Discharge coefficients for thick plate orifices with approach flow perpendicular and inclined to the orifice axis
Discharge nozzle coefficients for thick plate orifices with approach flow perpendicular and inclined to orifice axis
Metger, G. W.↗
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Noncircular orifice holes and advanced fabrication techniques for liquid rocket injectors. Phase 1 - Analytical and experimental study of noncircular injector orifices, and elements for liquid/liquid injectors Final report
Noncircular liquid rocket injector orifices and elements for liquid/liquid propellants
Mc Hale, R. M.↗
Noncircular orifice holes and advanced fabrication techniques for liquid rocket injectors. Phase 2 - Analytical and experimental study of noncircular injector orifices, and elements for gas/liquid injectors Final report
Characteristics of noncircular injector orifices and elements for gas and liquid injectors
Mc Hale, R. M.↗
Dispersion ring reduces injector orifice-to-orifice flow variation
Technique substantially reduces machine complexity, improves injector performance and is useful for products mixed or homogenized by injector process. Method is applicable to pharmaceutical, food, dairy and petrochemical industries.
Garber, R. L.↗
High Pressure Water Stripping Using Multi-Orifice Nozzles
The use of multi-orifice rotary nozzles greatly increases the speed and stripping effectiveness of high pressure water blasting systems, but also greatly increases the complexity of selecting and optimizing the operating parameters. The rotational speed of the nozzle must be coupled with its transverse velocity as it passes across the surface of the substrate being stripped. The radial and angular positions of each orifice must be included in the analysis of the nozzle configuration. Orifices at the outer edge of the nozzle head move at a faster rate than the orifices located near the center. The energy transmitted to the surface from the impact force of the water stream from an outer orifice is therefore spread over a larger area than energy from an inner orifice. Utilizing a larger diameter orifice in the outer radial positions increases the total energy transmitted from the outer orifice to compensate for the wider distribution of energy. The total flow rate from the combination of all orifices must be monitored and should be kept below the pump capacity while choosing orifice to insert in each position. The energy distribution from the orifice pattern is further complicated since the rotary path of all the orifices in the nozzle head pass through the center section. All orifices contribute to the stripping in the center of the path while only the outer most orifice contributes to the stripping at the edge of the nozzle. Additional orifices contribute to the stripping from the outer edge toward the center section. With all these parameters to configure and each parameter change affecting the others, a computer model was developed to track and coordinate these parameters. The computer simulation graphically indicates the cumulative affect from each parameter selected. The result from the proper choices in parameters is a well designed, highly efficient stripping system. A poorly chosen set of parameters will cause the nozzle to strip aggressively in some areas while leaving the coating untouched in adjacent sections. The high pressure water stripping system can be set to extremely aggressive conditions allowing stripping of hard to remove adhesives, paint systems, and even cladding and chromate conversion coatings. The energy force can also be reduced to strip coatings from thin aluminum substrates without causing any damage or deterioration to the substrate's surface. High pressure water stripping of aerospace components has thus proven to be an efficient and cost effective method for cleaning and removing coatings.
