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Status of the NASA continuing investigation of catastrophic balloon failures

The findings and status of the continuing NASA investigation of catastrophic balloon failures, conducted following the adoption in 1984 of a new material specification, are reported on. Current efforts include a microstructual analysis, balloon stress studies, and seal investigations. Attention is given to the Recovery Plan, a program to demonstrate the use of the existing film and to develop an improved film is discussed. No specific cause for the increased occurrence of catastrophic failures has been identified.

Needleman, H. C.↗

Stress analysis of an ascending balloon

The effects of various realistic phenomena on the changing stress patterns that occur during the ascent of a typical stratospheric balloon are investigated. The meridional load distribution is shown to be relatively constant during ascent until the material at the base of the balloon begins to deploy, at which time the loads begin to increase. As the balloon assumes its float configuration, the loads are found to increase by as much as 50 percent over the ascent values. The effects of payload changes and thermal strain are also considered.

Rand, James L.↗

Non-Linear Analysis of the NASA Super Pressure Balloons: Whole Flight Simulations

Tensys have a long-established background in the shape generation and load analysis of architectural stressed membrane structures. Founded upon their inTENS finite element analysis suite, these activities have broadened to encompass 'lighter than air' structures such as aerostats, airships, hybrid air vehicles and stratospheric balloons. Tensys have acted as consultants to the NASA Super Pressure Balloon (SPB) Program since 2004. Previous papers have focussed upon the application of inTENS to the overall structural and stability analysis of pumpkin type balloons as used in the SPB Program. Particular emphasis has been placed upon the ability to study both stress and stability at all stages of a flight. As the program has developed, increasing modelling fidelity has been introduced as design refinement has moved emphasis from the overall shape to the performance of individual details. Examples include the introduction of a contact capability into inTENS to better represent the separate cap layer of film. Localised investigations have considered the consequence of local geometric anomalies introduced during fabrication and the effects of debonding of the PBO tendon within its sleeve. Analysis to date has used a material model for the polyethylene shell film developed by Dr Rand of Winzen Engineering, supported by a program of fine resolution material tests at the Balloon Research and Development Laboratory (BRDL) at the GSFC Wallops Island Facility. Based upon work first reported by Schapery, this model has been incorporated into so-called 'snapshot' analyses within inTENS. For a given elapsed time point and temperature distribution, non-linear material properties are iteratively updated for the current stress state in each individual element until changes in those material properties are insignificant. This process has to be iterative as the film stresses and material properties are interdependent. Attempts to derive a time-stepping incremental viscoelastic capability using the Schapery Rand model encountered problems when dealing with the varying temperatures associated with balloon deployment, pressurisation and diurnal behaviour. An alternative approach has been developed by Pellegrino et al at Caltech, again with support from the NASA Balloon Program Office. This is a large strain non-linear viscoelastic model that includes film out-of-plane mechanical and thermal effects. Working from a unified base, this model can be utilised for time-stepping analyses in both a modulus or compliance mode, or a combination of both. This new capability is intended to enhance the current NASA balloon design process. This paper presents the implementation of the Caltech model into a specialist finite element suite, inTENS and its application to whole flight simulations.

Wakefield, David↗

Nonlinear viscoelastic characterization of polymer materials using a dynamic-mechanical methodology

Polymer materials retrieved from LDEF exhibit nonlinear constitutive behavior; thus the authors present a method to characterize nonlinear viscoelastic behavior using measurements from dynamic (oscillatory) mechanical tests. Frequency-derived measurements are transformed into time-domain properties providing the capability to predict long term material performance without a lengthy experimentation program. Results are presented for thin-film high-performance polymer materials used in the fabrication of high-altitude scientific balloons. Predictions based upon a linear test and analysis approach are shown to deteriorate for moderate to high stress levels expected for extended applications. Tests verify that nonlinear viscoelastic response is induced by large stresses. Hence, an approach is developed in which the stress-dependent behavior is examined in a manner analogous to modeling temperature-dependent behavior with time-temperature correspondence and superposition principles. The development leads to time-stress correspondence and superposition of measurements obtained through dynamic mechanical tests. Predictions of material behavior using measurements based upon linear and nonlinear approaches are compared with experimental results obtained from traditional creep tests. Excellent agreement is shown for the nonlinear model.

