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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1995

Spectroscopic detection of the secondaries of the Hyades interferometric spectroscopic binary theta(sup 2) Tauri and of the interferometric spectroscopic binary alpha Andromedae

We report new high-resolution, wide-wavelength-coverage CCD observations of the visual and near-infrared spectra of the interferometric spectroscopic binaries theta(sup 2) Tau (primary spectral type A 7 III) and alpha And (primary spectral type B8 IVpMnHg), which allow the first direct spectroscopic detection of their secondaries. We have measured primary and secondary radial velocities and used them to redetermine the spectroscopic orbits of the primaries, make an improved determination of K(sub 2) for theta(sup 2) Tau, and measure K(sub 2) for alpha And for the first time. The spectroscopic orbits combined with the interferometrically measured visual orbits of theta(sup 2) Tau and alpha And provide masses and distances, M(sub 1) = 2.1 +/- 0.3 solar mass, M(sub 2) = 1.6 +/- 0.2 solar mass, and d = 44.1 +/- 2.2 pc for theta(sup 2) Tau and M(sub 1) = 5.5 +/- 0.5 solar mass, M(sub 2) = 2.3 +/- 0.2 solar mass, and d = 34.0 +/- 1.3 pc for alpha And. The distance to theta(sup 2) Tau and a foreground correction of 0.07 +/- 0.05 mag set the distance to the center of the Hyades cluster at 45.5 +/- 2.5 pc, or m - M = 3.29 +/- 0.12. Indirect estimates of the mass of theta(sup 2) Tau's primary, made via the mass-luminosity relation and via the Hyades cluster turnoff mass, are consistent with these dynamical masses for its primary and secondary. But in the case of alpha And, the mass-luminosity relation suggests that our dynamical masses for its primary and secondary may be too large. For alpha And somewhat smaller dynamical masses (4.0 and 1.9 solar mass) and the correspondingly smaller distance (31 pc), required by the corresponding larger orbital parallax, provide results consistent with the mass-luminosity relation for normal stars.

Tomkin, Jocelyn↗
NASA NTRS2019

Texas Spectroscopic Search for Lyα Emission at the End of Reionization. II. The Deepest Near-infrared Spectroscopic Observation at z ≳ 7

Realizing the utility of Lyα emission to trace the evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM) during the epoch of reionization requires deep spectroscopy across the boundary of optical and near-infrared (NIR) spectrographs at z ∼ 7.2 when Lyα emission is at ∼1 μm. Our Texas Spectroscopic Search for Lyα Emission at the End of Reionization includes 18 nights of deep spectroscopic observations using the Keck DEIMOS (optical) and MOSFIRE (NIR) spectrographs. Within this data set we observe Lyα emission from 183 photometric-redshift-selected galaxies at z = 5.5–8.3 from the Cosmic Assembly Near infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey. Our overlapping MOSFIRE observations, over 84 galaxies in total, provide the deepest NIR spectroscopic data yet obtained for Lyα from galaxies z > 7, with >16 hr integration time for four observed galaxies. Here we analyze these four targets, and we report the discovery of a new z = 7.60 Lyα detection as well as provide an updated observation of the previously confirmed z = 7.51 Lyα emission from Finkelstein et al. with a ∼3× longer exposure time. Our analysis of these Lyα emission-line profiles reveals a significant asymmetric shape. The detection of Lyα from two out of three bright sources (MUV < −20.25) could imply that these bright galaxies inhabit ionized bubbles in a partially neutral IGM, although deeper exposures may reveal Lyα emission in the fainter source.

Intae Jung↗
NASA NTRS1981

Image tube spectroscopic studies of rapid variables. IV - Spectroscopic and photometric observations of AE Aquarii

Photoelectric and time-resolved spectroscopic observations of the short-period eruptive binary AE Aqr are presented. The system has a period of 0.4116537 days, and emission and absorption-line components equal to 135 km/sec and 159 km/sec, respectively. The spectral type of the absorption-line component is found to be K5V, from which M1 = 0.82 solar mass, M2 = 0.69 solar mass, and i = 64 deg. A predominantly Ca II emission region occurs on the hemisphere of the K5V star facing the broad emission-line component, whose center of light is located 0.64 of the way from the inner Lagrangian point to the center of mass of the K star. This emission appears to be associated with the transfer of mass from the K5V star to the accretion disk surrounding the primary. In the absence of flare activity, the light of the system is variable in the orbital period with a range in V of about 0.16 mag; maxima occurs near the times of maximum recession velocity and during the approach of each of the two components of the system (0.25 P and 0.80 P).