Hoppe, David↗
Joule-Thomson Cryogenic Nitrogen Orifice Flows
The Joule-Thomson Effect involves the expansion of a fluid through a throttling device, often a simple orifice, resulting in a change in the fluid's temperature. It has been leveraged in the design and analysis of Thermodynamic Vent Systems and integrated into injector designs for cryogenic no-vent fill tank-to-tank transfer testing. There is a scarcity of comprehensive data available to model the phenomenon effectively using tools such as GFSSP for cryogenic nitrogen flows. This experiment aims to model the Joule-Thomson effect of liquid nitrogen through seven traditionally manufactured, sharp-edged orifices manufactured by O’Keefe and three additively manufactured (AM) orifices manufactured by Cumberland Additive. The traditional orifice sizes were 0.016, 0.02, 0.024, 0.032, 0.037, and 0.04 inch in diameter. The three additive orifices had diameters with target/nominal sizes equal to the 0.016, 0.024, and 0.04 inch O’Keefe orifices. However, the actual diameters of the AM orifices were found to be 0.014, 0.024, and 0.035 inches due to additive manufacturing restrictions. Water was flowed through the orifices to verify that their flow coefficients matched published values and to establish flow coefficients for the AM orifices. Liquid nitrogen was flowed through the orifices in a separate test apparatus. The liquid nitrogen started as a subcooled liquid upstream of the orifice and transitioned into a two-phase gas-liquid mixture after passing through each orifice. The upstream pressure was set to 29 psia, 34 psia, 39 psia, and/or 42 psia or 44 psia. The pressure, temperature, and flow rate were measured upstream and downstream of the orifice for three trials at each set point. The average volumetric flow rate and Joule-Thomson Coefficients were calculated from this data. The AM orifices and traditionally manufactured orifices displayed similar results. This data will refine the dataset GFSSP uses to model the J-T Effect more accurately.
Joule-Thomson↗
High Pressure Water Stripping Using Multi-Orifice Nozzles
The use of multi-orifice rotary nozzles not only increases the speed and stripping effectiveness of high pressure water blasting systems, but also greatly increases the complexity of selecting and optimizing the operating parameters. The rotational speed of the nozzle must be coupled with the transverse velocity of the nozzle as it passes across the surface of the substrate being stripped. The radial and angular positions of each orifice must be included in the analysis of the nozzle configuration. Since orifices at the outer edge of the nozzle head move at a faster rate than the orifice located near the center, the energy impact force of the water stream from the outer orifice is spread over a larger area than the water streams from the inner orifice. Utilizing a larger diameter orifice in the outer radial positions increases the energy impact to compensate for its wider force distribution. The total flow rate from the combination of orifices must be monitored and kept below the pump capacity while choosing an orifice to insert in each position. The energy distribution from the orifice pattern is further complicated since the rotary path of all orifices in the nozzle head pass through the center section, contributing to the stripping in this area while only the outer most orifice contributes to the stripping in the shell area at the extreme outside edge of the nozzle. From t he outer most shell to the center section, more orifices contribute to the stripping in each progressively reduced diameter shell. With all these parameters to configure and each parameter change affecting the others, a computer model was developed to track and coordinate these parameters. The computer simulation responds by graphically indicating the cumulative affect from each parameter selected. The results from the proper choices in parameters is a well designed, highly efficient stripping system. A poorly chosen set of parameters will cause the nozzle to strip aggressively in some areas while leaving the coating untouched in adjacent sections. The high pressure water stripping system can be set to extremely aggressive conditions allowing stripping of hard to remove adhesives, paint systems, cladding and chromate conversion coatings. The energy force can be reduced to strip coatings from thin aluminum substrates without causing damage or deterioration to the substrate's surface. High pressure water stripping of aerospace components have thus proven to be an efficient and cost effective method for cleaning and removing coatings.
Hoppe, David T.↗
Optimization of Orifice Geometry for Cross-Flow Mixing in a Cylindrical Duct
Mixing of gaseous jets in a cross-flow has significant applications in engineering, one example of which is the dilution zone of a gas turbine combustor. Despite years of study, the design of jet injection in combustors is largely based on practical experience. A series of experiments was undertaken to delineate the optimal mixer orifice geometry. A cross-flow to core-flow momentum-flux ratio of 40 and a mass flow ratio of 2.5 were selected as representative of an advanced design. An experimental test matrix was designed around three variables: the number of orifices, the orifice aspect ratio (long-to-short dimension), and the orifice angle. A regression analysis was performed on the data to arrive at an interpolating equation that predicted the mixing performance of orifice geometry combinations within the range of the test matrix parameters. Results indicate that mixture uniformity is a non-linear function of the number of orifices, the orifice aspect ratio, and the orifice angle. Optimum mixing occurs when the asymptotic mean jet trajectories are in the range of 0.35 less than r/R less than 0.5 (where r = 0 is at the mixer wall) at z/R = 1.0. At the optimum number of orifices, the difference between shallow-angled slots with large aspect ratios and round holes is minimal and either approach will lead to good mixing performance. At the optimum number of orifices, it appears possible to have two local optimums where one corresponds to an aspect ratio of 1.0 and the other to a high aspect ratio.
