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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2014

Comparing Evaporative Sources of Terrestrial Precipitation and Their Extremes in MERRA Using Relative Entropy

A quasi-isentropic back trajectory scheme is applied to output from the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications and a land-only replay with corrected precipitation to estimate surface evaporative sources of moisture supplying precipitation over every ice-free land location for the period 1979-2005. The evaporative source patterns for any location and time period are effectively two dimensional probability distributions. As such, the evaporative sources for extreme situations like droughts or wet intervals can be compared to the corresponding climatological distributions using the method of relative entropy. Significant differences are found to be common and widespread for droughts, but not wet periods, when monthly data are examined. At pentad temporal resolution, which is more able to isolate floods and situations of atmospheric rivers, values of relative entropy over North America are typically 50-400 larger than at monthly time scales. Significant differences suggest that moisture transport may be the key to precipitation extremes. Where evaporative sources do not change significantly, it implies other local causes may underlie the extreme events.

Climatological Distributions↗
NASA NTRS1994

Computing unsteady shock waves for aeroacoustic applications

The computation of unsteady shock waves, which contribute significantly to noise generation in supersonic jet flows, is investigated. The paper focuses on the difficulties of computing slowly moving shock waves. Numerical error is found to manifest itself principally as a spurious entropy wave. Calculations presented are performed using a third-order essentially nonoscillatory scheme. The effect of stencil biasing parameters and of two versions of numerical flux formulas on the magnitude of spurious entropy are investigated. The level of numerical error introduced in the calculation is quantified as a function of shock pressure ratio, shock speed, Courant number, and mesh density. The spurious entropy relative to the entropy jump across a static shock decreases with increasing shock strength and shock velocity relative to the grid, but is insensitive to Courant number. The structure of the spurious entropy wave is affected by the choice of flux formulas and algorithm biasing parameters. The effect of the spurious numerical waves on the calculation of sound amplification by a shock wave is investigated. For this class of problem, the acoustic pressure waves are relatively unaffected by the spurious numerical phenomena.

Meadows, Kristine R.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Computing unsteady shock waves for aeroacoustic applications

The computation of unsteady shock waves, which contribute significantly to noise generation in supersonic jet flows, is investigated. This paper focuses on the difficulties of computing slowly moving shock waves. Numerical error is found to manifest itself principally as a spurious entropy wave. Calculations presented are performed using a third order essentially nonoscillatory scheme. The effect of stencil biasing parameters and of two versions of numerical flux formulas on the magnitude of spurious entropy are investigated. The level of numerical error introduced in the calculation in quantified as a function of shock pressure ratio, shock speed, Courant number, and mesh density. The spurious entropy relative to the entropy jump across a static shock decreases with increasing shock strength and shock velocity relative to the grid, but is insensitive to Courant number. The structure of the spurious entropy wave is affected by the choice of flux formulas and algorithm biasing parameters. The effect of the spurious numerical waves on the calculation of sound amplification by a shock wave is investigated. For this class of problem, the acoustic pressure waves are relatively unaffected by the spurious numerical phenomena.

Meadows,, Kristine r.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Measuring Questions: Relevance and its Relation to Entropy

The Boolean lattice of logical statements induces the free distributive lattice of questions. Inclusion on this lattice is based on whether one question answers another. Generalizing the zeta function of the question lattice leads to a valuation called relevance or bearing, which is a measure of the degree to which one question answers another. Richard Cox conjectured that this degree can be expressed as a generalized entropy. With the assistance of yet another important result from Janos Acz6l, I show that this is indeed the case; and that the resulting inquiry calculus is a natural generalization of information theory. This approach provides a new perspective of the Principle of Maximum Entropy.

Knuth, Kevin H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Pressure transfer function of a JT15D nozzle due to acoustic and convected entropy fluctuations

An acoustic transmission matrix analysis of sound propagation in a variable area duct with and without flow is extended to include convected entropy fluctuations. The boundary conditions used in the analysis are a transfer function relating entropy and pressure at the nozzle inlet and the nozzle exit impedance. The nozzle pressure transfer function calculated is compared with JT15D turbofan engine nozzle data. The one dimensional theory for sound propagation in a variable area nozzle with flow but without convected entropy is good at the low engine speeds where the nozzle exit Mach number is low (M=0.2) and the duct exit impedance model is good. The effect of convected entropy appears to be so negligible that it is obscured by the inaccuracy of the nozzle exit impedance model, the lack of information on the magnitude of the convected entropy and its phase relationship with the pressure, and the scatter in the data. An improved duct exit impedance model is required at the higher engine speeds where the nozzle exit Mach number is high (M=0.56) and at low frequencies (below 120 Hz).

