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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Hawthorne Nevada Deep Direct-Use Feasibility Study - Data Used for Geothermal Resource Conceptual Modeling and Power Capacity Estimates

This data submission includes several data components that were used to develop a conceptual model and power capacity-estimates of two low-temperature geothermal resources that define geothermal prospect A at Hawthorne, Nevada. Data are sourced from a combination of legacy publicly-available data and more recent data acquisition conducted by the US Navy Geothermal Program Office (2008-2013) and the Great Basin Center for Geothermal Energy at the University of Nevada, Reno (2008-2010). Data sets include compiled fluid geochemistry data, down-hole temperature logs for wells in the vicinity of prospect A, 2 meter temperature survey data, temperature-spinner logs acquired in well HWAAD-2A, fracture picks from image log data acquired in wells HWAAD-2 and HWAAD-3, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses on cuttings from wells HWAAD-2A and HWAAD-3. These data have been reviewed for errors and inconsistencies, but it is possible that few errors could still remain. The resource conceptual model and power capacity estimates are included in the final report to the US Department of Energy, and are presented in a manuscript by Ayling and Hinz. A link to the manuscript published in Geothermics is linked below in this submission.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Historical Pattern Analysis of Global Geothermal Power Capacity Development

Between 1913 and 1958, Italy was the only country with an operational geothermal power plant until New Zealand installed its first plant in 1958. At present, 24 countries are involved in the geothermal power market, and they have a combined installed capacity of 16,127 GW. This study analyzes the historical patterns of geothermal power capacity in the world and in individual countries to investigate the ideal global geothermal development pattern by examining the annual cumulative capacity (ACC) and the annual capacity addition (ACA) graphs of the historical development of geothermal power capacity in 24 countries. First, the global patterns are analyzed using these graphs in five periods (1945-1957, 1958-1976, 1977-1991, 1992-2002, and 2003-2020) that are marked by a series of characteristics of ACA peaks separated by two major troughs. Then, five characteristic patterns are developed in five periods globally. These patterns correspond to the early-stage linear, the first acceleration, the first steady-state linear, the second acceleration, and the second steady-state linear developments. A positive relationship exists between global patterns and the 5-year shifted oil-price curve: two major factors influenced global development: 1) increasing oil prices and increasing awareness of global climate change, and 2) global development of geothermal power. Last, we investigate these patterns in each country. The top ten countries, which comprise 93.3% of the world's total installed capacity are separated into five groups based on the availability and characteristics of patterns globally developed in five periods. Group-1 (the United States) has an installed capacity of 3,794 MW, Group-2 (Mexico and Philippines) 963-1935 MW, Group-3 (New Zealand, Italy, Iceland, and Japan) 601-1,037 MW, and Group-4 (Indonesia, Kenya, and Turkiye) 944-2,356 MW. The remaining 14 countries (6.7%), which are called Group 5, are still in an immature stage and have installed capacities of 7-262 MW and are not involved in pattern analysis. Overall, geothermal power in the world is in its third stage of development, which had its peak development after 1977. A fourth development peak may be expected to occur after this through business-as-usual cases. The biggest barrier to the development of the global geothermal power market is the risk associated with exploration and drilling. If risk mitigation systems and funds are employed, the growth of geothermal power production projects could accelerate.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Historical Pattern Analysis of Global Geothermal Power Capacity Development: Preprint