Strganac, Thomas W.↗

The origin and evolution of the coordinated data analysis workshop process

During the planning stage for the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS), it was stressed that coordinated observations among various satellites and among satellite, ground-based, balloon, and rocket (GBR) experiments were essential in obtaining the required observational data base. In the course of operating the Satellite Situation Center (SSC), it was found to be desirable to assemble a problem-oriented digital data base, consisting of a large number of physical parameters obtained from satellite and GBR sensors, in a computer system which would permit a large number of scientists to manipulate, display, discuss, study and analyze the data together in a coordinated manner. It was felt that such a process might shorten the time required to gain full scientific understanding of the observations. This approach was called the Coordinated Data Analysis Workshop (CDAW) process. Attention is given to the preliminary concept, the the initial implementation of the CDAW process, and aspects of subsequent evolution.

Vette, J. I.↗

Guidelines and Suggestions for Balloon Gondola Design

This paper discusses the current gondola design requirements for the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF). The CSBF is responsible for launching and supporting balloon borne scientific instruments and has some current updated guidelines that will be discussed in this presentation. As the sophistication of Payload systems have increased in size and complexity new guidelines have been implemented in order to make these instruments stay within the acceptable launch risks. Additionally, there is a requirement to submit a proper stress analysis report that states the flight design requirements have been met. Suggestions are discussed in this presentation that establish the proper guidelines to submit these.

Guidelines for Balloon Gondola Design↗

The kinetic response of a stochastic plasma to low frequency perturbations

Following suggestion that substorm breakup might be caused by an interchange or ballooning instability, several magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and gyro-kinetic stability analysis have been performed for plasma sheet magnetic field geometries. However, the stochastic ion dynamics in the highly stressed, thin high-beta near earth plasma sheet violate the locality requirements of MHD and the invarience of the magnetic moment, mu, required by gyro-kinetic theories. In this paper we develop a new linear Vlasov kinetic theory (for low frequency modes omega less than omega(sub b), omega(sub b) being the bounce frequency) which includes the dynamics of stochastic ions.

Hurricane, Omar A.↗

A Constitutive Equation for Stratospheric Balloon Materials

The selection of a suitable material for use as a reliable stratospheric balloon gas barrier and structural component is based on a variety of properties. Due to a more desirable combination of properties, the low density polyethylene that has been used for the last half century has been replaced during the last decade by linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). This paper describes the effort to characterize the time dependent properties of a 38 micron coextrusion of LLDPE. The nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation presented may be used to accurately describe the creep and/or relaxation of this film when subjected to a biaxial state of stress, such as might be required for an extended balloon flight. Recent laboratory data have been used to mod@ an existing model of LLDPE to account for differences caused by the coextrusion process. The new model will facilitate structural design optimization and reliability assessment, and may be further utilized as a predictive tool to benefit in-flight operations. Current structural analysis tech&ques based on linear elastic properties have predicted stresses in excess of those which would actually exist.

Rand, J. L.↗

Recrystallization driven softening and heating rate dependencies of FeCrAl nuclear fuel cladding during accident transients