Miles, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Random coding strategies for minimum entropy

This paper proves that there exists a fixed random coding strategy for block coding a memoryless information source to achieve the absolute epsilon entropy of the source. That is, the strategy can be chosen independent of the block length. The principal new tool is an easy result on the semicontinuity of the relative entropy functional of one probability distribution with respect to another. The theorem generalizes a result from rate-distortion theory to the 'zero-infinity' case.

Posner, E. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Evolution of giant gaseous protoplanets embedded in the primitive solar nebula

In contrast to earlier evolutionary calculations, which assumed that protoplanets are isolated, the present spherically symmetric approximation for a protoplanet of one Jovian mass during the early phase of quasi-static contraction invokes a time-dependent surface boundary condition that simulates physical conditions in an evolving primitive solar nebula. Assuming in a first set of calculations that the protoplanet is surrounded by a thermal bath whose temperature varies with time, and whose pressure is small and constant, results show evaporation and complete dispersal of the object. A second set of calculations varies both temperature and pressure at the surface with time, according to solar nebula models, and yields an acceleration or retardation of evolution, relative to that of an isolated protoplanet, depending on the relative entropy of the nebula and the protoplanet's outer layers. Processes by which terrestrial planets can form in the cores of giant gaseous protoplanets are discussed.

Cameron, A. G. W.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Migration of Accreting Planets in Radiative Discs From Dynamical Torques

We present the results of hydrodynamical simulations of the orbital evolution of planets undergoing runaway gas accretion in radiative discs. We consider accreting disc models with constant mass flux through the disc, and where radiative cooling balances the effect of viscous heating and stellar irradiation. We assume that 20–30 M(sub ⨁) giant planet cores are formed in the region where viscous heating dominates and migrate outward under the action of a strong entropy-related corotation torque. In the case where gas accretion is neglected and for an α viscous stress parameter α = 2 × 10(exp -3), we find evidence for strong dynamical torques in accreting discs with accretion rates M ̇ ≳ 7 × 10(exsp -8)M(sub ⨀) yr(exp -1). Their main effect is to increase outward migration rates by a factor of ∼2 typically. In the presence of gas accretion, however, runaway outward migration is observed with the planet passing through the zero-torque radius and the transition between the viscous heating and stellar heating dominated regimes. The ability for an accreting planet to enter a fast migration regime is found to depend strongly on the planet growth rate but can occur for values of the mass flux through the disc of M ̇ ≳ 5 × 10(exp -8)M(sub ⨀) yr(exp -1).We find that an episode of runaway outward migration can cause an accreting planet formed in the 5–10 au region to temporarily orbit at star–planet separations as large as∼60–70 au. However, increase in the amplitude of the Lindblad torque associated with planet growth plus change in the streamline topology near the planet systematically cause the direction of migration to be reversed. Subsequent evolution corresponds to the planet migrating inward rapidly until it becomes massive enough to open a gap in the disc and migrate in the type II regime. Our results indicate that a planet can reach large orbital distances under the combined effect of dynamical torques and gas accretion, but an alternative mechanism is required to explain the presence of massive planets on wide orbits.

Accretion↗
NASA NTRS1986

An entropy maximization problem related to optical communication

In relation to a problem in optical communication, the paper considers the general problem of maximizing the entropy of a stationary radom process that is subject to an average transition cost constraint. By using a recent result of Justesen and Hoholdt, an exact solution to the problem is presented and a class of finite state encoders that give a good approximation to the exact solution is suggested.

Mceliece, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Generalized Entropic Uncertainty Relations with Tsallis' Entropy

A generalization of the entropic formulation of the Uncertainty Principle of Quantum Mechanics is considered with the introduction of the q-entropies recently proposed by Tsallis. The concomitant generalized measure is illustrated for the case of phase and number operators in quantum optics. Interesting results are obtained when making use of q-entropies as the basis for constructing generalized entropic uncertainty measures.

