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At least 19 records

Synchronization tracking in pulse position modulation receiver

A clock pulse generator for decoding pulse position modulation in an optical communication receiver is synchronized by a delay tracking loop which multiplies impulses of a data pulse by the square wave clock pulses from the generator to produce positive impulses when the clock pulse is of one level, and negative impulses when the clock pulse is of another level. A delay tracking loop integrates the impulses and produces an error signal that adjusts the delay so the clock pulses will be synchronized with data pulses. A dead-time tau sub d is provided between data pulses of an interval tau sub p in the data pulse period tau. When synchronized, the average number of positive impulses integrated will equal the average number of negative impulses over the continuous stream of data pulses.

Vilnrotter, Victor A.

Modulation techniques for deep-space pulse-position modulation (PPM) optical communication

The extremely energy-efficient pulse-position modulation (PPM) format is being actively developed as a basis for optical communications with deep-space probes. Attention is presently given to different modulation schemes for the efficient production of laser pulses over a broad range of repetition rates. Both Q-switching and cavity dumping modulation methods are available for the envisioned diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser source. Numerical calculation results are presented for cavity-dumping.

Rayman, Marc D.

Programmable Pulse-Position-Modulation Encoder

A programmable pulse-position-modulation (PPM) encoder has been designed for use in testing an optical communication link. The encoder includes a programmable state machine and an electronic code book that can be updated to accommodate different PPM coding schemes. The encoder includes a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that is programmed to step through the stored state machine and code book and that drives a custom high-speed serializer circuit board that is capable of generating subnanosecond pulses. The stored state machine and code book can be updated by means of a simple text interface through the serial port of a personal computer.

Zhu, David

Maximizing throughput over an average-power-limited and band-limited optical pulse position modulation channel

Given an optical pulse position modulation (PPM) channel, with an average power constraint and a bandwidth constraint, the word length needed to maximize the information throughput achievable by the channel is determined. It is shown that, to achieve the maximal capacity, the channel must be operated with a high erasure probability. This implies that coding schemes capable of compensating for a high percentage of erasures are needed for the PPM channel.

Zwillinger, D.

Combinatorial pulse position modulation for power-efficient free-space laser communications

A new modulation technique called combinatorial pulse position modulation (CPPM) is presented as a power-efficient alternative to quaternary pulse position modulation (QPPM) for direct-detection, free-space laser communications. The special case of 16C4PPM is compared to QPPM in terms of data throughput and bit error rate (BER) performance for similar laser power and pulse duty cycle requirements. The increased throughput from CPPM enables the use of forward error corrective (FEC) encoding for a net decrease in the amount of laser power required for a given data throughput compared to uncoded QPPM. A specific, practical case of coded CPPM is shown to reduce the amount of power required to transmit and receive a given data sequence by at least 4.7 dB. Hardware techniques for maximum likelihood detection and symbol timing recovery are presented.

Budinger, James M.

Characterization of a Photon Counting Test Bed for Space to Ground Optical Pulse Position Modulation Communications Links

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) has developed a laboratory transmitter and receiver prototype of a space to ground optical communications link. The system is meant to emulate future deep space optical communication links, such as the first crewed flight of Orion, in which the transmitted laser is modulated using pulse position modulation and the receiver is capable of detecting single photons. The transmitter prototype consists of a software defined radio, a high extinction ratio electro-optic modulator system, and 1550 nm laser. The receiver is a scalable concept and utilizes a single-pixel array of fiber coupled superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. The transmit and receive waveforms follow the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Optical Communications High Photon Efficiency Standard. This paper describes the transmitter and receiver prototypes as well as the system test configuration. System level tests results are presented and compared to predictions from software simulations.

Nappier, Jennifer M.