Sowa, W. A.↗
Gas Generator Feedline Orifice Sizing Methodology: Effects of Unsteadiness and Non-Axisymmetric Flow
Engine LH2 and LO2 gas generator feed assemblies were modeled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods at 100% rated power level, using on-center square- and round-edge orifices. The purpose of the orifices is to regulate the flow of fuel and oxidizer to the gas generator, enabling optimal power supply to the turbine and pump assemblies. The unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved on unstructured grids at second-order spatial and temporal accuracy. The LO2 model was validated against published experimental data and semi-empirical relationships for thin-plate orifices over a range of Reynolds numbers. Predictions for the LO2 square- and round-edge orifices precisely match experiment and semi-empirical formulas, despite complex feedline geometry whereby a portion of the flow from the engine main feedlines travels at a right-angle through a smaller-diameter pipe containing the orifice. Predictions for LH2 square- and round-edge orifice designs match experiment and semi-empirical formulas to varying degrees depending on the semi-empirical formula being evaluated. LO2 mass flow rate through the square-edge orifice is predicted to be 25 percent less than the flow rate budgeted in the original engine balance, which was subsequently modified. LH2 mass flow rate through the square-edge orifice is predicted to be 5 percent greater than the flow rate budgeted in the engine balance. Since CFD predictions for LO2 and LH2 square-edge orifice pressure loss coefficients, K, both agree with published data, the equation for K has been used to define a procedure for orifice sizing.
Rothermel, Jeffry↗
Fluid mechanical model of the acoustic impedance of small orifices
A fluid mechanical model of the acoustic behavior of small orifices is presented which predicts orifice impedance as a function of incident sound pressure level, frequency, and orifice geometry. Agreement between predicted and measured values (in both water and air) of orifice impedance is excellent. The model shows that (1) the acoustic flow in the immediate neighborhood of the orifice can be modelled as a locally spherical flow, (2) within this near field, the flow is, to a first approximation, unsteady and incompressible, and (3) at very low sound pressure levels, the orifice viscous resistance is directly related to the effect of boundary-layer displacement along the walls containing the orifice, and the orifice reactance is directly related to the inertia of the oscillating flow in the orifice neighborhood.-
Hersh, A. S.↗
The application to airfoils of a technique for reducing orifice-induced pressure error at high Reynolds numbers
A wind tunnel investigation was conducted in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel to study the effects of porous (sintered metal) plug orifices on orifice-induced static-pressure measurement error at high Reynolds numbers. A NACA airfoil was tested at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 0.80 and at Reynolds numbers from 6 x 1,000,000 to 40 x 1,000,000. Data are included which compare pressure measurements obtained from porous plug orifices and from conventional orifices with diameters of 0.025 cm (0.010 in.) and 0.102 cm (0.040 in.). The two dimensional airfoil code GRUMFOIL was used to calculate boundary layer displacement thickness. The response time and the downstream effect of the porous plug orifice were considered in this investigation. The results showed that the porous plug orifice could be a viable method of reducing pressure error. The data also showed that the pressure measurements obtained with a 0.102-cm-diameter orifice were very close to the measurements obtained with 0.025-cm-diameter orifice over such of the airfoil and that downstream of a shock the orifice size was not critical.