Chincarini, G.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Noninvasive, near infrared spectroscopic-measured muscle pH and PO2 indicate tissue perfusion for cardiac surgical patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether near infrared spectroscopic measurement of tissue pH and Po2 has sufficient accuracy to assess variation in tissue perfusion resulting from changes in blood pressure and metabolic demand during cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Academic medical center. SUBJECTS: Eighteen elective cardiac surgical patients. INTERVENTION: Cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A near infrared spectroscopic fiber optic probe was placed over the hypothenar eminence. Reference Po2 and pH sensors were inserted in the abductor digiti minimi (V). Data were collected every 30 secs during surgery and for 6 hrs following cardiopulmonary bypass. Calibration equations developed from one third of the data were used with the remaining data to investigate sensitivity of the near infrared spectroscopic measurement to physiologic changes resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass. Near infrared spectroscopic and reference pH and Po2 measurements were compared for each subject using standard error of prediction. Near infrared spectroscopic pH and Po2 at baseline were compared with values during cardiopulmonary bypass just before rewarming commenced (hypotensive, hypothermic), after rewarming (hypotensive, normothermic) just before discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass, and at 6 hrs following cardiopulmonary bypass (normotensive, normothermic) using mixed-model analysis of variance. Near infrared spectroscopic pH and Po2 were well correlated with the invasive measurement of pH (R2 =.84) and Po2 (R 2 =.66) with an average standard error of prediction of 0.022 +/- 0.008 pH units and 6 +/- 3 mm Hg, respectively. The average difference between the invasive and near infrared spectroscopic measurement was near zero for both the pH and Po2 measurements. Near infrared spectroscopic Po2 significantly decreased 50% on initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass and remained depressed throughout the bypass and monitored intensive care period. Near infrared spectroscopic pH decreased significantly during cardiopulmonary bypass, decreased significantly during rewarming, and remained depressed 6 hrs after cardiopulmonary bypass. Diabetic patients responded differently than nondiabetic subjects to cardiopulmonary bypass, with lower muscle pH values (p =.02). CONCLUSIONS: Near infrared spectroscopic-measured muscle pH and Po2 are sensitive to changes in tissue perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS2022

New Spectroscopic Confirmations of Lyα Emitters at Z ∼ 7 from the LAGER Survey

We report spectroscopic confirmations of 15 Lyα galaxies at z ∼ 7, implying a spectroscopic confirmation rate of ∼80% on candidates selected from the Lyα Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (LAGER), which is the largest (24 deg2) survey aimed at finding Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z ∼ 7 and uses deep narrowband imaging from the Dark Energy Camera at CTIO. LAEs at high redshifts are sensitive probes of cosmic reionization, and narrowband imaging is a robust and effective method for selecting a large number of LAEs. In this work, we present results from the spectroscopic follow-up of LAE candidates in two LAGER fields, COSMOS and WIDE-12, using observations from Keck/LRIS. We report the successful detection of Lyα emission in 15 candidates. Three of these in COSMOS have matching confirmations from a previous spectroscopic follow-up and are part of the overdense region, LAGER-z7OD1. Two other candidates that were not detected with LRIS have prior spectroscopic confirmations from Magellan. Including these, we obtain a spectroscopic confirmation success rate of ∼80% for LAGER LAE candidates. Thorough checks were performed to reject the possibility of these detections being foreground emission resulting with a probability of, at most, one contaminant. We do not detect any other UV nebular lines in our LRIS spectra, apart from Lyα. We estimate a 2σ upper limit for the ratio of N v/Lyα, fNV/fLyα ≲ 0.27. Including confirmations from this work, a total of 33 LAE sources from LAGER are now spectroscopically confirmed. LAGER has more than doubled the sample of spectroscopically confirmed LAE sources at z ∼ 7.

