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SU-E-T-326: The Oxygen Saturation (SO2) and Breath-Holding Time Variation Applied Active Breathing Control (ABC)
Purpose: To study the oxygen saturation (SO2) and breath-holding time variation applied active breathing control (ABC) in radiotherapy of tumor. Methods: 24 volunteers were involved in our trials, and they all did breath-holding motion assisted by ELEKTA Active Breathing Coordinator 2.0 for 10 times respectively. And the patient monitor was used to observe the oxygen saturation (SO2) variation. The variation of SO2, and length of breath-holding time and the time for recovering to the initial value of SO2 were recorded and analyzed. Results: (1) The volunteers were divided into two groups according to the SO2 variation in breath-holding: A group, 14 cases whose SO2 reduction were more than 2% (initial value was 97% to 99%, while termination value was 91% to 96%); B group, 10 cases were less than 2% in breath-holding without inhaling oxygen. (2) The interfraction breath holding time varied from 8 to 20s for A group compared to the first breath-holding time, and for B group varied from 4 to 14s. (3) The breathing holding time of B group prolonged mean 8s, compared to A group. (4) The time for restoring to the initial value of SO2 was from 10s to 30s. And the breath-holding time shortened obviously for patients whose SO2 did not recover to normal. Conclusion: It is very obvious that the SO2 reduction in breath-holding associated with ABC for partial people. It is necessary to check the SO2 variation in breath training, and enough time should be given to recover SO2.
Enhanced SO2 Concentrations Observed over Northern India: Role of Long-range Transport
Volcanic emissions and coal burning are among the major sources of SO2 over the continental environment. In this study, we show episodes of long-range transport of volcanic SO2 from Africa to Northern India using satellite observations. Monthly averaged SO2 from OMI were of the order of 0.6-0.9 DU during November, 2008 over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), which far exceeded background values (<0.3 DU) retrieved from observations across different locations over North India during 2005-2010. The columnar SO2 loadings were much higher on November 6 over most of the IGP and even exceeded 6 DU, a factor of 10 higher than background levels at some places. These enhanced SO2 levels were, however, not reciprocated in satellite derived NO2 or CO columns, indicating transport from a non-anthropogenic source of SO2. Backward trajectory analysis revealed strong winds in the free troposphere, which originated from the Dalaffilla volcanic eruption over the Afar region of Ethiopia during November 4-6, 2008. Wind streams and stable atmospheric conditions were conducive to the long-range transport of volcanic plume into the IGP. As most of the local aerosols over IGP region are below 3 km, a well separated layer at 4-5 km is observed from CALIPSO, most likely as a result of this transport. Apart from known anthropogenic sources, the additional transport of volcanic SO2 over the IGP region would have implications to air quality and radiation balance over this region.
SO2 Adsorption on CeO2(100) and CeO2(111)
The adsorption and reaction of sulfur dioxide, SO2, was studied on oxidized and reduced CeOX(100) and compared to previous results on CeOX(111). SO2 adsorbs on oxidized CeO2(100) as sulfite, SO32-, at 200 K and sulfite is the only adsorbate observed on the surface at any temperature. The sulfite desorbs monotonically from 200 to 700 K. The adsorption and desorption of SO2 does not result in any change in the Ce4+ oxidation state. SO2 also adsorbs as sulfite on reduced CeO1.7(100) at 200 K. There is also a small amount of elemental sulfur, S0, formed. As the sample is heated the sulfite decomposes into sulfide, S2-. Roughly 25 % of the adsorbed S either desorbs or diffuses into the bulk of the reduced ceria. The decomposition, and resulting formation of S2- and O2-, re-oxidize some of the Ce3+ to Ce4+. Unlike what has been observed following the adsorption and reaction of many other molecules, the adsorption and reaction of SO2 is virtually identical on CeOX(100) and CeOX(111).
