Combination of the Searches for Pair-Produced Vectorlike Partners of the Third-Generation Quarks at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
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72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
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Phylogenetic structure of specialization: A new approach that integrates partner availability and phylogenetic diversity to quantify biotic specialization in ecological networks
Abstract Biotic specialization holds information about the assembly, evolution, and stability of biological communities. Partner availabilities can play an important role in enabling species interactions, where uneven partner availabilities can bias estimates of biotic specialization when using phylogenetic diversity indices. It is therefore important to account for partner availability when characterizing biotic specialization using phylogenies. We developed an index, phylogenetic structure of specialization (PSS), that avoids bias from uneven partner availabilities by uncoupling the null models for interaction frequency and phylogenetic distance. We incorporate the deviation between observed and random interaction frequencies as weights into the calculation of partner phylogenetic α‐diversity. To calculate the PSS index, we then compare observed partner phylogenetic α‐diversity to a null distribution generated by randomizing phylogenetic distances among the same number of partners. PSS quantifies the phylogenetic structure (i.e., clustered, overdispersed, or random) of the partners of a focal species. We show with simulations that the PSS index is not correlated with network properties, which allows comparisons across multiple systems. We also implemented PSS on empirical networks of host–parasite, avian seed‐dispersal, lichenized fungi–cyanobacteria, and hummingbird pollination interactions. Across these systems, a large proportion of taxa interact with phylogenetically random partners according to PSS, sometimes to a larger extent than detected with an existing method that does not account for partner availability. We also found that many taxa interact with phylogenetically clustered partners, while taxa with overdispersed partners were rare. We argue that species with phylogenetically overdispersed partners have often been misinterpreted as generalists when they should be considered specialists. Our results highlight the important role of randomness in shaping interaction networks, even in highly intimate symbioses, and provide a much‐needed quantitative framework to assess the role that evolutionary history and symbiotic specialization play in shaping patterns of biodiversity. PSS is available as an R package at https://github.com/cjpardodelahoz/pss .
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Shedding light on top partner at the LHC
We investigate the sensitivity of the 14 TeV LHC to pair-produced top partners (T) decaying into the Standard Model top quark (t) plus either a gluon (g) or a photon (γ). The decays T → tg and T → tγ can be dominant when the mixing between the top partner and top quark are negligible. In this case, the conventional decays T → bW , T → tZ, and T → th are highly suppressed and can be neglected. We take a model-independent approach using effective operators for the T-t-g and T-t-γ interactions, considering both spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ top partners. We perform a semi-realistic simulation with boosted top quark tagging and an appropriate implementation of a jet-faking-photon rate. Despite a simple dimensional analysis indicating that the branching ratios BR(T → tγ) ≪ BR(T → tg) due to the electric-magnetic coupling being much smaller than the strong force coupling, our study shows that the LHC sensitivity to $T\bar{T} → t\bar{t}γg$ is more significant than the sensitivity to $T\bar{T}→ t\bar{t}gg$. This is due to much smaller backgrounds attributed to the isolated high-p T photon. We find that with these decay channels and 3 ab -1 of data, the LHC is sensitive to top partner masses m T ≲ 1.4-1.8 TeV for spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ top partners, respectively.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Lattice-friendly gauge completion of a composite Higgs with top partners
We give an explicit example of a composite Higgs model with a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone Higgs in which the top Yukawa coupling is generated via the partial compositeness mechanism. This mechanism requires composite top partners which are relatively light compared to the typical mass scale of the strongly coupled theory. While most studies of the phenomenology of such models have focused on a bottom-up approach with a minimal effective theory, a top-down approach suggests that that the theory should contain a limit in which an unbroken global chiral symmetry protects the mass of the top partners, and the spectrum of the partners satisfies `t Hooft matching conditions. We therefore consider a model for the UV gauge group which could provide a solution to the matching conditions, and note that the relatively light fermions and pseudo-Goldstone bosons fall into complete multiplets of a large approximate global symmetry. This implies that the spectrum of particles lighter than a few TeV is non-minimal. Our example illustrates likely features of a composite Higgs theory, and also serves as an example of a non-chiral theory with no sign problem and a possible solution to `t Hooft matching conditions. It would therefore be very interesting for a lattice exploration. We find in this example that for some low-energy parameters in the effective theory the top partners can decay into high multiplicity final states, which could be difficult for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to constrain. This may potentially allow for the top partners to be lighter than those in more minimal models.
