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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

SNS Sample Activation Calculator Flux Recommendations and Validation

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) uses the Sample Activation Calculator (SAC) to calculate the activation of a sample after the sample has been exposed to the neutron beam in one of the SNS beamlines. The SAC webpage takes user inputs (choice of beamline, the mass, composition and area of the sample, irradiation time, decay time, etc.) and calculates the activation for the sample. In recent years, the SAC has been incorporated into the user proposal and sample handling process, and instrument teams and users have noticed discrepancies in the predicted activation of their samples. The Neutronics Analysis Team validated SAC by performing measurements on select beamlines and confirmed the discrepancies seen by the instrument teams and users. The conclusions were that the discrepancies were a result of a combination of faulty neutron flux spectra for the instruments, improper inputs supplied by SAC (1.12), and a mishandling of cross section data in the Sample Activation Program for Easy Use (SAPEU) (1.1.2). This report focuses on the conclusion that the SAPEU (1.1.2) beamline neutron flux spectra have errors and are a significant contributor to the activation discrepancies. The results of the analysis of the SAPEU (1.1.2) flux spectra for all beamlines will be discussed in detail. The recommendations for the implementation of improved neutron flux spectra in SAPEU (1.1.3) are also discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

SNS Sample Activation Calculator Experimental Validation - Paper 79

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) uses the Sample Activation Calculator (SAC) to calculate the activation of all samples after they have been exposed to the neutron beam in any of the neutron scattering instruments at the SNS beamlines. The SAC web page takes user inputs (choice of beamline, the mass, composition and area of the sample, irradiation time, decay time, etc.) and then calculates the activation for the sample. In recent years, the SAC has been incorporated into the user proposal and sample handling process, and beamline scientists and users have noticed discrepancies in the predicted activation of their samples. As a part of the Neutronics Analysis Group at SNS, we were tasked with validating the SAC tool and diagnosing the origin of the discrepancies seen by the beamline scientists and the users. In the process of performing these measurements, we additionally found that several aspects of realistic neutron scattering operations, and thus sample exposure, cannot be captured with current configuration of the SAC tool. Typical neutron scattering samples are irradiated for multiple periods with different neutron energy ranges; the realities of accelerator operation indicate that not all of those periods will be at the same accelerator power, and scattering samples are frequently not fully illuminated by the well-collimated neutron beam. Finally, we will explore whether neutron beams, as modified by neutron guide systems with energy-dependent intensity modifications and by precise energy-band defining mechanical choppers, are suitably analyzed with multigroup cross section libraries in which there are typically very few energy groups below one eV. (authors)

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Underground Test Area Activity Sampling Technologies Evaluation Report, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada, Revision 0

This report presents the results of the next stage of sampling technology evaluations as described in Underground Test Area Activity Sampling Technologies Methods Plan (N-I, 2014b). Testing of the BESST Blatypus system was originally planned; however, communications with the vendor indicated it is premature for the UGTA Activity to field test this technology. The system currently uses latex tubing and nitrogen gas to push the water to the surface. The large amount of nitrogen gas needed due to the depths of the UGTA wells makes this unfeasible. Also, the latex tubing will likely not hold up in steel tubing. Instead, three technologies were evaluated: depth-discrete bailer, jack pump, and submersible pump. Each of these is a proven technology for certain conditions. The evaluation includes logistical and operational data collected during the purging of the well or completion interval and groundwater sampling at three wells.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2010