MODELING POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF SO2 CO-INJECTED WITH CO2 ON THE KNOX GROUP, WESTERN KENTUCKY
Understanding potential long-term impacts of CO2 impurities, such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds, on deep carbon storage reservoirs is of considerable interest because co-injection of the impurities with CO2 can bring significant economic and environmental benefits. The Cambrian–Ordovician Knox Group, a thick sequence of dolostone (Beekmantown Dolomite) with minor dolomitic sandstone (Gunter Sandstone), in western Kentucky, USA, has been evaluated as a prospective CO2 sequestration target. In this study, TOUGHREACT was used to build 1-D radial models to simulate the potential impacts of co-injected CO2 and SO2 on minerals, pore fluids, and porosity and permeability in the Beekmantown Dolomite and the Gunter Sandstone. Co-injection of a mass ratio of 2.5 percent SO2 and 97.5 percent CO2, representative of flue gas from coal-fired plants, was simulated and the co-injection simulations were compared to models with CO2 only injections. The model results suggest that the major impacts of added SO2 for both the Beekmantown and the Gunter rocks were significant enhancement of dissolution of dolomite and precipitation of anhydrite, leading to noticeable increases in porosity and permeability. The Gunter Sandstone appeared to be more active with SO2 than the Beekmantown Dolomite. More dolomite was dissolved in the Gunter than in the Beekmantown with the same SO2 impurity. Consequently, porosity was raised more in the Gunter than in the Beekmantown. On the other hand, the impacts on aluminosilicate minerals appeared to be insignificant in both reservoirs, slightly changing the rates of precipitation/dissolution but the overall reaction paths remained the same.
Methylated Poly(ethylene)imine Modified Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer for Measurements of CO2 and SO2 in Their Mixtures
A gravimetric gas detection device based on surface functionalized Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers (CMUTs) was designed, fabricated and tested for detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixtures in nitrogen. The created measurement setup of continuous data collection, integrated with an in-situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, allows for better understanding of the mechanisms and molecular interactions with the sensing layer (methylated poly(ethylene)imine) and its need of surface functionalization for multiple gas detection. During experimentation with CO2 gases, weak molecular interactions were observed in spectroscopy data. Linear sensor response to frequency shift was observed with CO2 concentrations ranging from 0.16 vol % to 1 vol %. Moreover, the Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy data showed much stronger SO2 and the polymer interactions, molecules were bound by stronger forces and irreversibly changed the polymer film properties. However, the sensor change in resonance frequency in the tested region of 1 vol % to 5 vol % SO2 showed a linear response. This effect changed not only the device resonance frequency but also affected the magnitude of electroacoustic impedance which was used for differentiating the gas mixture of CO2, SO2, in dry N2.
Reactions of SO2 on hydrated cement particle system for atmospheric pollution reduction: A DRIFTS and XANES study
Not Available
Molecular interactions of SO2 with carbonate minerals under co-sequestration conditions: a combined experimental and theoretical study
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study investigating the reactivity between selected and morphologically important surfaces of carbonate minerals with supercritical CO2 with co-existing H2O and SO2. Trace amounts of SO2 cause formation of CaSO3 in the form of hannebachite in the initial stages of SO2 adsorption and transformation. Atomistic simulations of these initial steps indicate a somewhat catalytic activity of water, which is enhanced by the presence of Magnesium atoms in the mineral surface. Under co-sequestration conditions, traces of water are not likely to cause carbonate dissolution, however the presence of SO2 greatly stabilizes the sulfite product.
Ionic-Based Electrochemical Gas Sensors for Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity SO2 Detection
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a toxic gas associated with adverse health and environmental effects that necessitate reliable monitoring techniques. Here, we report the development of an all-solid-state electrochemical sensor utilizing a lithium borate (Li3BO3) solid electrolyte capable of subppm of SO2 detection. While subppm of SO2 sensing has been previously demonstrated in other solid-state electrolyte systems─such as stabilized zirconia, natrium super ionic conductors (NASICON) under mixed-potential conditions─here we establish Li3BO3 as an alternative solid electrolyte enabling equilibrium potentiometric sensing in an all-solid architecture. This sensor demonstrates a detection limit of at least 0.25 ppm, surpassing the human-olfactory threshold and meeting the rigorous requirements for industrial and personal monitoring applications. The sensing mechanism relies on the formation of Li2SO4 on the electrode surface, as evidenced by multimodal characterization techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The strong linear correlation between the open-circuit potential (OCV) and the logarithm of SO2 concentration between 0.25 and 2 ppm indicates that the response is Nernstian in nature.
Materials Data on Na3As(SO2)4 by Materials Project
Na3(SO2)4As crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four arsenic molecules and one Na3(SO2)4 framework. In the Na3(SO2)4 framework, there are four inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.44 Å) and two longer (2.52 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.35 Å) and two longer (2.39 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.26–2.48 Å. In the fourth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.35–2.95 Å. There are four inequivalent S2+ sites. In the first S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.51 Å) and one longer (1.67 Å) S–O bond length. In the second S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.49 Å) and one longer (1.50 Å) S–O bond length. In the third S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The S–O bond length is 1.55 Å. In the fourth S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.50 Å) and one longer (1.51 Å) S–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.46 Å. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Na1+, one S2+, and one O2- atom.
