X-ray production in super nova remnants.
Scorpio X-ray source as supernova remnant at 30 light years with steep electron spectrum compared to one in remnants at radio frequencies
SUPERNOVA↗
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Empire. a study of early manned interplanetary missions final report, may 26 - nov. 25, 1962
This report summarizes the investigations and results of the EMPIRE Study Program undertaken by Aeronutronic Division of Ford Motor Company for the Future Projects Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, under Contract NAS8-5025. The dual planet flyby missions of the Crocco and Symmetric trajectory classes are discussed. The Crocco mission with an August 1971 launch window requires an interplanetary injection velocity increment of i0.i km/sec, has a return velocity of 13.5 km/sec, and takes approximately 400 days. The Symmetric mission with a July 1970 launch window has an injection velocity increment of 5.3 km/sec, a return velocity of 15.8 km/sec, and takes approximately 630 days. Additional results of the trajectory studies and abort trajectories are reported. The guidance and navigation subsystem, midcourse corrections, and planetary approach corrections are discussed. A detailed analysis of the reentry phase of EMPIRE includes consideration of an Apollo-type, a Drag Brake, and a lifting-type reentry vehicle to return the six-man crew at mission completion or in an aborted condition. The High L/D reentry vehicle is used in the missions considered. The various technological areas required for design criteria are developed and several spacecraft designs are considered. The all chemical propulsion Crocco system is discarded due to weight, complexity, and cost. The nuclear injected Crocco is treated in a similar manner. The lower energy injection for the Symmetric Mission leads to the feasibility of a nuclear injected vehicle with an Earth orbit weight of about 180,000 kilograms (400,000 pounds) before interplanetary transit. In addition, two chemical symmetric vehicles are treated. Conservative radiation exposures are derived, for the 630 day mission, of less than 200 REM and a polyethelene radiation shelter is designed. Scientific aspects of the missions are discussed. Mission Success Probabilities are presented for the various missions considered and for Saturn C-5, Nova, and Super-Nova Earth launch vehicles in light of possible development. The need for acceleration of nuclear rocket engine developments and auxiliary power developments is indicated. Definition of a larger nuclear engine of the order of 200,000 pounds thrust and about 800 seconds burning time or 50,000 pound thrust and 3600 seconds burning time is indicated for the Symmetric Mission in 1970 (energy requirements are higher in 1972 and for later launch due to the less favorable position of Mars)_ Immediate development of this advanced nuclear propulsion capability is recommended. A Development Plan and Funding Schedule is given for the 1970 launch window pinpointing the critical development areas and indicating a total program cost of $12.6 billion independent of other programmed R&D costs. In conclusion, technological feasibility for an early manned dual planet Mars-Venus flyby is believed to be demonstrated in this study. Several areas of accelerated development and experimental confirmation of theory are pinpointed. The necessary funding and development of Nova or orbital operations capability with Saturn C-5's is required. The 1970 launch window appears to offer the least expensive Symmetric Mission for several years into the 1980's.
F. P. Dixon↗
Survival of interstellar matter in meteorities - Evidence from carbonaceous material
An interstellar origin has been attributed to certain organic and apparently elemental forms of C which occurs in carbonaceous meteorites. Evidence for such an origin comes from anomalous isotopic composition either of the C itself or of elements, such as N, H, or the noble gasses, which are combined with or trapped within the carbonaceous material. Suggested sources for these anomalous compositions include atmospheres of red giant stars, novae and super-novae, and interstellar molecular clouds.
Kerridge, J. F.↗
An extremely carbon enhanced 'nova' model
Expanding upon the authors' earlier work, Hoyle and Clayton (1974) have suggested that a thermonuclear runaway in a white dwarf envelope that consists of equal numbers of protons and C-12 nuclei will produce the s or r-process elements. The present work studies such a runaway and finds that these initial conditions cause a 'super' nova outburst that does not result in any s or r-process nucleosynthesis. However, the model is very interesting in that it reaches peak temperatures of 1.6 billion K and peak burning rates exceeding 2 times 10 to the 23rd erg/gm/sec. A shock forms and ejects 10 to the 29th grams moving with speeds up to 60,000 km/sec. The peak bolometric magnitude is -21.2 and this model will also produce a gamma-ray burst.
