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At least 19 records

Slit Function Measurement of An Imaging Spectrograph Using Fourier Transform Techniques

Knowledge of a spectrograph slit function is necessary to interpret the unresolved lines in an observed spectrum. A theoretical slit function can be calculated from the sizes of the entrance slit, the detector aperture when it functions as an exit slit, the dispersion characteristic of the disperser, and the point spread function of the spectrograph. A measured slit function is preferred to the theoretical one for the correct interpretation of the spectral data. In a scanning spectrometer with a single exit slit, the slit function is easily measured. In a fixed grating/or disperser spectrograph, illuminating the entrance slit with a near monochromatic light from a pre-monochrmator or a tunable laser and varying the wavelength of the incident light can measure the slit function. Even though the latter technique had been used successfully for the slit function measurements, it had been very laborious and it would be prohibitive to an imaging spectrograph or a multi-object spectrograph that has a large field of view. We explore an alternative technique that is manageable for the measurements. In the proposed technique, the imaging spectrograph is used as a detector of a Fourier transform spectrometer. This method can be applied not only to an IR spectrograph but also has a potential to a visible/UV spectrograph including a wedge filter spectrograph. This technique will require a blackbody source of known temperature and a bolometer to characterize the interferometer part of the Fourier Transform spectrometer. This pa?er will describe the alternative slit function measurement technique using a Fourier transform spectrometer.

Park, Hongwoo↗

Development and Preliminary Testing of a High Precision Long Stroke Slit Change Mechanism for the SPICE Instrument

In the frame of ESA's Solar Orbiter scientific mission, Almatech has been selected to design, develop and test the Slit Change Mechanism of the SPICE (SPectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment) instrument. In order to guaranty optical cleanliness level while fulfilling stringent positioning accuracies and repeatability requirements for slit positioning in the optical path of the instrument, a linear guiding system based on a double flexible blade arrangement has been selected. The four different slits to be used for the SPICE instrument resulted in a total stroke of 16.5 mm in this linear slit changer arrangement. The combination of long stroke and high precision positioning requirements has been identified as the main design challenge to be validated through breadboard models testing. This paper presents the development of SPICE's Slit Change Mechanism (SCM) and the two-step validation tests successfully performed on breadboard models of its flexible blade support system. The validation test results have demonstrated the full adequacy of the flexible blade guiding system implemented in SPICE's Slit Change Mechanism in a stand-alone configuration. Further breadboard test results, studying the influence of the compliant connection to the SCM linear actuator on an enhanced flexible guiding system design have shown significant enhancements in the positioning accuracy and repeatability of the selected flexible guiding system. Preliminary evaluation of the linear actuator design, including a detailed tolerance analyses, has shown the suitability of this satellite roller screw based mechanism for the actuation of the tested flexible guiding system and compliant connection. The presented development and preliminary testing of the high-precision long-stroke Slit Change Mechanism for the SPICE Instrument are considered fully successful such that future tests considering the full Slit Change Mechanism can be performed, with the gained confidence, directly on a Qualification Model. The selected linear Slit Change Mechanism design concept, consisting of a flexible guiding system driven by a hermetically sealed linear drive mechanism, is considered validated for the specific application of the SPICE instrument, with great potential for other special applications where contamination and high precision positioning are dominant design drivers.

Paciotti, Gabriel↗

Hydrogen Diffusion in Slit Pores: Role of Temperature, Pressure, Confinement, and Roughness

Diffusion of hydrogen (H 2 ) is important to understand the leakage risk and transport behavior for H 2 geologic storage. We applied molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the influencing factors of H2 diffusion in the slit pores of calcite, hematite, and quartz, owing to their abundance. It is revealed that the H2 self-diffusion coefficient increases with the temperature, regardless of the type of pore minerals. The diffusion of H 2 in the 20 nm slit pores falls into the bulk diffusion regime when the pressure is 10 MPa. The self-diffusion of H 2 decreases with pressure in all three types of slit pores, following a power law model with the exponents ranging from -0.825 to -0.964. Furthermore, the impact of confinement on H 2 diffusion is more pronounced for the slit pores with stronger interactions with H 2 -like calcite. The role of surface roughness in H 2 diffusion depends on the slit aperture. The rough surface enhances H 2 diffusion in the larger slit pores due to the enlarged effective pore space, whereas it weakens H 2 diffusion in the small slit pores due to stronger adsorption. These findings will fill the knowledge gap on the coupling effect of different factors influencing H 2 diffusion.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Development of Flight Slit-Jaw Optics for Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha SpectroPolarimeter