Santosh Harish↗
NASA NTRS2020

The Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey. I. Spectroscopic Classification and the Redshift Completeness of Local Galaxy Catalogs

The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is performing a three-day cadence survey of the visible northern sky (∼3π) with newly found transient candidates announced via public alerts. The ZTF Bright Transient Survey (BTS) is a large spectroscopic campaign to complement the photometric survey. BTS endeavors to spectroscopically classify all extragalactic transients with m(peak) ≤ 18.5 mag in either the g(ZTF) or r(ZTF) filters, and publicly announce said classifications. BTS discoveries are predominantly supernovae (SNe), making this the largest flux-limited SN survey to date. Here we present a catalog of 761 SNe, classified during the first nine months of ZTF (2018 April 1–2018 December 31). We report BTS SN redshifts from SN template matching and spectroscopic host-galaxy redshifts when available. We analyze the redshift completeness of local galaxy catalogs, the redshift completeness fraction (RCF; the ratio of SN host galaxies with known spectroscopic redshift prior to SN discovery to the total number of SN hosts). Of the 512 host galaxies with SNe Ia, 227 had previously known spectroscopic redshifts, yielding an RCF estimate of 44% ± 4%. The RCF decreases with increasing distance and decreasing galaxy luminosity (for z < 0.05, or ∼200 Mpc, RCF ≈ 0.6). Prospects for dramatically increasing the RCF are limited to new multifiber spectroscopic instruments or wide-field narrowband surveys. Existing galaxy redshift catalogs are only ∼50% complete at r ≈ 16.9 mag. Pushing this limit several magnitudes deeper will pay huge dividends when searching for electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave events or sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays or neutrinos.

C. Fremling↗
NASA NTRS2006

The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. I. A Large Spectroscopically Selected Sample of Massive Early-Type Lens Galaxies

The Sloan Lens ACS (SLACS) Survey is an efficient Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Snapshot imaging survey for new galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses. The targeted lens candidates are selected spectroscopically from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) database of galaxy spectra for having multiple nebular emission lines at a redshift significantly higher than that of the SDSS target galaxy. The SLACS survey is optimized to detect bright early-type lens galaxies with faint lensed sources in order to increase the sample of known gravitational lenses suitable for detailed lensing, photometric, and dynamical modeling. In this paper, the first in a series on the current results of our HST Cycle 13 imaging survey, we present a catalog of 19 newly discovered gravitational lenses, along with nine other observed candidate systems that are either possible lenses, nonlenses, or nondetections. The survey efficiency is thus >=68%. We also present Gemini 8 m and Magellan 6.5 m integral-field spectroscopic data for nine of the SLACS targets, which further support the lensing interpretation. A new method for the effective subtraction of foreground galaxy images to reveal faint background features is presented. We show that the SLACS lens galaxies have colors and ellipticities typical of the spectroscopic parent sample from which they are drawn (SDSS luminous red galaxies and quiescent MAIN sample galaxies), but are somewhat brighter and more centrally concentrated. Several explanations for the latter bias are suggested. The SLACS survey provides the first statistically significant and homogeneously selected sample of bright early-type lens galaxies, furnishing a powerful probe of the structure of early-type galaxies within the half-light radius. The high confirmation rate of lenses in the SLACS survey suggests consideration of spectroscopic lens discovery as an explicit science goal of future spectroscopic galaxy surveys.

galaxies↗
NASA NTRS1992

Determination of the visual orbit of the spectroscopic binary Alpha Andromedae with submilliarcsecond precision

