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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Supramolecular Copolymers of Peptides and Lipidated Peptides and Their Therapeutic Potential

Supramolecular peptide chemistry offers a versatile strategy to create chemical systems useful as new biomaterials with potential to deliver nearly 1000 known candidate peptide therapeutics or integrate other types of bioactivity. Here, we report on the co-assembly of lipidated β-sheet-forming peptides with soluble short peptides, yielding supramolecular copolymers with various degrees of internal order. At low peptide concentrations, the co-monomer is protected by lodging within internal aqueous compartments and stabilizing internal β-sheets formed by the lipidated peptides. At higher concentrations, the peptide copolymerizes with the lipidated peptide and disrupts the β-sheet secondary structure. The thermodynamic metastability of the co-assembly in turn leads to the spontaneous release of peptide monomers and thus serves as a potential mechanism for drug delivery. We demonstrated the function of these supramolecular systems using a drug candidate for Alzheimer’s disease and found that the copolymers enhance neuronal cell viability when the soluble peptide is released from the assemblies.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Raman Microscopy Investigation of GLP-1 Peptide Association with Supported Phospholipid Bilayers

A wide range of important biological processes occur at phospholipid membranes including cell signaling, where a peptide or small molecule targets a membrane-localized receptor protein. In this work, we report the adaptation of confocal-Raman microscopy to quantify populations of unlabeled glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a membrane-active 30-residue incretin peptide, in supported phospholipid bilayers deposited on the interior surfaces of wide-pore porous silica particles. Quantification of lipid bilayer-associated peptide is achieved by measuring the Raman scattering intensity of the peptide relative to that of the supported-lipid bilayer, which serves as an internal standard. The dependence of the bilayer-associated GLP-1 population on the solution-concentration of GLP-1 produces an isotherm used to determine the equilibrium constant for peptide-bilayer association and the maximum peptide surface coverage. The maximum coverage of GLP-1 in the lipid bilayer was found to be only 1/5th of a full monolayer based on its hydrodynamic radius. The saturation coverage, therefore, is not limited by the size of GLP-1 but by the ability of the bilayer to accommodate the peptide at high concentrations within the bilayer. Raman spectra show that GLP-1 association with the supported bilayer is accompanied by structural changes consistent with the intercalation of the peptide into bilayer, where the observed increase in acyl-chain order would increase the lipid density and provide free volume needed to accommodate the peptide. Furthermore, these results were compared with previous measurements of the association of fluorescently-labeled GLP-1 with a planar-supported bilayer; the unlabeled peptide exhibits a 3-fold greater affinity for the lipid-bilayer on the porous-silica support suggesting that the fluorescent label alters GLP-1 lipid-bilayer association.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cryo-EM Visualization of Intermolecular π-Electron Interactions within π-Conjugated Peptidic Supramolecular Polymers

The self-assembly of “π-peptides” – molecules with π-electron cores substituted with two or more oligopeptide chains – brings organic electronic function into biologically relevant nanomaterials. π-Peptides assemble into fibrillar nanomaterials as driven by enthalpic peptide-based hydrogen bonding networks and pi-core-based quadrupolar interactions. A large body of spectroscopic, morphological and computational studies informs on the nature of the self-assembly process and the resulting nanostructures, but detailed structural information has remained elusive. Here, inspired by the recent use of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to provide high-resolution structures for synthetic peptide nanomaterials, we present here the use of cryo-EM to offer ca. 3 Å resolution of π-peptide nanomaterial assemblies, visualizing for the first time the nature of the intermolecular π-core electronic interactions responsible for energy transport through these supramolecular materials.

Group theory↗
DOE OSTI2023

Leveraging peptide–cellulose interactions to tailor the hierarchy and mechanics of peptide–polymer hybrids

Inspired by spider silk's hierarchical diversity, we leveraged peptide motifs with the capability to tune structural arrangement for controlling the mechanical properties of a conventional polymer framework. The addition of nanofiller with hydrogen bonding sites was used as another pathway towards hierarchical tuning via matrix–filler interactions. Specifically, peptide–polyurea hybrids (PPUs) were combined with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to develop mechanically-tunable nanocomposites via tailored matrix–filler interactions (or peptide–cellulose interactions). In this material platform, we explored the effect of these matrix–filler interactions on the secondary structure, hierarchical ordering, and mechanical properties of the peptide hybrid nanocomposites. Interactions between the peptide matrix and CNCs occur in all of the PPU/CNC nanocomposites, preventing α-helical ordering, but promoting inter-molecular hydrogen bonded β-sheet formation. Depending on peptide and CNC content, the Young's modulus varies from 10 to 150 MPa. Unlike conventional cellulose-reinforced polymer nanocomposites, the mechanical properties of these composite materials are dictated by a balance of CNC reinforcement, peptidic ordering, and microphase-separated morphology. This research highlights that leveraging peptide–cellulose interactions is a strategy to create materials with targeted mechanical properties for a specific application using a limited selection of building blocks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Preserving Structurally Labile Peptide Nanosheets After Molecular Functionalization of the Self-Assembling Peptides