Rapid Active Sampling Package

A field-deployable, battery-powered Rapid Active Sampling Package (RASP), originally designed for sampling strong materials during lunar and planetary missions, shows strong utility for terrestrial geological use. The technology is proving to be simple and effective for sampling and processing materials of strength. Although this originally was intended for planetary and lunar applications, the RASP is very useful as a powered hand tool for geologists and the mining industry to quickly sample and process rocks in the field on Earth. The RASP allows geologists to surgically acquire samples of rock for later laboratory analysis. This tool, roughly the size of a wrench, allows the user to cut away swaths of weathering rinds, revealing pristine rock surfaces for observation and subsequent sampling with the same tool. RASPing deeper (.3.5 cm) exposes single rock strata in-situ. Where a geologist fs hammer can only expose unweathered layers of rock, the RASP can do the same, and then has the added ability to capture and process samples into powder with particle sizes less than 150 microns, making it easier for XRD/XRF (x-ray diffraction/x-ray fluorescence). The tool uses a rotating rasp bit (or two counter-rotating bits) that resides inside or above the catch container. The container has an open slot to allow the bit to extend outside the container and to allow cuttings to enter and be caught. When the slot and rasp bit are in contact with a substrate, the bit is plunged into it in a matter of seconds to reach pristine rock. A user in the field may sample a rock multiple times at multiple depths in minutes, instead of having to cut out huge, heavy rock samples for transport back to a lab for analysis. Because of the speed and accuracy of the RASP, hundreds of samples can be taken in one day. RASP-acquired samples are small and easily carried. A user can characterize more area in less time than by using conventional methods. The field-deployable RASP used a Ni/Cad rechargeable battery. Power usage was less than 1 Wh/ cm3 even when sampling strong basalts, so many samples could be taken on a single battery charge.

Peters, Gregory↗
DOE OSTI2026

AutoSAC-Automated Sample Activation Calculation on VULCAN

AutoSAC is an automated python program to conduct sample activation calculation immediately after neutron scattering experiment on VULCAN. AutoSAC takes account of sample dimensions, compositions, forms, sample environments, neutron beam configurations, neutron scattering history, and proton charged resolved beam power etc., and uses a simplified method to rapidly estimate the radioactivity at end of beam or after. It generates a draft report per sample and repository of radioactivity per measurement and provides feedback of current radioactivity and decay time back to a neutron proposal Slack channel to inform users immediately on sample handling. It also utilizes either the sample note field in EPICS or sample composition or thickness correction and takes slack prompt or command to conduct post-beam SAC by demand. The program can be shared to be used in other beamlines at spallation neutron source with modified instrument configurations including instrument specific characteristic beam fluxes.

An, Ke [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Active sampling for neural network potentials: Accelerated simulations of shear-induced deformation in Cu–Ni multilayers

Neural network potentials (NNPs) can greatly accelerate atomistic simulations relative to ab initio methods, allowing one to sample a broader range of structural outcomes and transformation pathways. In this work, we demonstrate an active sampling algorithm that trains an NNP that is able to produce microstructural evolutions with accuracy comparable to those obtained by density functional theory, exemplified during structure optimizations for a model Cu–Ni multilayer system. We then use the NNP, in conjunction with a perturbation scheme, to stochastically sample structural and energetic changes caused by shear-induced deformation, demonstrating the range of possible intermixing and vacancy migration pathways that can be obtained as a result of the speedups provided by the NNP. The code to implement our active learning strategy and NNP-driven stochastic shear simulations is openly available at https://github.com/pnnl/Active-Sampling-for-Atomistic-Potentials .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1998

Active sample acquisition system for micro-penetrators

This paper summarizes the design and development of a sub-surface sample acquisition system for use in micro-penetrators. The system was developed for flight use under NASA's New Millennium Program, Deep Space 2 project. The system goal is to acquire approximately 100 mg of Martian sub-surface soil and return it to the inside of the micro-penetrator for analysis to determine the presence of water. Various passive and active sampling techniques that were tested during the development cycle are described. After significant testing, a side bore drill mechanism was chosen to be developed for use in the flight penetrators. The design, development, and testing of mechanism element are outlined, with particular emphasis placed on actuator development, drill stem design, impact testing, and mechanism testing in various soil types. The other system elements, a pyrotechnically actuated door mechanism to seal the sample and an impact restraint mechanism, are also described.