The visual orbit of the spectroscopic binary Alpha And is determined independently of spectroscopic data using the Mark III Stellar Interferometer. Observations of Alpha And in 1988 and 1989 clearly demonstrate submilliarcsecond measurement precision at optical wavelengths. All of the orbital elements of Alpha And are calculated utilizing observations from the stellar interferometer only and are in excellent agreement with the spectroscopic results. However, three of these elements can only be obtained from interferometric data. Using both interferometric and spectroscopic observations, the definitive orbital elements are determined including angular semimajor axis, inclination, position angle of ascending node, longitude of periastron, period eccentricity, and epoch of periastron passage. In addition, the magnitude difference between the two components is measured, yielding delta-m = 1.82 +/- 0.04 mag at 800 nm and delta-m = 1.99 +/- 0.04 mag at 550 nm. Incorporating photometric observations, the color indices between 550 nm and 800 nm for the primary and the companion are determined as -0.11 +/- 0.03 mag +0.07 +/- 0.05 mag, respectively.

Pan, Xiaopei↗
NASA NTRS1994

Remote determination of exposure degree and iron concentration of lunar soils using VIS-NIR spectroscopic methods

On the Moon, space weathering processes such as micrometeorite bombardment alter the optical properties of lunar soils. As a consequence, lunar soil optical properties are a function not only of composition, but of degree of exposure on the lunar surface as well. In order to accurately assess the compositional properties of the lunar surface using remotely acquired visible and near-infrared spectroscopic data, it is thus necessary either (1) to compare optical properties only of soils characterized by similar degrees of exposure or (2) to otherwise normalize or remove the optical effects due to exposure. Laboratory spectroscopic data for lunar soils are used to develop and test remote spectrocopic methods for determining degree of exposure and for distinguishing between the optical effects due to exposure and those due to composition. A method employing a ratio between reflectances within and outside of the 1 micrometer Fe(2+) crystal field absorption band was developed for remotely identifying highland soils that have reached a steady-state maturity. The relative optical properties of these soils are a function solely of composition and as such can be directly compared. Spectroscopic techniques for accurate quantitative determination of iron content for lunar highland soils are investigated as well. It is shown that approximations of the 1 micrometer Fe(2+) absorption band depth using few to several channel multispectral data or spectroscopic data of inadequate spectral range cannot be used with confidence for compositional analysis. However, band depth measurements derived from continuum-removed high spectral resolution data can be used to calculate the weight percent FeO and relative proportion of iron-bearing silicates in mature lunar highland and mare/highland mixture soils. A preliminary effort to calibrate telescopic band depth to laboratory soil measurements is described.

Fischer, Erich M.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Massive Young Stellar Objects in the Galactic Center: Spectroscopic Identification from Spitzer/IRS Observations - 1

We present results from our spectroscopic study, using the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope, designed to identify massive young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Galactic Center (GC). Our sample of 107 YSO candidates was selected based on IRAC colors from the high spatial resolution, high sensitivity Spitzer/IRAC images in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), which spans the central approximately 300 pc region of the Milky Way Galaxy. We obtained IRS spectra over 5 micron to 35 micron using both high- and low-resolution IRS modules. We spectroscopically identify massive YSOs by the presence of a 15.4 micron shoulder on the absorption profile of 15 micron CO2 ice, suggestive of CO2 ice mixed with CH30H ice on grains. This 15.4 micron shoulder is clearly observed in 16 sources and possibly observed in an additional 19 sources. We show that 9 massive YSOs also reveal molecular gas-phase absorption from C02, C2H2, and/or HCN, which traces warm and dense gas in YSOs. Our results provide the first spectroscopic census of the massive YSO population in the GC. We fit YSO models to the observed spectral energy distributions and find YSO masses of 8 - 23 solar Mass, which generally agree with the masses derived from observed radio continuum emission. We find that about 50% of photometrically identified YSOs are confirmed with our spectroscopic study. This implies a preliminary star formation rate of approximately 0.07 solar mass/yr at the GC.