Materials Data on Na2P2H3(SO2)2 by Materials Project
(Na4P4H5(SO2)4)2H2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two hydrogen molecules and one Na4P4H5(SO2)4 sheet oriented in the (0, -1, 1) direction. In the Na4P4H5(SO2)4 sheet, there are four inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two H+0.33+, one S2-, and one O2- atom. There are one shorter (2.48 Å) and one longer (2.55 Å) Na–H bond lengths. The Na–S bond length is 2.86 Å. The Na–O bond length is 2.39 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two H+0.33+, one S2-, and three O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.53 Å) and one longer (2.66 Å) Na–H bond lengths. The Na–S bond length is 2.91 Å. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.31–2.77 Å. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two H+0.33+, one S2-, and two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.37 Å) and one longer (2.69 Å) Na–H bond lengths. The Na–S bond length is 2.93 Å. There are one shorter (2.32 Å) and one longer (2.38 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the fourth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one S2- and three O2- atoms. The Na–S bond length is 2.94 Å. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.41 Å. There are four inequivalent P+4.50+ sites. In the first P+4.50+ site, P+4.50+ is bonded to one S2- and three O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing PSO3 tetrahedra. The P–S bond length is 1.96 Å. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.65 Å. In the second P+4.50+ site, P+4.50+ is bonded to one S2- and three O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing PSO3 tetrahedra. The P–S bond length is 2.00 Å. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.49–1.64 Å. In the third P+4.50+ site, P+4.50+ is bonded to one S2- and three O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing PSO3 tetrahedra. The P–S bond length is 1.96 Å. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.65 Å. In the fourth P+4.50+ site, P+4.50+ is bonded to one S2- and three O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing PSO3 tetrahedra. The P–S bond length is 1.96 Å. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.64 Å. There are five inequivalent H+0.33+ sites. In the first H+0.33+ site, H+0.33+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Na1+ atom. In the second H+0.33+ site, H+0.33+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Na1+ atom. In the third H+0.33+ site, H+0.33+ is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two Na1+ atoms. In the fourth H+0.33+ site, H+0.33+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Na1+ atom. In the fifth H+0.33+ site, H+0.33+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Na1+ atom. There are four inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to one Na1+ and one P+4.50+ atom. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one P+4.50+ atom. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Na1+ and one P+4.50+ atom. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P+4.50+ atom. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Na1+ and two P+4.50+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Na1+ and one P+4.50+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one P+4.50+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one P+4.50+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Na1+ and one P+4.50+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms.
Materials Data on Na3Au(SO2)4 by Materials Project
Na3(SO2)4Au crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four gold molecules and one Na3(SO2)4 framework. In the Na3(SO2)4 framework, there are three inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.84 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a distorted octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.72 Å. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.99 Å. There are four inequivalent S2+ sites. In the first S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The S–O bond length is 1.54 Å. In the second S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The S–O bond length is 1.54 Å. In the third S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.47 Å) and two longer (1.48 Å) S–O bond length. In the fourth S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.46 Å) and two longer (1.49 Å) S–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Na1+ and one S2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Na1+ and one S2+ atom.
Materials Data on P4(SO2)3 by Materials Project
P4(SO2)3 is beta Np structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four P4(SO2)3 clusters. there are four inequivalent P+4.50+ sites. In the first P+4.50+ site, P+4.50+ is bonded to one S2- and three O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing PSO3 tetrahedra. The P–S bond length is 1.88 Å. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and two longer (1.64 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P+4.50+ site, P+4.50+ is bonded to one S2- and three O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing PSO3 tetrahedra. The P–S bond length is 1.88 Å. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and two longer (1.64 Å) P–O bond length. In the third P+4.50+ site, P+4.50+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. All P–O bond lengths are 1.68 Å. In the fourth P+4.50+ site, P+4.50+ is bonded to one S2- and three O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing PSO3 tetrahedra. The P–S bond length is 1.88 Å. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and two longer (1.64 Å) P–O bond length. There are three inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P+4.50+ atom. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P+4.50+ atom. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P+4.50+ atom. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P+4.50+ atoms.