A significant challenge in creating supramolecular materials is that conjugating molecular functionalities to building blocks often results in dissociation or undesired morphological transformation of their assemblies. Here we present a facile strategy to preserve structurally labile peptide assemblies after molecular modification of the self-assembling peptides. Sheet-forming peptides are designed to afford a staggered alignment with the segments bearing chemical modification sites protruding from the sheet surfaces. The staggered assembly allows for simultaneous separation of attached molecules from each other and from the underlying assembly motifs. Strikingly, using PEGs as the external molecules, PEG 400 - and PEG 700 -peptide conjugates directly self-associate into nanosheets with the PEG chains localized on the sheet surfaces. In contrast, the sheet formation based on in-register lateral packing of peptides does not recur upon the peptide PEGylation. This strategy allows for fabrication of densely modified assemblies with a variety of molecules, as demonstrated using biotin (hydrophobic molecule), c(RGDfK) (cyclic pentapeptide), and nucleic acid aptamer (negatively charged ssDNA). The staggered co-assembly also enables extended tunability of the amount/density of surface molecules, as exemplified by screening ligand-appended assemblies for cell targeting. In conclusion, this study paves the way for functionalization of historically challenging fragile assemblies while maintaining their overall morphology.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Supramolecular Interactions and Morphology of Self-Assembling Peptide Amphiphile Nanostructures

The morphology of supramolecular peptide nanostructures is difficult to predict given their complex energy landscapes. We investigated peptide amphiphiles containing β-sheet forming domains that form twisted nanoribbons in water. We explained the morphology based on a balance between the energetically favorable packing of molecules in the center of the nanostructures, the unfavorable packing at the edges, and the deformations due to packing of twisted β-sheets. We find that morphological polydispersity of PA nanostructures is determined by peptide sequences, and the twisting of their internal β-sheets. Here, we also observed a change in the supramolecular chirality of the nanostructures as the peptide sequence was modified, although only amino acids with l-configuration were used. Upon increasing charge repulsion between molecules, we observed a change in morphology to long cylinders and then rodlike fragments and spherical micelles. Understanding the self-assembly mechanisms of peptide amphiphiles into nanostructures should be useful to optimize their well-known functions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self‐assembling Peptides with Internal Ionizable Unnatural Amino Acids: A General Approach to pH‐responsive Peptide Materials

Self‐assembled peptides are an emerging family of biomaterials that show great promise for a range of biomedical and biotechnological applications. Introducing and tuning the pH‐responsiveness of the assembly is highly desirable for improving their biological activities. Inspired by proteins with internal ionizable residues, we report a simple but effective approach to constructing pH‐responsive peptide assembly containing unnatural ionic amino acids with an aliphatic tertiary amine side chain. Through a combined experimental and computational investigation, we demonstrate that these residues can be accommodated and stabilized within the internal hydrophobic compartment of the peptide assembly. The hydrophobic microenvironment shifts their pK a significantly from a basic pH typically found for free amines to a more biologically relevant pH in the weakly acidic range. The pH‐induced ionization and ionization‐dependent self‐assembly and disassembly are thoroughly investigated and correlated with the biological activity of the assembly. This new approach has unique advantages in tuning the pH‐responsiveness of self‐assembled peptides across a large pH range in a complex biological environment. We anticipate the ionizable amino acids developed here can be widely applicable to the synthesis and self‐assembly of many amphiphilic peptides with endowed pH‐responsive properties to enhance their biological activities toward applications ranging from targeted therapeutic delivery to proton transport.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Diverse Murine Vaccinations Reveal Distinct Antibody Classes to Target Fusion Peptide and Variation in Peptide Length to Improve HIV Neutralization

The HIV-1 fusion peptide has been identified as a site for elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies, with prior studies demonstrating that priming with fusion peptide-based immunogens and boosting with soluble envelope (Env) trimers can elicit cross-clade HIV-1-neutralizing responses. To improve the neutralizing breadth and potency of fusion peptide-directed responses, we evaluated vaccine regimens that incorporated diverse fusion peptide-conjugates and Env trimers with variation in fusion peptide length and sequence.