An, Deokkeun↗
NASA NTRS2010

Pair Identity and Smooth Variation Rules Applicable for the Spectroscopic Parameters of H2O Transitions Involving High-J States

Two basic rules (i.e. the pair identity and the smooth variation) applicable for H2O transitions involving high-J states have been discovered. The origins of these rules are the properties of the energy levels and wavefunctions of H2O states with the quantum number J above certain boundaries. As a result, for lines involving high-J states in individually defined groups, all their spectroscopic parameters (i.e. the transition wavenumber, intensity, pressure-broadened half-width, pressure-induced shift, and temperature exponent) must follow these rules. One can use these rules to screen spectroscopic data provided by databases and to identify possible errors. In addition, by using extrapolation methods within the individual groups, one is able to predict the spectroscopic parameters for lines in this group involving very high-J states. The latter are required in developing high-temperature molecular spectroscopic databases such as HITEMP.

Ma, Q.↗
NASA NTRS2022

Energy Landscape, and Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Diazirine and Its Cyclic Isomers

Identifying new nitrogenated hydrocarbon molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM) is challenging due to the lack of comprehensive spectroscopic data from experiments. In this computational work, we focus on investigating the structures, relative energies, spectroscopic constants, and energy landscape of the cyclic isomers of diazirine (c-CH2N2) using ab initio quantum chemical methods. Density functional theory (DFT) methods and coupled cluster theory with singles and doubles including perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] and CCSD(T) with the explicitly correlated F12 b correction [CCSD(T)-F12b] were employed for this purpose along with large correlation consistent cc-pVTZ, cc-pVQZ, and cc-pV5Z basis sets. Harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared vibrational intensities, rotational constants, and dipole moments are reported. An harmonic vibrational fundamentals along with centrifugal distortion constants, and vibration-rotation interaction constants are also reported for all the cyclic isomers. The energies computed with the CCSD(T) and CCSD(T)-F12b methods were extrapolated to the one-particle complete basis set (CBS) limit following a three-point formula. At the CCSD(T)-F12b/CBS level of theory the 3,3H-diazirine (c-CH2N2) is the lowest energy cyclic isomer followed by 1,3H-diazirine, (E)-1,2H-Diazirine, and (Z)-1,2H-diazirine which are 20.1, 47.8, and 51.3kcal mol-1above the 3,3H-Diazirine, respectively. Accurate structures and spectroscopic constants that are reported here could be useful for future identification of these cyclic nitrogenated organic molecules in the interstellar medium or circumstellar disks.

Energy Landscape↗
NASA NTRS1979

Ultraviolet and optical spectroscopic studies of Lambda Andromedae - The chromosphere and interstellar medium

Chromospheric lines of, and interstellar lines toward, the spectroscopic binary Lambda And (primary component G7-G8 III-IV) have been observed in the ultraviolet with the spectrometer and telescope on board the Copernicus satellite. An extensive, high-resolution spectroscopic study of the Ca II H and K profiles has also been undertaken. Some of these optical spectra were obtained simultaneously with the ultraviolet data. The ultraviolet emission lines of Lamba And are compared to the sun and to stars of similar spectral type. The star Lamba And resembles the active sun in surface brightness of chromospheric emissions and in appearance of the Mg II and Ca II profiles. The largest variations in the integrated calcium emission cores amount to an 80% increase in the K core and a corresponding 40% increase in the H core between observations two years apart. Variations in the cores may show a dependence on spectroscopic phase, and may be contributed to by circumstellar matter in the binary system. Previously unreported, transient emission features have also been observed, at a velocity of -70 km/s with respect to the Ca II emission cores.

Baliunas, S. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The spectroscopic orbit of Gamma Geminorum and a search for its secondary

New spectroscopic observations of Gamma Geminorum, a bright, 'normal' A1 IV star have resulted in an improved spectroscopic orbit. The orbital period is 12.632 +/- 0.002 yr, the eccentricity is 0.893 +/-0.002, and the orbital parallax is 0.0291 +/-0.0024 arcsec, or a distance of 34 pc. We determine a v sin i of 8 +/-1 km/s for the A star, which confirms that it is a slow rotator. Near-infrared spectroscopic observations at 8806 A, obtained through the brief nodal passage, have resulted in the probable detection of the secondary. The masses are 2.8 and 1.07 solar mass and the Delta V of the components is 6.0 mag. This Delta V supports the value of 5.6 mag obtained by Sato et al. (1993) from observations of the asteroid occultation of Gamma Gem in 1991. The magnitude difference and mass of the secondary are consistent with a G dwarf spectral type. The detection of such a faint secondary does not compromise the use in most contexts of Gamma Gem as a standard star.