In sounding rocket experiment CLASP, I have placed a slit a mirror-finished around the focal point of the telescope. The light reflected by the mirror surface surrounding the slit is then imaged in Slit-jaw optical system, to obtain the a-ray Lyman secondary image. This image, not only to use the real-time image in rocket flight rocket oriented direction selection, and also used as a scientific data showing the spatial structure of the Lyman alpha emission line intensity distribution and solar chromosphere around the observation area of the polarimetric spectroscope. Slit-jaw optical system is a two off-axis mirror unit part including a parabolic mirror and folding mirror, Lyman alpha transmission filter, the optical system magnification 1x consisting camera. The camera is supplied from the United States, and the other was carried out fabrication and testing in all the Japanese side. Slit-jaw optical system, it is difficult to access the structure, it is necessary to install the low place clearance. Therefore, influence the optical performance, the fine adjustment is necessary optical elements are collectively in the form of the mirror unit. On the other hand, due to the alignment of the solar sensor in the US launch site, must be removed once the Lyman alpha transmission filter holder including a filter has a different part from the mirror unit. In order to make the structure simple, stray light measures Aru to concentrate around Lyman alpha transmission filter. To overcome the difficulties of performing optical alignment in Lyman alpha wavelength absorbed by the atmosphere, it was planned 'following four steps in order to reduce standing time alignment me. 1. is measured in advance refractive index at Lyman alpha wavelength of Lyman alpha transmission filter (121.567nm), to prepare a visible light Firuwo having the same optical path length in the visible light (630nm).2. The mirror structure CLASP before mounting unit standing, dummy slit and camera standing prescribed position in leading frame is, to complete the internal alignment adjustment. 3. CLASP structure F mirror unit and by attaching the visible light filter, as will plague the focus is carried out in standing position adjustment visible flight products camera. 4. Replace the Lyman alpha transmission filter, it is confirmed by Lyman alpha wavelength (under vacuum) the requested optical performance have come. Currently, up to 3 of the steps completed, it was confirmed in the visible light optical performance that satisfies the required value sufficiently extended. Also, put in Slit-jaw optical system the sunlight through the telescope of CLASP, it is also confirmed that and that stray light rejection no vignetting is in the field of view meets request standing.

chromospheric↗

Development of Flight Slit-Jaw Optics for Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha SpectroPolarimeter

In sounding rocket experiment CLASP, I have placed a slit a mirror‐finished around the focal point of the telescope. The light reflected by the mirror surface surrounding the slit is then imaged in Slit‐jaw optical system, to obtain the alpha‐ray Lyman secondary image. This image, not only to use the real‐time image in rocket flight rocket oriented direction selection, and also used as a scientific data showing the spatial structure of the Lyman alpha emission line intensity distribution and solar chromosphere around the observation area of the polarimetric spectroscope. Slit‐jaw optical system is a two off‐axis mirror unit part including a parabolic mirror and folding mirror, Lyman alpha transmission filter, the optical system magnification 1x consisting camera. The camera is supplied from the United States, and the other was carried out fabrication and testing in all the Japanese side. Slit‐jaw optical system, it is difficult to access the structure, it is necessary to install the low place clearance. Therefore, influence the optical performance, the fine adjustment is necessary optical elements are collectively in the form of the mirror unit. On the other hand, due to the alignment of the solar sensor in the US launch site, must be removed once the Lyman alpha transmission filter holder including a filter has a different part from the mirror unit. In order to make the structure simple, stray light measures Aru to concentrate around Lyman alpha transmission filter. To overcome the difficulties of performing optical alignment in Lyman alpha wavelength absorbed by the atmosphere, it was planned following four steps in order to reduce standing time alignment me. 1: is measured in advance refractive index at Lyman alpha wavelength of Lyman alpha transmission filter (121.567nm), to prepare a visible light Firuwo having the same optical path length in the visible light (630nm). 2: The mirror structure CLASP before mounting unit standing, dummy slit and camera standing prescribed position in leading frame is, to complete the internal alignment adjustment. 3: CLASP structure F mirror unit and by attaching the visible light filter, as will plague the focus is carried out in standing position adjustment visible flight products camera. 4: Replace the Lyman alpha transmission filter, it is confirmed by Lyman alpha wavelength (under vacuum) the requested optical performance have come. Currently, up to 3 of the steps completed, it was confirmed in the visible light optical performance that satisfies the required value sufficiently extended. Also, put in Slit‐jaw optical system the sunlight through the telescope of CLASP, it is also confirmed that and that stray light rejection no vignetting is in the field of view meets request standing.