Virology↗
NASA NTRS1992

Structural specificity of mucosal-cell transport and metabolism of peptide drugs: implication for oral peptide drug delivery

The brush border membrane of intestinal mucosal cells contains a peptide carrier system with rather broad substrate specificity and various endo- and exopeptidase activities. Small peptide (di-/tripeptide)-type drugs with or without an N-terminal alpha-amino group, including beta-lactam antibiotics and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, are transported by the peptide transporter. Polypeptide drugs are hydrolyzed by brush border membrane proteolytic enzymes to di-/tripeptides and amino acids. Therefore, while the intestinal brush border membrane has a carrier system facilitating the absorption of di-/tripeptide drugs, it is a major barrier limiting oral availability of polypeptide drugs. In this paper, the specificity of peptide transport and metabolism in the intestinal brush border membrane is reviewed.

Review, Tutorial↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mesoporous peptide frameworks engineered from crystallizable collagen-mimetic peptide amphiphiles

The rational design of porous frameworks with tunable pore dimensions and chemical functionalities is a critical step toward their implementation in diverse applications. While traditional porous materials are typically constructed from abiotic components, there is increasing interest in employing biologically derived building blocks (e.g., peptides and proteins) that offer unmatched structural and functional diversity. Here, we report the construction of crystalline mesoporous frameworks that are self-assembled from amphiphilic collagen-mimetic peptides. Comprehensive structural characterization via microscopy, spectroscopy, and computational techniques provides insights into the assembly packing model, in which hexagonally packed channels are interconnected by antiparallel-aligned collagen triple helices via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Lastly, we demonstrate the functional potential of aCMP frameworks through the encapsulation of various molecular guests, including doxorubicin, an anti-cancer drug. Overall, this work establishes a class of mesoporous frameworks, derived from synthetically engineerable peptide conjugates, marking a significant step forward in broadening the architectural scope and application potential of peptide-based materials.

Perez, Anthony R↗
NASA NTRS1983

Central effects of some peptide and non-peptide opioids and naloxone on thermoregulation in the rabbit

The effects of several peptide and non-peptide opiods and naloxone on induced hyperthermia is studied in rabbits. The effect of tyical mu, kappa, and sigma receptor antagonists (morphine, ketocyclazcine and SKF 10,0 10, 047) and some opioid peptides (Beta-endorphin /BE/, methionine-enkaphalin /ME/, and D-Ala2-methionine-enkaphalin-amide /DAME/ are determined. The role of prostaglandins (PG), cAMP, and norepinephrine (NE) in morphine, BE, and DAME induced hyperthermia is investigated. In addition, the effect of naloxone on pyrogen, arachidonic acid, PGE2, prostacyclin, dibutyryl cAMP, and NE induced hyperthermia is determined. Among other results, it is found that the three receptor antagonists induced hyperthermia in rabbits. BE, ME, and DAME were also found to cause hyperthermia, and it is suggested that they act on the same type of receptor. It is also determined that neither NE nor cAMP is involved in the hyperthermia due to morphine, BE, and DAME. It is suggested that an action of endogenous peptides on naloxone sensitive receptors plays little role in normal thermoregulation or in hyperthermia.

Kandasamy, S. B.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Optimization of peptide amphiphile-lipid raft interaction by changing peptide amphiphile lipophilicity