Voorhees, Chris↗
DOE OSTI2021

Encoding Frequency Constraints in Preventive Unit Commitment Using Deep Learning With Region-of-Interest Active Sampling

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy, frequency response and its security are of significant concerns for reliable power system operations. Frequency-constrained unit commitment (FCUC) is proposed to address this challenge. Despite existing efforts in modeling frequency characteristics in unit commitment (UC), current strategies can only handle oversimplified low-order frequency response models and do not consider wide-range operating conditions. This paper presents a generic data-driven framework for FCUC under high renewable penetration. Here, deep neural networks (DNNs) are trained to predict the frequency response using real data or high-fidelity simulation data. Next, the DNN is reformulated as a set of mixed-integer linear constraints to be incorporated into the ordinary UC formulation. In the data generation phase, all possible power injections are considered, and a region-of-interest active sampling is proposed to include power injection samples with frequency nadirs closer to the UFLC threshold, which enhances the accuracy of frequency constraints in FCUC. The proposed FCUC is investigated on the IEEE 39-bus system. Then, a full-order dynamic model simulation using PSS/E verifies the effectiveness of FCUC in frequency-secure generator commitments.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

FY23 Update: Surface Sampling Activities for the Canister Deposition Field Demonstration

This report describes the results of a field demonstration of the proposed surface sampling techniques and plan for the multi-year Canister Deposition Field Demonstration (CDFD). The CDFD will evaluate salt deposition rates on three commercial 32PTH2 NUHOMS welded stainless steel storage canisters in Advanced Horizontal Storage Modules. Exposure testing is planned for up to 10 years and will incorporate periodic surface sampling campaigns. The goal of the planned dust sampling and analysis is to determine important environmental parameters that impact the potential occurrence of stress corrosion cracking on spent nuclear fuel (SNF) dry storage canisters. Specifically, measured dust deposition rates and deposited particle sizes will improve parameterization of dust deposition models employed to predict the potential occurrence and timing of stress corrosion cracks on the stainless steel SNF canisters. Previously, a preliminary sampling plan was developed, identifying possible sampling locations on the canister surfaces and sampling intervals; possible sampling methods were also described. Building from previous work, this report documents hand sampling from a spent nuclear fuel canister on a transfer skid mockup designed by Sandia National Laboratories. The sampling took place from a boom lift and salts were collected from mounted sample plates. The results of these efforts are presented in this report and compared to previous laboratory-controlled tests. The information obtained from the CDFD will be critical for ongoing efforts to develop a detailed understanding of the potential for stress corrosion cracking of SNF dry storage canisters.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2013

MEASURING X-RAY VARIABILITY IN FAINT/SPARSELY SAMPLED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

We study the statistical properties of the normalized excess variance of variability process characterized by a ''red-noise'' power spectral density (PSD), as in the case of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We perform Monte Carlo simulations of light curves, assuming both a continuous and a sparse sampling pattern and various signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns). We show that the normalized excess variance is a biased estimate of the variance even in the case of continuously sampled light curves. The bias depends on the PSD slope and on the sampling pattern, but not on the S/N. We provide a simple formula to account for the bias, which yields unbiased estimates with an accuracy better than 15%. We show that the normalized excess variance estimates based on single light curves (especially for sparse sampling and S/N < 3) are highly uncertain (even if corrected for bias) and we propose instead the use of an ''ensemble estimate'', based on multiple light curves of the same object, or on the use of light curves of many objects. These estimates have symmetric distributions, known errors, and can also be corrected for biases. We use our results to estimate the ability to measure the intrinsic source variability in current data, and show that they could also be useful in the planning of the observing strategy of future surveys such as those provided by X-ray missions studying distant and/or faint AGN populations and, more in general, in the estimation of the variability amplitude of sources that will result from future surveys such as Pan-STARRS and LSST.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Inferring neutron yields using indium activation samples for small fractions of tritium added to deuterium fuel in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments

In inertial confinement fusion experiments, the neutron yield is an important metric for thermonuclear fusion performance. Neutron activation diagnostics can be used to infer neutron yields. The material used for neutron activation diagnostic undergoes a threshold reaction so that only neutrons having energies above the threshold energy are observed. For thermonuclear experiments using deuterium (D) and tritium (T) fuel constituents, neutrons arising from D + D reactions (DD-neutrons) and neutrons resulting from D + T reactions (DT-neutrons) are of primary interest. Indium has two neutron activation reactions that can be used to infer yields of DD-neutrons and DT-neutrons. One threshold is high enough that only DT-neutrons can induce activation, the second reaction can be activated by both DD-neutrons and DT-neutrons. Thus, to obtain the DD-neutron yield, the contribution made by DT-neutrons to the total induced activity must be extracted. In DD-fuel experiments, DT-neutrons arise from secondary reactions, which are significantly lower in number than primary DD-neutrons, and their contribution to the inferred DD-neutron yield can be ignored. When the DD- and DT-neutron yields become comparable, such as when low tritium fractions are added to DD-fuel, the contribution of DT-neutrons must be extracted to obtain accurate yields. A general method is described for this correction to DD-neutron yields.

Mangan, M. A. (ORCID:000000034583700X)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Active sampling of volatile chemicals for non-invasive classification of chicken eggs by sex early in incubation

According to industry estimates, approximately 7 billion day-old male chicks are disposed of annually worldwide because they are not of use to the layer industry. A practical process to identify the sex of the egg early in incubation without penetrating the egg would improve animal welfare, reduce food waste and mitigate environmental impact. We implemented a moderate vacuum pressure system through commercial egg-handling suction cups to collect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Three separate experiments were set up to determine optimal conditions to collect eggs VOCs to discriminate male from female embryos. Optimal extraction time (2 min), storage conditions (short period of incubation during egg storage (SPIDES) at days 8–10 of incubation), and sampling temperature (37.5°C) were determined. Our VOC-based method could correctly differentiate male from female embryos with more than 80% accuracy. These specifications are compatible with the design of specialized automation equipment capable of high-throughput, in-ovo sexing based on chemical sensor microchips.

Borras, Eva↗
DOE OSTI2018

INITIAL Reactor Safeguards Laboratory

The safeguards and core cooling laboratory will consist of sample activation, sample measurement and sample analysis. Two activation samples of natural UO 2 will be irradiated in the reflector region of the McClellan Nuclear Research Center (MNCR). One sample will be cadmium covered and the other will not have cadmium covering (bare). Both samples will be measured with a HPGe detector, where energy and efficiency calibrations are necessary. Analysis is detailed below in the analysis section.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2012

Microscopic and mesoscopic structural features of an activated carbon sample, prepared from sorghum via activation by phosphoric acid

Graphical abstract: Display Omitted Highlights: ► Preparation of a new activated carbon sample from sorghum. ► Characterization by adsorption/desorption methods. ► Determination of the structure by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. ► The sample is amorphous and contains distorted graphene fragments. ► A characteristic nanoscale distance is established from the radial distribution function. -- Abstract: An acidic chemical activation procedure has been used for preparing activated carbon with a surface area exceeding 1000 m{sup 2}/g from sorghum. In order to reveal structural features, synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements have been performed. The structure of the material has been characterized by the total scattering structure factor and the radial distribution function describing short-range arrangement of atoms at distances of the order of a few atomic diameters as well as correlations at a longer scale, of the order of nanometers. The atomic arrangement has been found to be consistent with that of amorphous graphite-like carbon. As far as the mesoscopic structure is concerned, the presence of a characteristic distance is suggested on the basis of the clear nanometer scale oscillations of the radial distribution function, which distance may be assigned as the mesopore size in the material. It is suggested that the approach devized here may later be applied routinely for other activated carbon samples, too, for characterizing atomic and nanoscale order simultaneously.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