Fekel, Francis C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Flux measurements using the BATSE spectroscopic detectors

Among the Compton Gama-Ray Observatory instruments, the BATSE Spectroscopic Detectors (SD) have the distinction of being able to detect photons of energies less than about 20 keV. This is an interesting energy range for the examination of low mass X-ray binaries (LMXB's). In fact, Sco X-1, the prototype LMXB, is easily seen even in the raw BATSE spectroscopic data. The all-sky coverage afforded by these detectors offers a unique opportunity to monitor this source over time periods never before possible. The aim of this investigation was to test a number of ways in which both continous and discrete flux measurements can be obtained using the BATSE spectroscopic datasets. A instrumental description of a SD can be found in the Compton Workshop of Apr. 1989, this report will deal only with methods which can be used to analyze its datasets. Many of the items discussed below, particularly in regard to the earth occultation technique, have been developed, refined, and applied by the BATSE team to the reduction of BATSE LAD data. Code written as part of this project utilizes portions of that work. The following discussions will first address issues related to the reduction of SD datasets using the earth occultation technique. It will then discuss methods for the recovery of the flux history of strong sources while they are above the earth's limb. The report will conclude with recommended reduction procedures.

Mcnamara, Bernard↗
NASA NTRS1993

On the relative frequencies of spectroscopically normal and peculiar type Ia supernovae

After defining what we mean by spectroscopically 'normal' and 'peculiar' Type Ia supernove, we report the results of an attempt to subclassify 84 SNe Ia either as normal or as like one of the recent, peculiar SNe Ia: 1991T, 1991bg, or 1986G. Only SNe 1957A and 1960H are found to have been certifiably abnormal, with SN 1957A; appearing to have been like SN 1991bg, and SN 1960H having been like SN 1991bg or SN 1988G; SNe 1971I and 1980I are under suspicion of having been like SN 1986G, and SN 1988G of having been like SN 1991T. Of the SNe Ia we have been able to classify either as normal or as peculiar, 89% (or 83%, counting those under suspicion as peculiar) are normal. Our main conclusion is that the observational sample of SNe Ia is strongly peaked at 'spectroscopically normal.' We further conclude that when arranged in the photometric sequence of Phillips (1993) SNe Ia also form a spectroscopic sequence, and that peculiar SNe Ia are over-represented in the Phillips sample.

Branch, David↗
NASA NTRS1997

The Origin, Composition and History of Comets from Spectroscopic Studies

A wealth of information essential to understanding the composition and physical structure of cometary ice and hence gain deep insight into the comet's origin and history, can be gleaned by carrying out a full range of spectroscopic studies on the returned sample. These studies ought to be among the first performed as they are generally non-destructive and will provide a broad data bank which will be crucial in planning subsequent analysis. Examples of the spectroscopic techniques along with relative sensitivities and transitions probed, are discussed. Different kind of "spectroscopy" is summarized, with emphasis placed on the kind of information each provides. Infrared spectroscopy should be the premier method of analysis as the mid-IR absorption spectrum of a substance contains more global information about the identity and structure of that material than any other property. In fact, the greatest strides in our understanding of the composition of interstellar ices (thought by many to be the primordial material from which comets have formed) have been taken during the past ten years or so because this was when high quality infrared spectra of the interstellar medium (ISM) first became available. The interpretation of the infrared spectra of mixtures, such as expected in comets, is often (not always) ambiguous. Consequently, a full range of other non-destructive, complementary spectroscopic measurements are required to fully characterize the material, to probe for substances for which the IR is not well suited and to lay the groundwork for future analysis. Given the likelihood that the icy component (including some of the organic and mineral phases) of the returned sample will be exceedingly complex, these techniques must be intensely developed over the next decade and then made ready to apply flawlessly to what will certainly be one of the most precious, and most challenging, samples ever analyzed.

Allamandola, L. J.↗