Between 1913 and 1958, Italy was the only country with an operational geothermal power plant until New Zealand installed its first plant in 1958. At present, 24 countries are involved in the geothermal power market, and they have a combined installed capacity of 16,127 GW. This study analyzes the historical patterns of geothermal power capacity in the world and in individual countries to investigate the ideal global geothermal development pattern by examining the annual cumulative capacity (ACC) and the annual capacity addition (ACA) graphs of the historical development of geothermal power capacity in 24 countries. First, the global patterns are analyzed using these graphs in five periods (1945-1957, 1958-1976, 1977-1991, 1992-2002, and 2003-2020) that are marked by a series of characteristics of ACA peaks separated by two major troughs. Then, five characteristic patterns are developed in five periods globally. These patterns correspond to the early-stage linear, the first acceleration, the first steady-state linear, the second acceleration, and the second steady-state linear developments. A positive relationship exists between global patterns and the 5-year shifted oil-price curve: two major factors influenced global development: 1) increasing oil prices and increasing awareness of global climate change, and 2) global development of geothermal power. Last, we investigate these patterns in each country. The top ten countries, which comprise 93.3% of the world's total installed capacity are separated into five groups based on the availability and characteristics of patterns globally developed in five periods. Group-1 (the United States) has an installed capacity of 3,794 MW, Group-2 (Mexico and Philippines) 963-1935 MW, Group-3 (New Zealand, Italy, Iceland, and Japan) 601-1,037 MW, and Group-4 (Indonesia, Kenya, and Turkiye) 944-2,356 MW. The remaining 14 countries (6.7%), which are called Group 5, are still in an immature stage and have installed capacities of 7-262 MW and are not involved in pattern analysis. Overall, geothermal power in the world is in its third stage of development, which had its peak development after 1977. A fourth development peak may be expected to occur after this through business-as-usual cases. The biggest barrier to the development of the global geothermal power market is the risk associated with exploration and drilling. If risk mitigation systems and funds are employed, the growth of geothermal power production projects could accelerate.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Forecasting battery capacity and power degradation with multi-task learning

Lithium-ion batteries degrade due to usage and exposure to environmental conditions, which affects their capability to store energy and supply power. Accurately predicting the capacity and power fade of lithium-ion battery cells is challenging due to intrinsic manufacturing variances and coupled nonlinear ageing mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a data-driven prognostics framework to predict both capacity and power fade simultaneously with multi-task learning. The model is able to predict the degradation trajectory of both capacity and internal resistance together with knee-points and end-of-life points accurately at early-life stage. The validation shows an average percentage error of 2.37% and 1.24% for the prediction of capacity fade and resistance rise, respectively. The model's ability to accurately predict the degradation, facing capacity and resistance estimation errors, further demonstrates the model's robustness and generalizability. Compared with single-task learning models for forecasting capacity and power degradation, the model shows a significant prediction accuracy improvement and computational cost reduction. This work presents the highlights of multi-task learning in the degradation prognostics for lithium-ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Third Harmonic Voltage Injection Technique to Improve The Power Transmission Capacity

To facilitate the growing deployment of renewable energy sources and increasing load demand, it is imperative to increase the power transmission capacity of the existing transmission corridors. The available power uprating techniques are either costly, or require significant alteration to the existing system. Moreover, most of these techniques are suitable for long transmission lines. In light of these limitations, a third harmonic voltage injection based power uprating technique is proposed in this article. The proposed technique is economic, immune to line impedance unbalance, and is applicable for any length of transmission line. Most importantly, the technique needs very minimal modification in the existing system at the substation level. The efficacy of the proposed technique is validated through simulation and experiments.

Das, Anubrata↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effect of Power Plant Capacity on the CAPEX, OPEX, and LCOC of the CO2 Capture Process in Pre-Combustion Applications - Abstract

Aspen Plus v8.8 was used to simulate the pre-combustion CO2 capture process from a typical fuel gas stream at different power plant capacities ranging from 54.3 to 543 MW. Polyethylene glycol polydimethyl siloxane (PEGPDMS-1) was used as a physical solvent to capture CO2 in a countercurrent packed-bed absorber containing a structured packing (Mellapak 250Y). The process pressure was 51.4 bar and the solvent temperature was varied from 10 to 40 <sup>o</sup>C. The internal diameter of the absorber ranged from 1.9 to 7 m and the packing height from 13.9 to 45.5 m. The physico-chemical properties were obtained and modeled using the Perturbed Chain-Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) Equation-of-State (EOS).<p> Four process constraints were imposed in Aspen Plus: (1) no flooding in the absorber, (2) the absorber height to diameter ratio (H/D) is greater than or equal 6, (3) at least 90 mol% of the CO2 capture from the fuel gas stream, and (4) the CO2 stream destined to sequestration sites should contain less than 600 ppm water concentration and less than or equal 0.5 mol% of fuel gases (H2, CO, CH4). The plant lifetime was assumed to be 30 years with an annual discount rate of 10% and an annual maintenance cost of 4% of the total capital expenses.</p><p> Seven power plants with different capacities were used and for each plant, the corresponding CO2 capture process was simulated. The absorber flooding was checked using the generalized pressure drop correlation (GPDC) by Leva [1] and the capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX), and levelized costs per ton of CO2 captured (LCOC) were calculated [2-5]. Normalized by the largest power plant capacity (543 MW) used in the simulation, the results indicated that the capital and operating expenditures increased, however, the LCOC decreased with increasing plant capacity. This behavior was due to the increased annual tonnage of the CO2 captured with plant capacity as shown in Figure 1. The calculated CAPEX, OPEX, LCOC and the tonnage of CO2 captured for the 543 MW power plant were about 52 MM$, 22 MM$/year, 7.46 $/ton and 4 MM ton/year.</p>