Portesi, M.↗
NASA NTRS1977

An investigation of combustion and entropy noise

The relative importance of entropy and direct combustion noise in turbopropulsion systems and the parameters upon which these noise sources depend were studied. Theory and experiment were employed to determine that at least with the apparatus used here, entropy noise can dominate combustion noise if there is a sufficient pressure gradient terminating the combustor. Measurements included combustor interior fluctuating pressure, near and far field fluctuating pressure, and combustor exit plane fluctuating temperatures, as well as mean pressures and temperatures. Analysis techniques included spectral, cross-correlation, cross power spectra, and ordinary and partial coherence analysis. Also conducted were combustor liner modification experiments to investigate the origin of the frequency content of combustion noise. Techniques were developed to extract nonpropagational pseudo-sound and the heat release fluctuation spectra from the data.

Strahle, W. C.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Transonic small disturbance calculations including entropy corrections

Murman's fully conservative mixed type finite-difference operators are first modified. A special sonic point operator with an iterative damping term is introduced which helps the convergence and does not affect the spatial conservative differences. Reliable calculations with second order supersonic schemes are obtained using two sonic operators, the regular sonic point operator followed by a first order supersonic scheme. Also, shock point operator is shown to be equivalent to fitting a locally normal shock terminating the supersonic region. The potential calculations are then modified to account for the non-isentropic jump conditions using a simple shock fitting procedure based on Prandtl relation. The entropy increase across the shock is calculated in terms of the Mach number upstream of the shock and the effect of the generated vorticity is estimated via Crocco relation. Different examples are calculated and extensions to the full potential equation are discussed.

Hafez, M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Effects of friction and heat conduction on sound propagation in ducts

A theoretical formulation of the propagation of sound in a viscous and heat conducting medium is presented. The problem is reduced to the determination of two scalar potentials related to pressure and entropy fluctuations respectively, and a vector potential related to vorticity fluctuations. The particular case of a two-dimensional duct of constant width is thoroughly investigated in the low, high, and very high frequency ranges. It is shown that three distinct families of modes may propagate along the duct axis, namely, pressure, entropy, and vorticity dominated modes. Perturbation methods are used to study the variations of attenuation rates, phase velocities, and mode shapes, as a function of frequency and duct width.

Huerre, P.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The numerical viscosity of entropy stable schemes for systems of conservation laws

Discrete approximations to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws are studied. The amount of numerical viscosity present in such schemes, is quantified and related to their entropy stability by means of comparison. To this end, conservative schemes which are also entropy conservative are constructed. These entropy conservative schemes enjoy second-order accuracy; moreover, they admit a particular interpretation within the finite-element frameworks, and hence can be formulated on various mesh configurations. It is then shown that conservative schemes are entropy stable if and only if they contain more viscosity than the mentioned above entropy conservative ones.

Tadmor, E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

The numerical viscosity of entropy stable schemes for systems of conservation laws. I

Discrete approximations to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws are studied. The amount of numerical viscosity present in such schemes is quantified and related to their entropy stability by means of comparison.To this end, conservative schemes which are also entropy-conservative are constructed. These entropy-conservative schemes enjoy second-order accuracy; moreover, they can be interpreted as piecewise-linear finite-element methods, and hence can be formulated on various mesh configurations. It is then shown that conservative schemes are entropy stable, if and (for three-point schemes) only they contain more viscosity than that present in the above-mentioned entropy-conservative ones.

Tadmor, Eitan↗
NASA NTRS1986

Entropy conservative finite element schemes

The question of entropy stability for discrete approximations to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws is studied. The amount of numerical viscosity present in such schemes is quantified and related to their entropy stability by means of comparison. To this end, two main ingredients are used: entropy variables and the construction of certain entropy conservative schemes in terms of piecewise-linear finite element approximations. It is then shown that conservative schemes are entropy stable, if and (for three-point schemes) only if, they contain more numerical viscosity than the abovementioned entropy conservation ones.

Tadmor, E.↗