A refined understanding of FeCrAl cladding behavior during rapid transients is critical for its potential deployment in light-water reactors. Current assessments focus on transient burst testing metrics such as balloon geometry, burst temperature, and hoop stress, often used as proxies for simpler conventional tensile properties. However, directly correlating isothermal tensile and creep data with accident transient scenarios remains a challenge, although it is essential for high fidelity model development. Recent modeling based on tensile tests up to 800 °C, conducted with both immediate loading and a 10-minute soak, showed that immediate loading better predicts experimental burst temperatures, indicating a thermal softening effect. Building upon this observation, the current study connects transient performance, microstructural evolution, and high-temperature tensile properties by leveraging results from C26M claddings burst tests performed at heating rates of 1–50 °C/s and hoop stresses from 25 to 100 MPa. At 25 MPa, rupture temperatures varied by only 6 °C, but at 100 MPa, the difference reached 116 °C, with faster heating yielding higher burst temperatures. Microstructural analysis identified recrystallization as the primary cause of heating rate-dependent softening, eliminating prior cold-working. In-situ thermomechanical data linked ballooning onset to localized instabilities, similar to ultimate tensile strength behavior in conventional tensile tests. High heating rates correlated with immediate loading tensile data, while lower rates matched soaked data. Furthermore, by linking burst performance to microstructural evolution and tensile properties, this work provides a foundation for more accurate modeling of FeCrAl claddings and potentially other Fe-based materials under accident conditions.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Fuel performance analysis of Cr-coated Zircaloy-4 cladding during a prototypical LOCA event using BISON

Here, deformation and failure of chromium (Cr) coated Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) were studied in loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) conditions using the BISON fuel performance code. The BISON validation model simulating Halden research reactor experiments was extended to include Cr coatings and higher rod internal pressures to simulate high-burnup fuel. The transient simulations show Cr coatings help relieve stress in the Zry-4 substrate during the transient, delaying the onset of high-temperature creep, which leads to ballooning and bursting of the cladding. A nominal Cr coating thickness of 30 µm delays clad failure by 26 seconds and increases the clad burst temperature by 40 K. A parametric study showed that time to failure and burst temperature both increase with coating thickness, and Cr-coated cladding offers burst resistance under a wide range of rod internal pressures simulating high-burnup fuel. Results indicate that a thin Cr coating provides resistance against ballooning and bursting of cladding during LOCA events.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Atmospheric turbulence review of space shuttle launches

Research and analysis on the identification of turbulent regions from the surface to 16 km during Space Shuttle launches are discussed. It was demonstrated that the results from the FPS-16 radar/jimsphere balloon system in measuring winds can indeed indicate the presence or conditions ripe for turbulence in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. It was further demonstrated that atmospheric data obtained during the shuttle launches by the rawinsonde in conjunction with the jimsphere provides the necessary meteorological data to compute aerodynamic parameters to identify turbulence, such as Reynolds number drag coefficient, turbulent stresses, total energy, stability parameter, vertical gradient of kinetic energy, Richardson number, and the turbulence probability index. Enhanced temperature lapse rates and inversion rates, strong vector wind shears, and large changes in wind direction identify the occurrence of turbulence at the troposphere. When any two of the above conditions occur simultaneously, a significant probability of turbulence can occur.

Susko, Michael↗

Fracture characteristics of balloon films

An attempt was made to determine the failure modes of high altitude scientific balloons through an investigation of the fracture characteristics of the thin polyethylene films. Two films were the subject of the evaluation, Winzen Int.'s Stratafilm SF-85 and Raven Industries' Astro-E. Research began with an investigation of the film's cold brittleness point and it's effect on the ultimate strength and elasticity of the polyethylene film. A series of preliminary investigations were conducted to develop an understanding of the material characteristics. The primary focus of this investigation was on the notch sensitivity of the films. Simple stress strain tests were also conducted to enable analysis employing fracture toughness parameters. Studies were conducted on both film types at 23 C (room temperature), -60 C, -90 C, and -120 C.