Materials Data on Sn(SO2)2 by Materials Project
Sn(SO2)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two Sn(SO2)2 clusters. Sn4+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.28–2.33 Å. There are two inequivalent S2+ sites. In the first S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two O2- atoms. Both S–O bond lengths are 1.53 Å. In the second S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two O2- atoms. Both S–O bond lengths are 1.53 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Sn4+ and one S2+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Sn4+ and one S2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Sn4+ and one S2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Sn4+ and one S2+ atom.
Materials Data on Na3PH16(SO2)4 by Materials Project
Na3PH16(SO2)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Na3PH16(SO2)4 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. there are four inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to two equivalent S2- and four O2- atoms. Both Na–S bond lengths are 3.12 Å. There are two shorter (2.35 Å) and two longer (2.49 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to two equivalent S2- and four O2- atoms to form distorted NaS2O4 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent PS4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent NaO6 octahedra. Both Na–S bond lengths are 2.89 Å. There are two shorter (2.37 Å) and two longer (2.43 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one S2- and five O2- atoms. The Na–S bond length is 3.17 Å. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.51 Å. In the fourth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing NaO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.49 Å. P5+ is bonded to four S2- atoms to form PS4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one NaS2O4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 67°. There are a spread of P–S bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.08 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.97 Å. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the thirteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fourteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fifteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the sixteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. There are four inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Na1+ and one P5+ atom. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Na1+ and one P5+ atom. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Na1+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two equivalent Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two equivalent Na1+ and two H1+ atoms.
Materials Data on Na3AsH16(SO2)4 by Materials Project
Na3AsH16(SO2)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Na3AsH16(SO2)4 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. there are four inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to two equivalent S2- and four O2- atoms. Both Na–S bond lengths are 3.12 Å. There are two shorter (2.35 Å) and two longer (2.47 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to two equivalent S2- and four O2- atoms to form distorted NaS2O4 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent AsS4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent NaO6 octahedra. Both Na–S bond lengths are 2.88 Å. There are two shorter (2.37 Å) and two longer (2.42 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to one S2- and five O2- atoms. The Na–S bond length is 3.11 Å. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.35–2.52 Å. In the fourth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing NaO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.50 Å. As5+ is bonded to four S2- atoms to form AsS4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one NaS2O4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 69°. There are a spread of As–S bond distances ranging from 2.17–2.21 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the thirteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fourteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fifteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the sixteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. There are four inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Na1+ and one As5+ atom. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Na1+ and one As5+ atom. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Na1+ and one As5+ atom. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two equivalent Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Na1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two equivalent Na1+ and two H1+ atoms.
Materials Data on Ba(SO2)2 by Materials Project
Ba(SO2)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbcn space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Ba(SO2)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Ba2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.59–3.37 Å. There are two inequivalent S3+ sites. In the first S3+ site, S3+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The S–O bond length is 1.55 Å. In the second S3+ site, S3+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.49 Å) and one longer (1.50 Å) S–O bond length. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Ba2+ and one S3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Ba2+ and one S3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ba2+ and one S3+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Ba2+ and one S3+ atom.
Effects of Different Stratospheric SO2 Injection Altitudes on Stratospheric Chemistry and Dynamics
Strategic geoengineering has been proposed to reduce some of the known side effects of stratospheric aerosol modifications. Specific climate goals could be reached depending on design choices of stratospheric sulfur injections by latitude, altitude, and magnitude. Here we explore in detail the stratospheric chemical and dynamical responses to injections at different altitudes using a fully coupled state-of-the-art climate model. Two different sce-narios are explored that produce approximately the same global cooling of 2?C over the period 2042 – 49, a high altitude injection case using 24 Tg SO2 yr-1 at 30 hPa (˜ 25km altitude), and a low altitude injection case using 32 Tg SO2 yr-1 injections at 70 hPa (˜ 20 km altitude), with annual injections divided equally between 15?N and 15?S. Both cases result in a warming of the lower tropical stratosphere up to 10 and 15?C for the high and low altitude injection case and in substantial increase of water vapor of 2 and 4 ppm, respectively, compared to no geoengineering conditions. Polar column ozone in the Northern Hemisphere is reduced by up to 18% in March for the high altitude injection case and up to 8% for the low altitude injection case. However, for winter mid- and high northern latitudes, low altitude injections result in column ozone greater than without geoengineering. These changes are mostly driven by dynamics and advection. Antarctic column ozone in 2040-49 does not recover from present day values for both cases.