Lattice Quantum Field Theory↗
The interacting domains in cereblon differentially modulate the immunomodulatory drug-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of its binding partners
Highlights: • c-Jun, CLC-1, IKZF1, and MEIS2 interact with CRBN at different domains. • IMiDs differentially regulates the level of CRBN-interacting proteins. • IMiDs modulates the ubiquitination of CRBN-interacting proteins in three manners. • Interacting domains affect the IMiD-mediated regulation on CRBN-binding partners. Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the cullin-4 RING E3 ligase (CRL4), has been utilized for the targeted protein degradation via small molecular weight CRBN modulators. However, it is unclear whether and how proteins that interact with CRBN at different domains are affected by these modulators. Here, we use CRBN and its four binding partners, c-Jun, chloride channel protein CLC-1, transcription factor IKZF1, and MEIS2, as model proteins to investigate the effect of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) including thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, on their stability, ubiquitination, and interaction with CRBN. Together with previous discoveries, domain mapping experiment shows that these four proteins interact with CRBN at three distinct regions. Immunoblotting analyses reveal that the protein level of CRBN-binding partners could be enhanced, attenuated, or not affected by IMiDs. Interaction analyses and ubiquitination assay demonstrate that IMiDs modulate the interaction between CRBN and its binding partners in three distinct ways and thus differentially regulate their ubiquitination. This work suggests that the binding domain in CRBN is a critical factor which influences the regulation of IMiDs on the ubiquitination and stability of these CRBN-interacting partners.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Machine learning techniques for intermediate mass gap lepton partner searches at the large hadron collider
We consider machine learning techniques associated with the application of a boosted decision tree (BDT) to searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) for pair-produced lepton partners which decay to leptons and invisible particles. This scenario can arise in the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), but can be realized in many other extensions of the Standard Model (SM). We focus on the case of intermediate mass splitting ( ∼ 30 GeV ) between the dark matter (DM) and the scalar. For these mass splittings, the LHC has made little improvement over LEP due to large electroweak backgrounds. We find that the use of machine learning techniques can push the LHC well past discovery sensitivity for a benchmark model with a lepton partner mass of ∼ 110 GeV , for an integrated luminosity of 300 fb − 1 , with a signal-to-background ratio of ∼ 0.3 . The LHC could exclude models with a lepton partner mass as large as ∼ 160 GeV with the same luminosity. The use of machine learning techniques in searches for scalar lepton partners at the LHC could thus definitively probe the parameter space of the MSSM in which scalar muon mediated interactions between SM muons and Majorana singlet DM can both deplete the relic density through dark matter annihilation and satisfy the recently measured anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. We identify several machine learning techniques which can be useful in other LHC searches involving large and complex backgrounds. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
Final burst of the moving mirror is unrelated to the partner mode of analog Hawking radiation
Flying mirrors with appropriate trajectories have been recognized as an analog system that mimics black hole Hawking evaporation and have been widely investigated. It has recently been suggested that the partner mode of the analog Hawking radiation emitted from a moving mirror would manifest itself through a final burst when the mirror executes a sudden stop. Here, in this study, we argue the opposite via the partner formula for the moving mirror model. By expanding the theoretical foundation of the partner formula and augmenting it with numerical analysis, we demonstrate that the supposed final burst is induced by a shock that requires the input of external energy, whereas the Hawking radiation partner mode, which is associated with the zero-point vacuum fluctuations, is not responsible for the burst.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Physiological potential and evolutionary trajectories of syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacterial partners of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea
Sulfate-coupled anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is performed by multicellular consortia of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) in obligate syntrophic partnership with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Diverse ANME and SRB clades co-associate but the physiological basis for their adaptation and diversification is not well understood. In this work, we used comparative metagenomics and phylogenetics to investigate the metabolic adaptation among the 4 main syntrophic SRB clades (HotSeep-1, Seep-SRB2, Seep-SRB1a, and Seep-SRB1g) and identified features associated with their syntrophic lifestyle that distinguish them from their non-syntrophic evolutionary neighbors in the phylum Desulfobacterota. We show that the protein complexes involved in direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) from ANME to the SRB outer membrane are conserved between the syntrophic lineages. In contrast, the proteins involved in electron transfer within the SRB inner membrane differ between clades, indicative of convergent evolution in the adaptation to a syntrophic lifestyle. Our analysis suggests that in most cases, this adaptation likely occurred after the acquisition of the DIET complexes in an ancestral clade and involve horizontal gene transfers within pathways for electron transfer (CbcBA) and biofilm formation (Pel). We also provide evidence for unique adaptations within syntrophic SRB clades, which vary depending on the archaeal partner. Among the most widespread syntrophic SRB, Seep-SRB1a, subclades that specifically partner ANME-2a are missing the cobalamin synthesis pathway, suggestive of nutritional dependency on its partner, while closely related Seep-SRB1a partners of ANME-2c lack nutritional auxotrophies. Our work provides insight into the features associated with DIET-based syntrophy and the adaptation of SRB towards it.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Applying Crystallography and 19 F NMR to investigate dynamics and partner protein interactions in a long chain Flavodoxin
Flavodoxin (Fld) is a small FMN containing protein that is involved in single electron transfer. The long‐chain flavodoxin in Rhodopseudomonas palustris bacteria replaces ferredoxin as a low‐potential electron carrier when iron is scarce. Thus it is proposed to interact with the bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) that yields low‐potential electrons. A surface loop on Fld interacts with another of Fld's partner proteins, so we hypothesize that it also mediates Fld's interaction with ETF. To monitor interactions with ETF directly and investigate dynamics in this loop, we are using 19 F NMR in solution. 19 F is hyperresponsive to changes in its chemical environment with a chemical shift range of >300 ppm. To provide a static reference point and assess structural heterogeneity, we are also exploiting X‐ray crystallography. In this study we selectively fluorinated the five tyrosine residues in Fld. We obtained resonance assignments from 19 F spectra of Fld variants in which individual tyrosine residues have been replaced. We obtain well resolved signals for each residue, but the resonances' linewidths indicate dynamics that affects some resonances more than others. Y90 residue displays two resonances demonstrating two different conformations that interconvert slowly on an NMR time scale. Meanwhile the crystal structure solved at 2.1Å resolution reveals two molecules per asymmetric unit providing two perspectives on the details of the structure. The crystal symmetry is monoclinic in contrast to most of the other Flds, which are orthorhombic. Interestingly, the long loop bearing Y121 and Y123 is not well resolved in chain B of the crystal structure, and the NMR line of Y123 is exceptionally broad, both indicating that the loop is dynamic and capable of altering its conformation to accomodate binding to a partner protein. Future directions include monitoring the changes in the 19 F NMR of the Fld when titrated with the partner protein, temperature dependence of the NMR spectrum and relaxation studies to evaluate time scales of motions.