Characterization of a Photon Counting Test Bed for Space to Ground Optical Pulse Position Modulation Communications Links

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) has developed a laboratory transmitter and receiver prototype of a space-to-ground optical communications link. The system is meant to emulate future deep space optical communication links, such as the first crewed flight of Orion, in which the transmitted laser is modulated using pulse position modulation and the receiver is capable of detecting single photons. The transmitter prototype consists of a software defined radio, a high extinction ratio electro-optic modulator system, and a 1550 nm laser. The receiver is a scalable concept and utilizes a single-pixel array of fiber coupled superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. The transmit and receive waveforms follow the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Optical Communications Coding and Synchronization Standard. A software model of the optical transmitter and receiver has also been implemented to predict performance of the optical test bed. This paper describes the transmitter and receiver prototypes as well as the system test configuration. System level tests results are presented and shown to align with predictions from software simulations. The validated software model can be used to in the future to reduce the design cycle of optical communications systems.

software defined radio

Pulse-Position Modulation For Optical Communication

Report discusses schemes for pulse-position modulation of neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers for optical transmission of data between distant spacecraft and stations on Earth.

Rayman, M. D.

Average power constraints in AlGaAs semiconductor lasers under pulse-position-modulation conditions

In some optical communications systems there are advantages to using low duty-cycle pulsed modulation formats such as pulse-position-modulation. However, because of intrinsic limitations of AlGaAs semiconductor lasers, the average power that they can deliver in a pulsed mode of operation is lower than in a CW mode. The magnitude of this problem and its implications are analyzed in this letter, and one possible solution is mentioned.

Katz, J.

Capacity of the Generalized Pulse-Position Modulation Channel

We show the capacity of a generalized pulse-position modulation (PPM) channel, where the input vectors may be any set that allows a transitive group of coordinate permutations, is achieved by a uniform input distribution. We derive a simple expression in terms of the Kullback Leibler distance for the binary case, and the asymptote in the PPM order. We prove a sub-additivity result for the PPM channel and use it to show PPM capacity is monotonic in the order.

Hamkins, J.

Maximum Likelihood Synchronization for Pulse Position Modulation with Inter-Symbol Guard Times

Deep space optical communications promises orders-of-magnitude growth in communication capacity, supporting high data rate applications such as video streaming and high-bandwidth science instruments. Pulse position modulation is the modulation format of choice for deep space applications, and by inserting inter-symbol guard times between the symbols, the signal carries the timing information needed by the demodulator. Accurately extracting this timing information is crucial to demodulating and decoding this signal. In this paper we propose a low complexity maximum likelihood timing estimator for pulse position modulation with inter-symbol guard times which significantly outperforms the prior art in this domain. We show that this estimator can achieve the same performance as prior estimators with an order-of-magnitude less signal flux, or multiple orders-of-magnitude less flux-accumulation time. Further we show that this estimator achieves the Cramer-Rao bound, making it asymptotically efficient. This method does not require an explicit synchronization sequence, freeing up channel resources for data transmission.

Rogalin, Ryan

An Interleaver Implementation for the Serially Concatenated Pulse-Position Modulation Decoder

We describe novel interleaver and deinterleaver architectures that support bandwidth efficient memory access for decoders of turbo-like codes that are used in conjunction with high order modulations. The presentation focuses on a decoder for serially concatenated pulse-position modulation (SCPPM), which is a forward-error-correction code designed by NASA to support laser communications from Mars at more than 50 megabits-per-second (Mbps). For 64-ary PPM, the new architectures effectively triple the fan-in of the interleaver and fan-out of the deinterleaver, enabling parallelization that doubles the overall throughput. The techniques described here can be readily modified for other PPM orders.

turbo decoding

Discrete-Time Demodulator Architectures for Free-Space Broadband Optical Pulse-Position Modulation

The objective of this work is to develop discrete-time demodulator architectures for broadband optical pulse-position modulation (PPM) that are capable of processing Nyquist or near-Nyquist data rates. These architectures are motivated by the numerous advantages of realizing communications demodulators in digital very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. The architectures are developed within a framework that encompasses a large body of work in optical communications, synchronization, and multirate discrete-time signal processing and are constrained by the limitations of the state of the art in digital hardware. This work attempts to create a bridge between theoretical communication algorithms and analysis for deep-space optical PPM and modern digital VLSI. The primary focus of this work is on the synthesis of discrete-time processing architectures for accomplishing the most fundamental functions required in PPM demodulators, post-detection filtering, synchronization, and decision processing. The architectures derived are capable of closely approximating the theoretical performance of the continuous-time algorithms from which they are derived. The work concludes with an outline of the development path that leads to hardware.

Gray, A. A.