Starrfield, S. G.↗
Neutrino emission, mass loss, and the frequenct of supernovae
Correlation of frequency of occurence of super- novae with theories of mass loss and neutrino emission from red giants
MASS TRANSFER↗
Observation of soft X-rays from extended sources
Efforts were directed toward surveying several supernova remnants for the emission of soft X-rays. Rather than attempt to detect such faint X-ray emission, the program was redirected to observe the spectrum and angular structure of the extended X-ray source in the Perseus cluster of galaxies and the super-nova remnant Puppis A. An attempt was made to detect X-ray line emission from Puppis A with a Bragg crystal spectrometer. Observations provide evidence for the presence of X-ray line emission in the spectrum of Puppis A near .65 keV.
Catura, R. C.↗
Preview of the BATSE Earth Occultation Catalog of Low Energy Gamma Ray Sources
The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) has been detecting and monitoring point sources in the high energy sky since 1991. Although BATSE is best known for gamma ray bursts, it also monitors the sky for longer-lived sources of radiation. Using the Earth occultation technique to extract flux information, a catalog is being prepared of about 150 sources potential emission in the large area detectors (20-1000 keV). The catalog will contain light curves, representative spectra, and parametric data for black hole and neutron star binaries, active galaxies, and super-nova remnants. In this preview, we present light curves for persistent and transient sources, and also show examples of what type of information can be obtained from the BATSE Earth occultation database. Options for making the data easily accessible as an "on line" WWW document are being explored.
Harmon, B. A.↗
Ultraviolet, Optical and X-Ray Imaging of Selected Cygnus Loop Fields
During the Astro-1 and Astro-2 Space Shuttle missions in 1990 and 1995, far ultraviolet (FUV) images of five 40 ft diameter fields around the rim of the Cygnus Loop Super Nova Remnants (SNR) were observed with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT). These fields sample a broad range of SNR conditions including both radiative and non-radiative shocks in various geometries and scales. The UIT B5 band images discussed here sample predominantly ion-C4 lambda 1550 and the 2-photon continuum. Smaller contributions are made by emission lines of ion He-2 lambda 1640 and ion 03 lambda 1666. A unique aspect of the B5 band is its ability to sample the hydrogen 2-photon continuum from regions where the gas is recombining. We present these new FUV images and compare them with optical H-alpha and [ion O13], and ROSAT HRI X-ray images. In non-radiative shocks, existing 2-photon flux measurements from spectra and the H-alpha images suggest we are seeing approximately equal contributions from 2-photon and ion C4 emission. In radiative filaments, however, shock models and our images suggest ion C4 should dominate while spectra of specific locations seem to indicate that 2-photon emission dominates. We surmise that spectral observations on specific bright filaments have decreased locally-observed levels of ion C41 emission due to resonance scattering in that line.
Danforth, C. W.↗
Chandra Observations of Starburst Galaxies
We present early X-ray results from Chandra for two starburst galaxies, M82 and NGC3256, obtained using AXAF CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS-I) and the HRC. For M82 the arcsecond spatial resolution enables us to separate the point source component from the extended emission for the first time. Astrometry reveals that most of the X-ray sources are not coincident with the family of compact radio sources believed to be Super Nova Remnants (SNRs). In addition, based on three epoch Chandra observations, several of the X-ray sources are clearly variable indicating that they are binaries. When we deconvolve the extended and point source components detected in the hard X-ray band, we find that 50 percent arises from the extended component. This fact, together with its morphology, constrains the various models proposed to explain the hard X-ray emission. For NGC3256 we resolve two closely separated nuclei. These new data support a pure starburst origin for the total X-ray emission rather than a composite AGN/starburst, thereby making NGC3256 one of the most X-ray luminous starburst galaxies known.