Khan, Sharique↗
Quest for a Top Quark Partner and Upgrade of the Pixel Detector Readout Chain at the CMS
After the observation of a new particle at CERN experiments, which is consistent with being the Higgs boson, the partner of the top quark is the most anticipated candidate to be discovered next. In many extensions of the standard model of particle physics the principle of naturalness dictates that the top quark partner should exist and be relatively light, at or below the TeV scale. It is hence expected to be accessible at energies and luminosities provided by the LHC machine within the next years of running. This proposal calls for supporting the effort targeting the searches for the top quark partner at the CMS experiment. We focus on scenarios and techniques that have not yet been fully explored at CMS, and that carry a large potential for new physics discovery in the immediate future. The second part of the proposal focuses on the R&D effort aiming for continuing high-quality physics program at the CMS at the high instantaneous luminosities. We propose to take one of the leading roles in the forthcoming upgrade of the Pixel detector at the CMS, and upgrade the data acquisition readout chain that would increase the data volume throughput for the new detector.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
FY26 Progress Report on the Operation of the Activated Materials Laboratory at the Advanced Photon Source as a Nuclear Science User Facilities Partner Facility
The Activated Materials Laboratory (AML), located in the Long Beamline Building of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), provides a centralized radiological capability for preparing, handling, and supporting synchrotron experiments on activated materials. As a Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) partner facility, the AML enables the receipt of radioactive shipments, open-form sample handling, encapsulation, transport of specimens to and from APS beamlines, and experimentation with dedicated equipment. The partnership includes the APS 1-ID and 20-ID beamlines, which provide high-energy x-ray scattering, tomography, and diffraction microscopy techniques for ex-situ, in-situ, and grainresolved three-dimensional (3D) characterization. All samples supported through the AML and partner beamlines must meet radiological limits of less than 100 mrem/h at 30 cm. This FY26 progress report summarizes the first full year of AML operations as an NSUF partner facility and highlights progress in both user support and capability development. By the end of FY26, the AML had received a total of 10 NSUF-awarded projects, including 2 Consolidated Innovative Nuclear Research (CINR), 7 Rapid Turnaround Experiment (RTE), and 1 Super RTE projects. Beamtime was fully delivered for 3 RTE projects and partially delivered for 1 CINR project, demonstrating successful workflows for receipt, encapsulation, beamline transfer, and radiological experiment execution. These efforts demonstrated safe radiological experiments at APS beamlines for samples with dose rates above the historical 5 mrem/h threshold and now up to 100 mrem/h at 30 cm, marking an important milestone for neutron-irradiated materials research. During FY26, the AML also expanded its experimental capabilities. A Psylotech xTS load frame with in-grip rotation was deployed for room-temperature mechanical testing with threedimensional x-ray characterization during interrupted loading. A Linkam TS1500V vacuum heater was commissioned for thermally driven studies, and temperature calibration experiments were performed to establish specimen-relevant thermal profiles. In parallel, a customized split-tube furnace for high-temperature mechanical testing entered commissioning, and initial work began on robotic sample handling to reduce worker dose and improve operational efficiency. Data workflow and beamline operations continued to mature. Together, these developments demonstrate that the AML is becoming a unique national resource for safe, efficient, and scientifically advanced characterization of activated materials at the APS.
Zhang, Xuan↗
Building a Sustainable Aviation Brain Trust: Key Insights From the 2022 NREL Partner Forum
Cross-sector collaboration is key for guiding the large, complex aviation industry over the emissions peak and quickly down the slope to net-zero - that theme was repeated regularly during the two-day 2022 NREL Partner Forum. With an expanding global economy, more people than ever want the convenience of air travel. That has made aviation the fastest-growing transportation sector, as well as a rising source of carbon emissions. How can the industry serve its customers while charting a course to net-zero in line with climate goals? Interest and momentum from public and private sectors are mounting to answer that question, a backdrop for the Partner Forum. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) brought 200 attendees to the whiteboard to find common goals, align interests, understand technologies, and discuss steps for safely and seamlessly decarbonizing aviation. This document captures the tenor of the conversations and provides a summary of the 1.5 day event for those who were not able to attend or who have interest in this area.