Kubo, Masahito↗

Effect of CO 2 on the water slip flow at silica surfaces for nanometer slit pores of talc

In our previous study, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulated water flow with no dissolved gas in nanometer slit pores of the hydrophobic talc surfaces revealed a slip length of about 0.5 nm, which is close to the size of “water exclusion zone” but much less than experimental slip length. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging confirmed the presence of pancake shape nanobubbles at the hydrophobic talc (001) surface (size from tens to hundreds of nanometers). The effect of CO 2 on water slip flow in talc nanopores is reported to reveal the importance of dissolved gas for confined fluid flow. MD simulated 7 nm CO 2 nanobubbles were found to attach and spread at the talc (001) surface, consistent with the AFM observation. Simulated CO 2 saturated water flow in the slit pores of talc (001) surfaces predicted the generation of CO 2 nanobubbles at the end of the slit pore, due to the stabilization of a CO 2 film at the talc (001) surfaces and a water barrier at the edge surfaces of talc. A “critical thickness” of about 1.5 nm was found for CO 2 nanobubbles to be stabilized at the end of the talc (001) surface. With 1.5 nm CO 2 nanobubbles at the talc (001) surface of a 6 nm slit pore, a water slip length of 1.8 nm was determined. Furthermore, the nanometer slit pore simulations with dissolved CO 2 in water revealed an increased slip length. It is expected that an increased slip length value would be found with an increased CO 2 film thickness.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Chemistry and Dynamics of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Methane in the Slit Pores of Layered Silicates

In the mid 2010s, high-pressure diffraction and spectroscopic tools opened a window into the molecular-scale behavior of fluids at the conditions of many CO 2 sequestration and shale/tight gas reservoirs - conditions where CO 2 and CH 4 are present as variably wet supercritical fluids. Integrating high-pressure spectroscopy and diffraction with molecular modeling has revealed much about the ways that supercritical CO 2 and CH 4 behave in reservoir components, particularly in the slit-shaped micro- and meso-pores of layered silicates (phyllosilicates) abundant in caprocks and shales. This Account summarizes how supercritical CO 2 and CH 4 behave in the slit pores of swelling phyllosilicates as functions of the H 2 O activity, framework structural features, and charge-balancing cation properties at 90 bar and 323 K – conditions similar to a reservoir at ~1 km depth. Slit pores containing cations with large radii, low hydration energy, and large polarizability readily interact with CO 2 , allowing CO 2 and H 2 O to adsorb and co-exist in these interlayer pores over a wide range of fluid humidities. In contrast, cations with small radii, high hydration energy, and low polarizability weakly interact with CO 2 leading to reduced CO 2 uptake and a tendency to exclude CO 2 from interlayers when H 2 O is abundant. The reorientation dynamics of confined CO 2 depends on the interlayer pore height, which is strongly influenced by the cation properties, framework properties, and fluid humidity. The silicate structural framework also influences CO 2 uptake and behavior - for example, smectites with increasing F-for-OH substitution in the framework take up greater quantities of CO 2 . Reactions that trap CO 2 in carbonate phases have been observed in thin H 2 O films near smectite surfaces, including a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism when the edge surface area is high and an ion exchange-precipitation mechanism when the interlayer cation can form a highly insoluble carbonate. In contrast, supercritical CH 4 does not readily associate with cations, does not react with smectites, and is only incorporated into interlayer slit mesopores when (i) the pore has a $z$-dimension large enough to accommodate CH 4 , (ii) the smectite has low charge and (iii) the H 2 O activity is low. In conclusion, the adsorption and displacement of CH 4 by CO 2 and vice-versa have been studied on the molecular scale in one shale, but opportunities remain to examine behavioral details in this more complicated, slit-pore inclusive system.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Plasma electron collection through biased slits in a dielectric