Ashkanani, Husain↗
DOE OSTI2021

Deadband Voltage Control and Power Buffering for Extreme Fast Charging Station

Voltage fluctuation is one of the most common challenges that electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) may introduce to the power grid. Local reactive power compensation (Q-compensation) capability of bi-directional electric vehicle (EV) chargers can mitigate the steady-state voltage violations caused by the EV charging itself or changes in the neighboring loads. Power buffering, using energy storage system (ESS), can be utilized to address the voltage transients (sags and swells) as a result of EV charging at the EVCS. To address PI controller’s ‘hunting’ issue, this paper proposes a Q-sign triggered deadband voltage control (V-control) method at the point of common coupling (PCC). In addition, to ensure the ramp rate of EV charging is within the allowable limits set forth by the grid code, a ramp rate control is proposed that uses the ESS as a ‘power buffer’. Lastly, different from most reported work in the literature where no explicit limit of the power electronic converters (PECs) is considered, this work considers a reasonable apparent power capacity limit of the PECs when achieving the V-control. This limit also affects the amount of active power that can be obtained from the grid, and subsequently may require ESS to function as ‘load sharing’ device to provide supplemental active power to satisfy EV load. A case study simulated in MATLAB (interfaced with PLECS) is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches for EVCS operation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Providencia Island High-Level Power System Capacity Expansion Analyses [Slides]

Results of a high level cost-benefit analysis using HOMER Pro software are presented for Providencia Island, Colombia. The analysis focuses on integrating solar photovoltaics (PV) and a battery energy storage system (BESS) into an existing diesel-only remote power system. The analysis uses fuel costs and discount rates provided by the stakeholders and NREL-derived capital cost estimates.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Geospatial Cost Comparison of CO2 Plume Geothermal (CPG) Power and Geologic CO2 Storage

CO 2 Plume Geothermal (CPG) power plants can use gigatonne-levels of CO 2 sequestration to generate electricity, but it is unknown if the resources that support low-cost CPG power align with the resources that support low-cost CO 2 sequestration. Here, we estimate and compare the geospatially-distributed cost of CPG and CO 2 storage across a portion of North America. We find that the locations with lowest-cost CO 2 storage are different than the locations with lowest-cost CPG. There are also locations with low-cost CO 2 storage (<$5/tCO 2 ) that do not support CPG power generation due to insufficient reservoir transmissivity or temperature. Thus, CPG development may require electricity prices that are greater than the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) to offset the increased cost of sequestration. We introduce the “Additional Cost of Electricity (ACOE)” metric to account for this cost and add it to the LCOE to calculate breakeven electricity prices that are required for CPG development. We find that breakeven prices are lower when new CO 2 injection wells are drilled specifically for CPG (i.e., “greenfield” CPG development) compared to if only existing CO 2 sequestration injection wells are used (i.e., “brownfield” CPG development). This is because comparatively few wells are needed for sequestration-only, and the increased power capacity from having more CPG wells outweighs the increased costs from more drilling. We also find that sequestered CO 2 could be used to approximately triple the United States geothermal electricity power capacity via a single CPG “sweet spot” in South Dakota, but that breakeven electricity price for this development is on the order of $200/MW e h.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Scenarios of Nuclear Energy Use in the United States for the 21st Century