Various peptide amphiphile (PA) molecules have been developed to promote bone regeneration. Previously we discovered that a peptide amphiphile with a palmitic acid tail (C 16 ) attenuates the signaling threshold of leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP)-mediated Wnt activation by increasing membrane lipid raft mobility. In the current study, we found that treatment of murine ST2 cells with an inhibitor (Nystatin) or Caveolin-1-specific siRNA abolishes the effect of C 16 PA, indicating that Caveolin-mediated endocytosis is required. Here, to determine whether hydrophobicity of the PA tail plays a role in its signaling effect, we modified the length of the tail (C 12 , C 16 and C 22 ) or composition (cholesterol). While shortening the tail (C 12 ) decreased the signaling effect, lengthening the tail (C 22 ) had no prominent effect. On the other hand, the cholesterol PA displayed a similar function as the C 16 PA at the same concentration of 0.001% w/v. Interestingly, a higher concentration of C 16 PA (0.005%) is cytotoxic while cholesterol PA at the higher concentration (0.005%) is well-tolerated by cells. Use of the cholesterol PA at 0.005% enabled a further reduction of the signaling threshold of LRAP to 0.20 nM, compared to 0.25 nM at 0.001%. Caveolin-mediated endocytosis is also required for cholesterol PA, as evidenced by Caveolin-1 siRNA knockdown experiments. We further demonstrated that the noted effects of cholesterol PA are also observed in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Taken together, these results indicate that the cholesterol PA modulates lipid raft/caveolar dynamics, thereby increasing receptor sensitivity for activation of canonical Wnt signaling.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Supramolecular Motion Enables Chondrogenic Bioactivity of a Cyclic Peptide Mimetic of Transforming Growth Factor-β1

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a multifunctional protein that is essential in many cellular processes that include fibrosis, inflammation, chondrogenesis, and cartilage repair. In particular, cartilage repair is important to avoid physical disability since this tissue does not have the inherent capacity to regenerate beyond full development. We report here on supramolecular coassemblies of two peptide amphiphile molecules, one containing a TGF-β1 mimetic peptide, and another which is one of two constitutional isomers lacking bioactivity. Using human articular chondrocytes, we investigated the bioactivity of the supramolecular copolymers of each isomer displaying either the previously reported linear form of the mimetic peptide or a novel cyclic analogue. Based on fluorescence depolarization and 1 H NMR spin–lattice relaxation times, we found that coassemblies containing the cyclic compound and the most dynamic isomer exhibited the highest intracellular TGF-β1 signaling and gene expression of cartilage extracellular matrix components. Here, we conclude that control of supramolecular motion is emerging as an important factor in the binding of synthetic molecules to receptors that can be tuned through chemical structure.

Antigens↗
NASA NTRS1983

Hyperthermic responses to central injections of some peptide and non-peptide opioids in the guinea-pig

The intracerebroventricular administration of prototype nonpeptide opioid receptor (mu, kappa, and sigma) agonists, morphine, ketocyclazocine, and N-allyl normetazocine and an agonist at both kappa and sigma receptors, pentazocine, was found to induce hyperthermia in guinea pigs. The similar administration of peptide opioids like beta endorphin, methionine endkephalin, leucine endkephaline, and several of their synthetic analogues was also found to cause hyperthermia. Only the liver-like transport system of the three anion transport systems (iodide, hippurate, and liver-like) present in the choroid plexus was determined to be important to the central inactivation of beta-endorphin and two synthetic analogues. Prostaglandins and norepinephrine (NE) as well as cAMP were not involved in peptide and nonpeptide opioid-induced hyperthermia. Naloxone-sensitive receptors were found to be involved in the induction of hyperthermia by morphine and beta-endorphin, while hyperthermic responses to ketocyclazocine, N-allyl normetazocine, pentazocine, Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, and two of the synthetic analogues were not antagonized by nalozone. The lack of antagonism of naloxone on pyrogen, arachidonic acid, PGE2, dibutyryl cAMP, and NE-induced hyperthermia shows that endogenous opioid peptides are not likely to be central mediators of the hyperthermia induced by these agents.

Kandasamy, S. B.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Peptide and non-peptide opioid-induced hyperthermia in rabbits

The intracerebroventricular administration of prototype nonpeptide opioid receptor (mu, kappa, and sigma) agonists, morphine, ketocyclazocine, and N-allyl-normetazocine was found to induce hyperthermia in rabbits. The similar administration of peptide opioids like beta-endorphin (BE), methionine-enkephalin (ME), and its synthetic analogue D-ala2-methionine-enkephalinamide (DAME) was also found to cause hyperthermia. Results indicate that only the liver-like transport system is important to the ventricular inactivation of BE and DAME. Prostaglandins and norepinephrine were determined not to be involved in peptide and nonpeptide opioid-induced hyperthermia. In addition, cAMP was not required since a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, did not accentuate the hyperthermia due to peptide and nonpeptide opioids. Naloxone-sensitive receptors were found to be involved in the induction of hyperthermia by morphine, BE, ME, and DAME since naloxone attenuated them. However, the hyperthermic response to ketocyclazocine and N-allyl-normetazocine was not antagonized by naloxone.

Kandasamy, S. B.↗