Prestwich, Andrea↗
A Deep Near-Infrared Survey of the N 49 Region around the Soft Gamma-Ray Repeater 0526-66
We report the results of a deep near-infrared survey of the vicinity of supernova remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), which contains the soft gamma-ray repeater (SGR) 0526-66. Two of the four confirmed SGRs are potentially associated with compact stellar clusters. We thus searched for a similar association of SGR0526-66, and find the unexplored young stellar cluster SL 463 at a projected distance of approx. 30 pc from the SGR. This constitutes the third cluster-SGR link, and lends support to scenarios in which SGR progenitors originate in young, embedded clusters. If real, the cluster-SGR association constrains the age and thus the initial mass of these stars. In addition, our high-resolution images of the super- nova remnant N49 reveal an area of excess K-band flux in the southeastern part of the SNR. This feature coincides with the maximum flux area at 8.28 microns as detected by the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX satellite), which we identify with IRAS 052594607.
Klose, S.↗
Star formation and the initial mass function
Supersonic turbulence fragments the interstellar medium into dense sheets, filaments, cores and large low density voids, thanks to a complex network of highly radioactive shocks. The turbulence is driven on the large scale predominantly by super novae. While on large scale the magnetic energy is in approximate equipartition with the kinetic energy of the turbulence, on the scale of a few pc the turbulent kinetic energy exceeds the magnetic energy.
supersonic turbulence IMF initial mass function↗
Suzaku Study of the Interstellar Medium of the Small Magellenic Cloud
Suzaku was used to observe a region of the Small Magellenic Cloud devoid of bright point sources in order to study the hot interstellar medium in that galaxy. This hot, ionized gas presumably has its origin in supernovae and the winds of massive stars. Using Suzaku XIS data, we determined the temperature and abundances of this gas. A higher Ne abundance than O and Fe was determined, which is consistent with surveys of SMC super-nova remnants.
Kilbourne, C.↗
Crystal Structure and Chemical Composition of a Presolar Silicate from the Queen Elizabeth Range 99177 Meteorite
Mineral characterization of presolar silicate grains, the most abundant stardust phase, has provided valuable information about the formation conditions in circumstellar environments and in super-nova (SN) outflows. Spectroscopic observations of dust around evolved stars suggest a majority of amor-phous, Mg-rich olivine grains, but crystalline silicates, most of which are pyroxene, have also been observed [1]. The chemical compositions of hundreds of presolar silicates have been determined by Auger spectroscopy and reveal high Fe contents and nonstoichiometric compositions intermediate to olivine and pyroxene [2-6]. The unexpectedly high Fe contents can partly be attributed to secondary alteration on the meteorite parent bodies, as some grains have Fe isotopic anomalies from their parent stellar source [7]. Only about 35 presolar silicates have been studied for their mineral structures and chemical compositions by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These grains display a wide range of compositions and structures, including crystalline forsterite, crystalline pyroxene, nanocrystalline grains, and a majority of amorphous nonstoichiometric grains. Most of these grains were identified in the primitive Acfer 094 meteorite. Presolar silicates from this meteorite show a wide range of Fe-contents, suggestive of secondary processing on the meteorite parent body. The CR chondrite QUE 99177 has not suffered as much alteration [8] and displays the highest presolar silicate abundance to date among carbonaceous chondrites [3, 6]. However, no mineralogical studies of presolar silicates from this meteorite have been performed. Here we examine the mineralogy of a presolar silicate from QUE 99177.
Nguyen, A. N.↗
The impact of IUE on studies of the nova outburst: 1986 to 1990
Developments in understanding the nova outbursts that have occurred since the IUE (International Ultraviolet Explorer) meetings in 1986 and 1988 are outlined. Those developments that have occurred as a direct result of studies with the IUE satellite are emphasized. These involve the four outbursts that occurred in the large Magellanic cloud, the numerous recurrent novae outbursts, and a number of archival studies. As a direct result of IUE studies done since 1986, it is shown that fast novae become super Eddington at maximum, that many novae decline at the same rate, and that neon novae may be more numerous than previously thought. In addition, it is shown that there are differences in the ourburst characteristics between recurrent novae with giant secondaries and those with compact secondaries.