Plentovich, E. B.↗
Effect of grazing flow on steady-state resistance of isolated square-edged orifices
Steady state diagnostic testing of an isolated orifice has shown the nature of the interaction between grazing and orifice flow causing the large increase in orifice resistance for both inflow and outflow. A simple inviscid interaction model is developed which uses thin aerofoil theory to account for pressure forces exerted at the interface between the orifice and grazing flow together with a one-dimensional discharge coefficient concept. The effect of grazing flow boundary layer thickness is also included in the model. Resistance measurements for each orifice tested, over a wide range of grazing flow speeds and flow rates, collapse into a single curve when plotted in terms of effective discharge coefficient against orifice to grazing velocity ratio. The correlation curves for inflow and outflow are different. Data for clustered orifices collapse in the same way as those for the single orifice. The effect of boundary layer thickness is compared with model predictions.
Rogers, T.↗
Fluid mechanical model of the acoustic impedance of small orifices
A fluid mechanical model of the acoustic behavior of small orifices is presented which predicts orifice resistance and reactance as a function of incident sound pressure level, frequency, and orifice geometry. Agreement between predicted and measured values is excellent. The model shows the following: (1) The acoustic flow in immediate neighborhood of the orifice can be modeled as a locally spherical flow. Within this near field, the flow is, to a first approximation, unsteady and incompressible. (2) At very low sound pressure levels, the orifice viscous resistance is directly related to the effect of boundary-layer displacement along the walls containing the orifice, and the orifice reactance is directly related to the inertia of the oscillating flow in the neighborhood of the orifice. (3) For large values of the incident acoustic pressure, the impedance is dominated by nonlinear jet-like effects. (4) For low values of the pressure, the resistance and reactance are roughly equal.
Hersh, A. S.↗
Effect of grazing flow on the acoustic impedance of Helmholtz resonators consisting of single and clustered orifices
A semiempirical fluid mechanical model is presented which predicts impedance of a Helmholtz resonator consisting of a single cavity-backed orifice as a function of grazing flow speed, boundary-layer thickness, incident sound amplitude and frequency, and resonator geometry. The incident and cavity sound fields are connected in terms of an orifice discharge coefficient. The effect of multiple orifices was studied experimentally. Interaction between orifices is important only for orifices aligned parallel to the grazing flow. Resistance was virtually independent of both orifice relative spacing and number. Reactance was found to be quite dependent upon orifice spacing but insensitive to the number of orifices.
Hersh, A. S.↗
The Influence of Swirl Brakes and a Tip Discharge Orifice on the Rotordynamic Forces Generated by Discharge-to-Suction Leakage Flows in Shrouded Centrifugal Pumps
Recent experiments conducted in the Rotor Force Test Facility at the California Institute of Technology have examined the effects of a tip leakage restriction and swirl brakes on the rotordynamic forces due to leakage flows on an impeller undergoing a prescribed circular whirl. The experiments simulate the leakage flow conditions and geometry of the Alternate Turbopump Design (ATD) of the Space Shuttle High Pressure Oxygen Turbopump and are critical to evaluating the pump's rotordynamic instability problems. Previous experimental and analytical results have shown that discharge-to-suction leakage flows in the annulus of a shrouded centrifugal pump contribute substantially to the fluid induced rotordynamic forces. Also, previous experiments have shown that leakage inlet (pump discharge) swirl can increase the cross-coupled stiffness coefficient and hence increase the range of positive whirl for which the tangential force is destabilizing. In recent experimental work, the present authors demonstrated that when the swirl velocity within the leakage path is reduced by the introduction of ribs or swirl brakes, then a substantial decrease in both the destabilizing normal and tangential forces could be achieved. Motivation for the present research is that previous experiments have shown that restrictions such as wear rings or orifices at pump inlets affect the leakage forces. Recent pump designs such as the Space Shuttle Alternate Turbopump Design (ATD) utilize tip orifices at discharge for the purpose of establishing axial thrust balance. The ATD has experienced rotordynamic instability problems and one may surmise that these tip discharge orifices may also have an important effect on the normal and tangential forces in the plane of impeller rotation. The present study determines if such tip leakage restrictions contribute to undesirable rotordynamic forces. Additional motivation for the present study is that the widening of the leakage path annular clearance and the installation of swirl brakes in the ATD has been proposed to solve its instability problems. The present study assesses the effect of such a design modification on the rotordynamic forces. The experimental apparatus consists of a solid or dummy impeller, a housing instrumented for pressure measurements, a rotating dynamometer and an eccentric whirl mechanism. The solid impeller is used so that leakage flow contributions to the forces are measured, but the main throughflow contributions are not experienced. The inner surface of the housing has been modified to accommodate meridional ribs or swirl brakes within the leakage annulus. In addition, the housing has been modified to accommodate a discharge orifice that qualitatively simulates one side of the balance piston orifice of the Space Shuttle ATD. Results indicate the detrimental effects of a discharge orifice and the beneficial effects of brakes. Plots of the tangential and normal forces versus whirl ratio show a substantial increase in these forces along with destabilizing resonances at some positive whirl ratios when a discharge orifice is added. When brakes are added, some of the detrimental effects of the orifice are reduced. For the tangential force, a plot versus whirl ratio shows a significant reduction and a destabilizing resonance appears to be eliminated. For the normal force, although the overall force is not reduced, again a destabilizing resonance appears to be eliminated.