aircraft↗
Biocatalytic system for comparatively assessing the functional association of monolignol cytochrome P450 monooxygenases with their redox partners
Lignin is a complex heterogenous polymer derived from oxidative radical polymerization of three monolignols, i.e., p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol. These lignin monomeric precursors structurally differ in their methoxy groups of the benzene rings. In phenylpropanoid-monolignol biosynthetic pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, coumaroyl ester 3´-hydroxylase and ferulate 5-hydroxylase, establish the key structural characteristics of monolignols. The catalysis of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase requires reducing power, which is supplied by the ER electron transfer chains, composed of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR), cytochrome b5 reductase (CBR) and/or cytochrome b5 protein (CB5), from cofactor NADPH or NADH. While NADPH-dependent CPR serves as the typical electron donor for most P450 enzymes, in some cases, the CBR-CB5 or CPR-CB5 electron transfer system also transfers electrons to the terminal P450 enzymes. There are tremendous studies focusing on the discovery and characterization of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. However, very limited attention has been paid to the versatility and the roles of electron transfer components in the P450 catalytic system. Due to the membrane-residence property of both P450 enzymes and electron transfer components, it is challenging to establish an effective experimental system to evaluate the functional association of P450s with their redox partners. This chapter describes a yeast cell biocatalytic system and the related experimental procedures for comparatively assessing the functional relationship of monolignol biosynthetic P450 enzymes and different redox partners in their catalysis.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Partner with a Third-Party Delivery Service or Not? A Prediction-and-Decision Tool for Restaurants Facing Takeout Demand Surges During a Pandemic
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, restaurants become more reliant on no-contact pick-up or delivery ways for serving customers. As a result, they need to make tactical planning decisions such as whether to partner with online platforms, to form their own delivery team, or both. In this paper, we develop an integrated prediction-decision model to analyze the profit of combining the two approaches and to decide the needed number of drivers under stochastic demand. We first use the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model to forecast future infected cases in a given region and then construct an autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) regression model to predict food-ordering demand. Using predicted demand samples, we formulate a stochastic integer program to optimize food delivery plans. We conduct numerical studies using COVID-19 data and food-ordering demand data collected from local restaurants in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, from April to October 2020, to show results for helping restaurants build contingency plans under rapid market changes. Our method can be used under unexpected demand surges, various infection/vaccination status, and demand patterns. Here, our results show that a restaurant can benefit from partnering with third-party delivery platforms when (i) the subscription fee is low, (ii) customers can flexibly decide whether to order from platforms or from restaurants directly, (iii) customers require more efficient delivery, (iv) average delivery distance is long, or (v) demand variance is high.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Practices Implemented by DOE Better Plants Program Partners to Mitigate COVID-19
Screening for symptoms, maintaining physical distance, sanitizing surfaces, wearing appropriate face masks, maintaining good personal hygiene, and reconfiguring HVAC air management are the major activities that the DOE BP partners have implemented to mitigate COVID-19. This article shares some specific practices that BP program partners have implemented for these activities. The energy impact of some practices has also been discussed and some rules of thumb have been provided to estimate energy penalties.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Partner Baseline Assessment Guide: Clean Energy for Low Income Communities
The U.S. Department of Energy Better Buildings Clean Energy for Low Income Communities Accelerator aims to lower energy bills in low to moderate income communities through expanded installation of energy efficiency and distributed renewables. Upon joining the Accelerator, partners committed to developing Action Plans after a year. As shown in the diagram below, baselining is a useful approach to informing your planning efforts, and should involve input from a broad range of stakeholders. The following guide was developed by DOE to assist partners with baselining, and identifying needs and gaps to address in action plans.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Probing Naturalness with Searches for Supersymmetric Higgs Partners at the Large Hadron Collider
The discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider completed the standard model of particle physics and led to the 2013 Nobel Prize. While it has been extremely successful in describing a wide variety of phenomena, the standard model cannot be the final theory of nature because it is unable to explain why the Higgs boson mass lies at the electroweak scale rather than 16 orders of magnitude larger at the Planck scale, a theoretical flaw known as the ``hierarchy problem.'' Supersymmetry is a standard model extension that could provide a natural solution to the hierarchy problem by introducing light supersymmetric Higgs partners. This proposal focused on searches that are sensitive to supersymmetric Higgs partners in data collected by the ATLAS experiment, which were carried out by the University of Illinois high-energy physics group led by PI Ben Hooberman as part of his Department of Energy Early Career Research Program award from 2017-2023. The searches were complemented by improvements to particle identification algorithms and the ATLAS trigger system that extend the sensitivity of future supersymmetry searches.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Enabling Solar Cybersecurity Solutions Through State Energy Office and Public Utility Commission Engagement with Private Sector Partners (Final Technical Report)
Between 2020 and 2025, the National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO), together with the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) established and managed the Enabling Solar Cybersecurity Solutions Through State Energy Office and Public Utility Commission Engagement with Private Sector Partners project, later informally retitled and recognized as the Cybersecurity Advisory Team for State Solar (CATSS). This effort convened State Energy Offices, Public Utility Commissions, and critical private sector and federal partners to inform the development of solar cybersecurity education and action-oriented resources for states. This is the final report.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