Starrfield, Sumner G.↗
Delta-Doped High Purity Silicon UV-NIR CCDs with High QE and Low Dark Current
Delta doping process was developed on p-channel CCDs for MIDEX-Orion and JDEM/SNAP and was applied to large format (2k x4k) CCDs. Delta doping is applied to fully-fabricated CCDs (complete with Al metallization). High QE and low dark current is demonstrated with delta doped p-channel CCDs. In-house AR coating is demonstrated. Advantages include: Delta doping enables high QE and stability across the entire spectral range attainable with silicon. Delta doping is a low temperature process and is compatible with fully-fabricated detector arrays. Same base device for Orion two channels. High radiation tolerance and no thinning requirements of high purity p-channel. CCDs are additional advantages.
Orion↗
XMM-Newton and Swift Observations of WZ Sagittae: Spectral and Timing Analysis
WZ Sagittae is the prototype object of a subclass of dwarf novae with rare and long (super)outbursts, in which a white dwarf primary accretes matter from a low mass companion. High-energy observations offer the possibility of a better understanding of the disk-accretion mechanism in WZ Sge-like binaries.
binaries: general aEuro" white dwarfs aEuro" X-ray↗
The 2011 Outburst of Recurrent Nova T Pyx: X-Ray Observations Expose the White Dwarf Mass and Ejection Dynamics
The recurrent nova T Pyx underwent its sixth historical outburst in 2011, and became the subject of an intensive multi-wavelength observational campaign.We analyze data from the Swift and Suzaku satellites to produce a detailed X-ray light curve augmented by epochs of spectral information. X-ray observations yield mostly non-detections in the first four months of outburst, but both a super-soft and hard X-ray component rise rapidly after Day 115. The super-soft X-ray component, attributable to the photosphere of the nuclear-burning white dwarf, is relatively cool (approximately 45 electron volts) and implies that the white dwarf in T Pyx is significantly below the Chandrasekhar mass (approximately 1 M). The late turn-on time of the super-soft component yields a large nova ejecta mass (approximately greater than 10(exp −5) solar mass), consistent with estimates at other wavelengths. The hard X-ray component is well fit by a approximately 1 kiloelectron volt thermal plasma, and is attributed to shocks internal to the 2011 nova ejecta. The presence of a strong oxygen line in this thermal plasma on Day 194 requires a significantly super-solar abundance of oxygen and implies that the ejecta are polluted by white dwarf material. The X-ray light curve can be explained by a dual-phase ejection, with a significant delay between the first and second ejection phases, and the second ejection finally released two months after outburst. A delayed ejection is consistent with optical and radio observations of T Pyx, but the physical mechanism producing such a delay remains a mystery.
nova T Pyx↗
Multi-Wavelength Superoutburst Observations of T Leonis
We present results of simultaneous superoutburst observations in the X-ray, Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV), optical, and IR bands of the tremendous outburst amplitude dwarf novae T Leonis. Near peak luminosity, a single blackbody represents a good fit to T Leo's observed continuum in the EUV spectral region, yielding a boundary layer temperature of 71,000 to 97,000K. Inclusion of the longer wavelength observations, UV to the IR, indicates that a blackbody fit is inappropriate. A single temperature fit to only the UV and red-ward data for T Leo works well, but yields a much lower temperature, near 28,000K. Using our own observations and previously obtained EUV, UV and optical (super)outburst observations for the dwarf novae U Gem and SS Cyg, the SU UMa star VW Hyi, and the TOADS, TV Crv, BC UMa, and SW UMa, we find that in all cases, high energy observations yield high temperature, small emitting regions, while fits to UV and red-ward data produce cooler temperatures from much larger emitting regions. These results are consistent with the idea that high energy data provide a direct measurement of the boundary layer while the lower energy data measure a much larger, multi-temperature region, likely to be dominated by the outburst heated inner accretion disk. High energy outburst observations show that the boundary layer temperature decreases with decreasing orbital period and UV outburst observations provide evidence for a missing or weak inner disk in the TOADs. We present a simple model of mass accretion onto the white dwarf during (super)outburst which can account for the observed correlation between temperature.
Howell, Steve B.↗