous, warm infrared emission, suggest that B1 is the site of a hidden quasar. This is confirmed by the fact that [O II] is relatively weak compared with [O III] (extinction-corrected [O III]/[O II] of about 3.8), which is indicative of a high, Seyfert-like ionization parameter. From the extinction-corrected [O III] luminosity we infer a bolometric AGN luminosity of {approx}3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 46} erg s{sup -1}, and further conclude that the obscured AGN may be Compton-thick given existing X-ray limits. The large line widths observed are consistent with clouds moving within the narrow-line region of a luminous QSO. The AGN scenario is capable of producing sufficient ionizing photons to power the Ly{alpha}, even in the presence of dust. By performing a census of similar objects in the literature, we find that virtually all luminous LABs harbor obscured quasars. Based on simple duty-cycle arguments, we conclude that AGNs are the main drivers of the Ly{alpha} in LABs rather than the gravitational heating and subsequent cooling suggested by cold stream models. We also conclude that the empirical relation between LABs and overdense environments at high redshift must be due to a more fundamental correlation between AGNs (or massive galaxies) and environment.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