The uncertainty in the cost of nuclear energy coinciding with efforts to address climate change are contributing to the uncertainty in the future role of nuclear energy in the US electricity system and the response to addressing global climate change. Sensitivity cases of alternative nuclear capital costs, ranging from 2600 to 6600 $\$ $/kW, were investigated with scenarios of alternative carbon mitigation policies, including 50, 100, and 150 $\$ $/tCO 2 carbon tax cases and economy-wide net-zero goals by 2050, 2060, and 2070 for the US. The resulting US nuclear power capacity ranged from 130 to 240 GW in 2050 and 90 to 450 GW in 2100 from nuclear cost sensitivity cases without carbon mitigation policies. Imposing policies to achieve the decarbonization of electricity and net-zero emission goals increased the range of nuclear power capacity from 190 to 460 GW in 2050 and 210 to 850 GW by 2100, where the range is from the low and high nuclear cost cases. Carbon penalties beyond 100 $\$ $/tCO 2 had a diminishing role on the expansion of nuclear power as the electricity sector becomes fully decarbonized. The 50 $\$ $/tCO 2 tax had the nuclear capital cost equivalency of 1000 $\$ $/kW reduction, while the 100 $\$ $/tCO 2 tax had the equivalency of 2000 $\$ $/kW reduction. Net-zero goals increased the contribution of nuclear power due to the increase in total electricity demand, but the delay in the timing of net-zero did not significantly affect the role of nuclear in the long-term. All net-zero goals were similar in their energy system impact with resulting carbon tax levels reaching 300 $\$ $/tCO 2 . Electricity is fully decarbonized in the net-zero scenarios and carbon pricing beyond 100 to 150 $\$ $/tCO 2 had little influence on the additional deployment of nuclear power. Regardless of the carbon policy, however, nuclear capital cost reductions had a clear and pronounced impact on the expanded deployment of nuclear power under all scenarios.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Radioisotope production at the Spallation Neutron Source: Design concept of isotope production target

Upon completion of the Second Target Station (STS) Project in the mid 2030s, the Spallation Neutron Source accelerator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory will deliver a 2.7 MW proton beam to the neutron production targets. In the post-STS phase, the accelerator will have a reserve beam power capacity of at least 100 kW beyond what the two neutron production targets will receive, which could potentially be ramped up to 300 kW. In this paper, a design concept for a radioisotope production target that could utilize 250 kW of the reserve beam power capacity is presented. The target consists of thorium discs encapsulated in 316L austenitic steel shells that are cooled by water. The estimated post-irradiation activity of Ac-225 and Ra-225, critical medical radioisotopes used in targeted alpha therapy cancer treatment, is calculated at the end of bombardment after a 14 day long irradiation time. Thermal and structural analyses are performed on the basis of calculated nuclear heating data. The technical feasibility of a high-power target under a 250-kW beam load with an extremely low duty factor of $3.5\cdot 10^{-6}$ is presented from thermal, structural and fatigue lifetime perspectives.

Lee, Yong Joong [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000298381723)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Assessing thermal resilience of an assisted living facility during heat waves and cold snaps with power outages

Extreme hot and cold weather events are becoming more frequent, intense, and longer due to climate change. When these events occur coincidentally with power outages, the resulting extreme indoor temperatures pose a severe health hazard for occupants. This study conducted a holistic modeling and analysis of an assisted living facility, where senior residents live, to assess its thermal resilience performance under a six-day heat wave in 2015 and a three-day cold snap in 2021 with power outages. Impacts of 13 energy efficiency measures on thermal resilience and backup power capacity of the facility were evaluated. Three thermal resilience metrics: the SET (standard effective temperature) degree-hours, the Heat Index, and the Hours of Safety, were used and calculated from the EnergyPlus simulation models. Furthermore, major findings are: (1) the facility would suffer from extreme temperatures during the cold and hot events without a power supply, not meeting the passive survivability requirements; (2) most passive envelope measures improve thermal resilience for both hot and cold events, but making the building envelope airtight results in conflicting performance between the hot and cold events; (3) natural ventilation is an effective measure to mitigate summer indoor overheating; and (4) the energy efficiency package can reduce backup power capacity by 19% for the three-day cold snap. It is recommended that building technologies and design strategies be evaluated to consider co-benefits of energy use, thermal resilience, and backup power needs through building energy codes or policies for existing and new buildings, which are transitioning for decarbonization and climate resilience.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Surpassing the Organic Cathode Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Robust Fluorinated Covalent Quinazoline Networks