Sivo, Joseph M.↗
Orifice resistance for ejection into a grazing flow
To explain the decrease in orifice resistance with the addition of grazing flow, the flow from an orifice was modeled by using an inviscid analysis which is valid when the orifice flow total pressure is nearly the same as the free stream grazing flow total pressure. For steady outflow from an orifice into a grazing flow, the orifice flow can enter the main grazing flow in an inviscid manner without generating large eddies to dissipate the kinetic energy of the jet. From the analysis, a simple closed-form solution was developed for the steady resistance for ejection from an orifice into a grazing-flow field. The calculated resistance compare favorably with data for a flow regime where the total pressure difference between the grazing flow and the orifice flow is small.
Baumeister, K. J.↗
Effect of grazing flow on the acoustic impedance of Helmholtz resonators consisting of single and clustered orifices
A semiempirical fluid mechanical model is derived for the acoustic behavior of thin-walled single orifice Helmholtz resonators in a grazing flow environment. The incident and cavity sound fields are connected in terms of an orifice discharge coefficient whose values are determined experimentally using the two-microphone method. Measurements show that at high grazing flow speeds, acoustical resistance is almost linearly proportional to the grazing flow speed and almost independent of incident sound pressure. The corresponding values of reactance are much smaller and tend towards zero. For thicker-walled orifice plates, resistance and reactance were observed to be less sensitive to grazing flow as the ratio of plate thickness to orifice diameter increased. Loud tones were observed to radiate from a single orifice Helmholtz resonator due to interaction between the grazing flow shear layer and the resonator cavity. Measurements showed that the tones radiated at a Strouhal number equal to 0.26. The effects of grazing flow on the impedance of Helmholtz resonators consisting of clusters of orifices was also studied. In general, both resistance and reaction were found to be virtually independent of orifice relative spacing and number. These findings are valid with and without grazing flow.
Hersch, A. S.↗
Subsonic tests of an all-flush-pressure-orifice air data system
The use of an all-flush-pressure-orifice array as a subsonic air data system was evaluated in flight and wind tunnel tests. Two orifice configurations were investigated. Both used orifices arranged in a cruciform pattern on the airplane nose. One configuration also used orifices on the sides of the fuselage for a source of static pressure. The all-nose-orifice configuration was similar to the shuttle entry air data system (SEADS). The flight data were obtained with a KC-135A airplane. The wind tunnel data were acquired with a 0.035-scale model of the KC-135A airplane. With proper calibration, several orifices on the vertical centerline of the vehicle's nose were found to be satisfactory for the determination of total pressure and angle of attack. Angle of sideslip could be accurately determined from pressure measurements made on the horizontal centerline of the aircraft. Orifice pairs were also found that provided pressure ratio relationships suitable for the determination of Mach number. The accuracy that can be expected for the air data determined with SEADS during subsonic orbiter flight is indicated.
Larson, T. J.↗