A large number of experimental and analytical efforts have been directed toward understanding the plasma sheath growth and discharge phenomena which lead to high-voltage solar array/space plasma interactions. An important question which has not been addressed is how the voltage gradient in the plasma sheath near the surface of such an array may affect these interactions. The purpose of the experimental study described in this paper is to examine the merging of the sheaths around biased slits in a dielectric and how this affects the collection of electrons through these slits. The data, which are obtained by emissive probes and direct measurement of the current collected through the slits, indicate that when the sheaths merge the current collection by the slits is significantly altered with the most positive slit collecting more electrons than it otherwise would. Therefore, the effect of a voltage gradient in the sheath around a solar array should be considered when evaluating solar array performance.

Carruth, M. R., Jr.↗

Numerical analysis of rarefied slit flows. II - Navier-Stokes simulations

The model problem of pressure-driven flow of a rarefied monatomic gas through a two-dimensional slit is analyzed via full Navier-Stokes numerical simulation. Parametric solutions are generated for slit-height based Knudsen number ranging from continuum to transitional flow and for reservoir pressure ratios leading to subsonic and supersonic flow. The change in the structure of the flowfield near the slit as a function of pressure ratio and Knudsen number are quantified from a purely continuum standpoint. The choice of numerical domain size, boundary conditions and treatment of the slit are also discussed. As expected, comparison with a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo solution for a highly rarefied case shows large differences in the predicted mass flow. The cause of these differences can be quantified through detailed comparison of the local flowfield properties. For the larger pressure ratio cases qualitative trends with increasing rarefaction are discussed, including the change in the sonic line shape in the slit and the in total mass flow.

Wadsworth, D. C.↗

Weighted slit extraction of low-dispersion IUE spectral data

The weighted slit extraction has been chosen by the IUE project as the standard extraction for low-dispersion spectra in the final IUE archives. In order to properly weight the data within the extraction slit and obtain the optimal evaluation of the true spectrum, a noise model is derived for IUE data. The exclusion of cosmic rays is demonstrated and the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio is quantified for spectra taken with a wide range of flux level. Problematic spectra, such as trailed spectra, multiple spectra, discontinuous spectra, and emission-line spectra, are extracted to demonstrate the robust nature of the method. Comparisons are made between the standard IUE Standard Image Processing System (IUESIPS) extraction, nonstandard narrow slit extraction, trailed IUESIPS extraction, and weighted extraction for these data. Other weighted slit extractions are briefly discussed. The advantages of the weighted slit extraction are: (1) the extraction improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum while conserving total flux; (2) most of the cosmic rays are automatically removed; (3) the output includes an error estimate for each point in the flux spectrum; and (4) the algorithm can be run in a batch mode that requires no special input parameters.

Kinney, A. L.↗

Slitting flat conductor cables with the single cutting edge slitter

Manually operated slitter can cut single slit in flat conductor cable to any desired length. Lateral position of flat conductor cable is adjusted with aid of optical magnifier and cursor glass to ensure that slit is accurately placed between conductors. Multiple slits may be made by repeating procedure for single slit.

Angele, W.↗

Reflecting Slit for Imaging Spectrometer

Optical slit that reflects rather than transmits performs multiple functions for imaging infrared spectrometer. Serves as field reflector, field flattener, and entrance aperture for instrument. Reflecting slit narrow strip of spherical reflecting surface with intersecting spherical reflecting side surfaces that reject radiation originating outside slit region. Precision of slit geometry crucial in optical system.