Organic electrode materials have promising application prospects in energy storage, but issues including rapid capacity fading and poor power capacity restrict their practical applications. In this study, nanoporous fluorinated covalent quinazoline networks (F-CQNs) were constructed by condensation of fluorinated aromatic aminonitrile precursors via an ionothermal pathway. Precise control of the reaction parameters afforded F-CQN-1-600 material featuring high surface area, permanent porosity, high nitrogen content (23.49 wt %), extended π-conjugated architecture, layered structure, and bipolar combination of benzene and tricycloquinazoline. Synergy among these unique properties leads to a good performance as a cathode source for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in terms of high capacity (250 mA h g –1 at 0.1 A g –1 ), high rate capability (105 mA h g –1 at 5.0 A g –1 ), and impressive cycling stability (95.8% retention rate after 2000 cycles at 2.0 A g –1 together with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.95%), surpassing most of the previous organic cathode counterparts.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Estimating National-Scale Wind Potential Using Spatially Explicit Turbine Layout Optimization

National renewable energy potential assessments play a broad and critical role in analysis of the clean energy transition by providing foundational estimates of developable clean resources. Common to all past wind potential assessments is an assumption that wraps the complexity of wind plant layout (arrangement of turbines) into a single metric known as capacity density, or rated power capacity per unit of land area. Quite often, a singular capacity density or rotor-diameter driven capacity density is used in wind potential assessments across broad geographies despite the complexities of local drivers. Here, we present a new wind technical potential assessment for the United States, leveraging a spatial optimization approach in lieu of the traditional uniform capacity density. The optimization approach is a spatially explicit method for determining the potential locations of individual wind turbines-taking into account the turbine configuration, plant economics and losses, wind resource, and siting considerations. Our approach accounts for the interactions between wind technology design, wind plant layout, and the vast array of regulatory, land use and infrastructure conflicts with wind development. Our results highlight the potential ability of larger turbines to enable increased wind capacity, up to a point, and increased generation when siting turbines in and around spatial constraints; moreover, they demonstrate and capture the LCOE benefit of relatively lower capacity densities and reduced wake losses when land is relatively abundant. These insights provide foundational knowledge for the wind sector as it develops and pursues future turbine models and as wind energy markets expand in zero-carbon futures. Further, when applied in capacity expansion models, supply curves developed by these methods can provide detailed local insights about where wind turbines might be deployed in and among known siting constraints for those regions where wind energy is determined to be economic, providing critical nuance to local decision-makers and stakeholders.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Discrete versus continuous: Enhancing battery optimization in capacity expansion models

This study compares two battery modeling approaches for capacity expansion models: discrete-duration and continuous-duration formulations. In the discrete approach, battery duration is fixed, and power capacity is optimized. In the continuous approach, both power and energy capacities are decision variables, allowing storage duration to be optimized endogenously. Although both discrete-duration and continuous-duration battery formulations are used in long-term power system planning models, the literature has provided limited direct, systematic comparisons of their implications within a common modeling framework. To address this gap, this study implements both approaches in the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS TM ) capacity expansion model using two resource adequacy methods, across a range of future system conditions, and with varying battery cost projections. Results show continuous-duration and high-resolution discrete approaches produce similar capacity expansion outcomes. The continuous formulation achieves faster runtimes compared to discrete-duration runs with many discrete-duration options. However, the discrete-duration approach allows users to choose to have limited fidelity for storage duration options, which in some cases can outperform the continuous formulation. The continuous formulation has the lowest overall system costs, indicating its ability to fine-tune storage duration to better meet specific system needs. This study's findings provide a side-by-side evaluation of discrete and continuous battery modeling approaches and offer guidance for improving the representation of real-world systems, flexibility, and computational efficiency for representing energy storage in long-term power system planning models.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