Portanova, Marc A.↗

NASA Tech Briefs, August 2011

Topics covered include: Miniature, Variable-Speed Control Moment Gyroscope; NBL Pistol Grip Tool for Underwater Training of Astronauts; HEXPANDO Expanding Head for Fastener-Retention Hexagonal Wrench; Diagonal-Axes Stage for Pointing an Optical Communications Transceiver; Improvements in Speed and Functionality of a 670-GHz Imaging Radar; IONAC-Lite; Large Ka-Band Slot Array for Digital Beam-Forming Applications; Development of a 150-GHz MMIC Module Prototype for Large-Scale CMB Radiation; Coupling Between Waveguide-Fed Slot Arrays; PCB-Based Break-Out Box; Multiple-Beam Detection of Fast Transient Radio Sources; Router Agent Technology for Policy-Based Network Management; Remote Asynchronous Message Service Gateway; Automatic Tie Pointer for In-Situ Pointing Correction; Jitter Correction; MSLICE Sequencing; EOS MLS Level 2 Data Processing Software Version 3; DspaceOgre 3D Graphics Visualization Tool; Metallization for Yb14MnSb11-Based Thermoelectric Materials; Solvent/Non-Solvent Sintering To Make Microsphere Scaffolds; Enhanced Fuel-Optimal Trajectory-Generation Algorithm for Planetary Pinpoint Landing; Self-Cleaning Coatings and Materials for Decontaminating Field-Deployable Land and Water-Based Optical Systems; Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with DEP-FFF; Li Anode Technology for Improved Performance; Post-Fragmentation Whole Genome Amplification-Based Method; Microwave Tissue Soldering for Immediate Wound Closure; Principles, Techniques, and Applications of Tissue Microfluidics; Robotic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Organ Growth; Stress-Driven Selection of Novel Phenotypes; Method for Accurately Calibrating a Spectrometer Using Broadband Light; Catalytic Microtube Rocket Igniter; Stage Cylindrical Immersive Display; Vacuum Camera Cooler; Atomic Oxygen Fluence Monitor; Thermal Management Tools for Propulsion System Trade Studies and Analysis; Introduction to Physical Intelligence; Technique for Solving Electrically Small to Large Structures for Broadband Applications; Accelerated Adaptive MGS Phase Retrieval; Large Eddy Simulation Study for Fluid Disintegration and Mixing; Tropospheric Correction for InSAR Using Interpolated ECMWF Data and GPS Zenith Total Delay; Technique for Calculating Solution Derivatives With Respect to Geometry Parameters in a CFD Code; Acute Radiation Risk and BRYNTRN Organ Dose Projection Graphical User Interface; Probabilistic Path Planning of Montgolfier Balloons in Strong, Uncertain Wind Fields; Flight Simulation of ARES in the Mars Environment; Low-Outgassing Photogrammetry Targets for Use in Outer Space; Planning the FUSE Mission Using the SOVA Algorithm; Monitoring Spacecraft Telemetry Via Optical or RF Link; and Robust Thermal Control of Propulsion Lines for Space Missions.

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The Use of Non-Standard Devices in Finite Element Analysis

A general mathematical description of the response behavior of thin-skin pneumatic envelopes and many other membrane and cable structures produces under-constrained systems that pose severe difficulties to analysis. These systems are mobile, and the general mathematical description exposes the mobility. Yet the response behavior of special under-constrained structures under special loadings can be accurately predicted using a constrained mathematical description. The static response behavior of systems that are infinitesimally mobile, such as a non-slack membrane subtended from a rigid or elastic boundary frame, can be easily analyzed using such general mathematical description as afforded by the non-linear, finite element method using an implicit solution scheme if the incremental uploading is guided through a suitable path. Similarly, if such structures are assembled with structural lack of fit that provides suitable self-stress, then dynamic response behavior can be predicted by the non-linear, finite element method and an implicit solution scheme. An explicit solution scheme is available for evolution problems. Such scheme can be used via the method of dynamic relaxation to obtain the solution to a static problem. In some sense, pneumatic envelopes and many other compliant structures can be said to have destiny under a specified loading system. What that means to the analyst is that what happens on the evolution path of the solution is irrelevant as long as equilibrium is achieved at destiny under full load and that the equilibrium is stable in the vicinity of that load. The purpose of this paper is to alert practitioners to the fact that non-standard procedures in finite element analysis are useful and can be legitimate although they burden their users with the requirement to use special caution. Some interesting findings that are useful to the US Scientific Balloon Program and that could not be obtained without non-standard techniques are presented.

Schur, Willi W.↗