Page, N. A.↗

Turbulent transport of He II in active and passive phase separators using slit devices and porous media

The turbulent transport mode of vapor liquid phase separators (VLPS) for He II has been investigated comparing passive porous plug separators with active phase separators (APS) using slits of variable flow paths within a common frame of reference. It is concluded that the basic transport regimes in both devices are identical. An integrated Gorter-Mellink (1949) equation, found previously to predict VLPS results of porous plugs, is employed to analyze APS data published in the literature. It is found that the Gorter-Mellink flow rate parameter for 9-micron and 14-micron APS slit widths are relatively independent of the slit width, having a rate constant of about 9 + or - 10 percent. This agrees with the early heat flow results for He II entropy transport at zero net mass flow in wide capillaries and slits.

Yuan, S. W. K.↗

A Computational and Experimental Study of Slit Resonators

Computational and experimental studies are carried out to offer validation of the results obtained from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the flow and acoustic fields of slit resonators. The test cases include slits with 90-degree corners and slits with 45-degree bevel angle housed inside an acoustic impedance tube. Three slit widths are used. Six frequencies from 0.5 to 3.0 kHz are chosen. Good agreement is found between computed and measured reflection factors. In addition, incident sound waves having white noise spectrum and a prescribed pseudo-random noise spectrum are used in subsequent series of tests. The computed broadband results are again found to agree well with experimental data. It is believed the present results provide strong support that DNS can eventually be a useful and accurate prediction tool for liner aeroacoustics. The usage of DNS as a design tool is discussed and illustrated by a simple example.

Tam, C. K. W.↗

HostSub_GP: Precise Galaxy Background Subtraction in Transient Long-slit Spectroscopy with Gaussian Processes

We present a novel host galaxy subtraction technique in long-slit spectroscopy for extragalactic transients. Unlike classic methods which generally estimate the background using simple interpolation of local galaxy flux in the 2D spectrum, our approach leverages multi-band archival images of the host galaxies to model the background emission from the galaxy in the 2D spectrum. Such imaging encodes the wavelength-dependent galaxy profile along the slit, and is readily accessible through wide-field imaging surveys. We construct a smooth prior for the 2D galaxy profile with a Gaussian process (GP) based on these reference images, and use another GP to model the correlated deviations from the prior in the observed spectrum. This enables accurate inference of the galaxy flux blended with the transient. On synthetic long-slit data of a spiral galaxy extracted from a Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer hyper-spectral cube, the GP method remains robust as long as the host galaxy is spatially resolved and consistently outperforms classic methods. We apply the method to archival Keck spectra of two real transients, SN 2019eix and AT 2019qiz, to further demonstrate how the method uniquely recovers weak spectral features amid strong galaxy contamination, enabling refined constraints on the properties of both transients. We have released the software implementation, HostSub_GP, a scalable toolkit that leverages JAX, with an MIT license.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Graphene-based analog of single-slit electron diffraction

In this study, we report on the experimental demonstration of single-slit diffraction exhibited by electrons propagating in encapsulated graphene with an effective de Broglie wavelength corresponding to their attributes as massless Dirac fermions. Nanometer-scale device designs were implemented to fabricate a single-slit followed by five detector paths. Predictive calculations were also utilized to readily understand the observations reported. These calculations required the modeling of wave propagation in ideal case scenarios of the reported device designs to more accurately describe the observed single-slit phenomenon. This experiment was performed at room temperature and 190 K, where data from the latter highlighted the exaggerated asymmetry between electrons and holes, recently ascribed to slightly different Fermi velocities near the K point. This observation and device concept may be used for building diffraction switches with versatile applicability.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Broadening of fast-beam spectral lines due to diffraction at the entrance slit of a spectrometer.

Experimental and theoretical demonstration of the necessity to take into account the effects of diffraction at a spectrometer's entrance slit in adjusting the spectrometer for observation of fast-beam spectral lines under conditions of minimum linewidth. An approximate expression is obtained for the optimum entrance slit width to be used in order to avoid the pronounced broadening of the spectral lines that occurs for very narrow entrance slits.

Leavitt, J. A.↗

Special report, exit slit mirrors for the Ebert spectrometer

The use of a very long straight entrance slit in an Ebert grating spectrometer with two plane mirrors at the shorter exit slit to increase the energy density is described. This system has been employed in a far ultraviolet rocket spectrometer to provide higher sensitivity than has been achieved previously. The imaging properties and required slit and mirror adjustments are presented. Experimental results are included.

Fastie, W. G.↗