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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2021

Bhutan Water Resources II: Comparing Phenology, Precipitation, and Temperature Data in Bhutan to Assist the Himalayan Environmental Rhythm Observation and Evaluation System (HEROES) Project

Bhutan is vulnerable to climate fluctuations that can affect vegetation phenology patterns. Changes in the climate have raised concerns from local farmers about altered growing seasons. In response, the DEVELOP team assessed annual vegetation phenology trends across Bhutan from 1981-2014 by comparing vegetation phenology-derived data and meteorological data. The project assessed phenology change using Vegetation Index and Phenology (VIP) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) products from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors. We also used Climate Hazards Center Infrared Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) precipitation data and Famine Early Warning System Network Land Data Assimilation System (FLDAS) temperature data to assess climate trends in the country. The team assessed VIP phenology data for 1981-2014 to assess trends for the start of season, day of peak, and length of season. For the main growing season, the results indicated that the start of season and day of peak were delayed, while the length of season increased by 22 days. Analysis of temperature and precipitation data for the early 1980s to present indicted that Bhutan’s temperature has become warmer and precipitation has increased. Satellite-based precipitation and temperature data were compared to in situ precipitation and temperature data, yielding high correlations for both precipitation (R=0.85) and temperature (R=0.9). The project results and methods were shared with the Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research (UWICER) to help assess climate change impacts in Bhutan.

DEVELOP Tech Paper↗
NASA NTRS2012

Surface Temperature Data Analysis

Small global mean temperature changes may have significant to disastrous consequences for the Earth's climate if they persist for an extended period. Obtaining global means from local weather reports is hampered by the uneven spatial distribution of the reliably reporting weather stations. Methods had to be developed that minimize as far as possible the impact of that situation. This software is a method of combining temperature data of individual stations to obtain a global mean trend, overcoming/estimating the uncertainty introduced by the spatial and temporal gaps in the available data. Useful estimates were obtained by the introduction of a special grid, subdividing the Earth's surface into 8,000 equal-area boxes, using the existing data to create virtual stations at the center of each of these boxes, and combining temperature anomalies (after assessing the radius of high correlation) rather than temperatures.

Hansen, James↗
NASA NTRS1972

Global winds from Nimbus temperature data for July 1970

Simulation studies to determine the best techniques for making use of vertical sounding temperature data are reported. An atmospheric model was developed to accept real SIRS radiance data from Nimbus 4 for June and July 1970. The results were compared to real observations. It was found that the model accepts real temperature data on a continuing basis, and real temperature data determine winds to a useful degree of accuracy.

Hogan, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1995

The use of LinkWinds for the validation and analysis of 14 years of Microwave Sounder Unit daily global temperature anomaly data

Temperature data derived from the Microwave Sounder Unit (MSU) provides an opportunity for investigating atmospheric temperatures on a global scale since 1979. Fourteen years of global data sets of daily temperature anomalies within the lower stratosphere and lower troposphere are being generated at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. LinkWinds, a visualization/analysis package under development at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has been extremely useful for validating and analyzing these data sets. LinkWinds provides the ability to interactively scroll and animate through the 10,220 images of temporal data, to selectively slice and view the data along latitude, longitude, or temporal axes, to interactively analyze spatial and temporal variability within the data, and to perform correlative analysis between various elements of the data. These capabilities have been invaluable in allowing the recognition of processing artifacts, as well as the effects that physical phenomena, such as the El Ninos effects and the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, have had on atmospheric temperatures.

Botts, Michael E.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Electron and ion temperature data for ionospheric modelling

The major sources ionospheric temperature data are the incoherent scatter radars and in situ instruments (Langmuir probe, retarding potential analyzer) flown on several long-lasting satellite missions. The paper provides an overview over the different data sets and discusses their volume, temporal and spatial resolution, accuracy, and their availability. The state-of-the-art of empirical modeling of ionospheric plasma temperatures is examined, and present shortcomings and future data needs are pointed out. Special emphasis is given to the representation of auroral features, temperature anisotropies, and of solar-cycle variations. Finally, the possibility of using theoretical results to fill data gaps for empirical modeling is considered.

Bilitza, Dieter↗
DOE OSTI2020

Raw leaf temperature data from May 2017- Aug 2017 at the B34 and K34 towers in Manaus, Brazil

This data package contains raw data from leaf temperature measurements. Additional metadata, such as site information and equipment manuals, are included in the data package listed under Dataset Reference(s) along with all related data packages. Leaf temperature measurements were made using Teflon insulated type T thermocouples (OM-CP-OCTTEMP-A Nomad®, Omega Engineering) directly attached to the abaxial side of the leaf using a breathable white tape and configured to register measurements every 15 s. No data processing or QA/QC was done on the raw datasets. Processed datasets will be uploaded separately. Contact israelmdt@gmail.com if you need to use this dataset for additional information.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Stream discharge and temperature data collected within the East and Taylor Watershed, Colorado for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2019 to 2025)

This dataset contains stream discharge and temperature data for water years 2019 to 2025 from the East and Taylor Watersheds in Colorado, United States. This data was collected to understand hydrological processes occurring in the East River and Taylor River Watersheds, Colorado, which is part of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Data includes instantaneous observed discharge using salt dilution and acoustic doppler velocimeter techniques, raw pressure transducer downloaded data, sub-hourly temperature as well as corrected water level and associated stream discharge and mean daily values. Notes on water level corrections, rating curve development and metadata provided. A rating curve is the translation of depth to streamflow. The rating curve can be used as a quantitative measure of the “quality of the data.” Data within this dataset is formatted using ESS-DIVE’s Hydrological Monitoring Reporting Format. This data package contains (1) a zip file (Stream_Discharge_Data_WY19-WY25.zip) containing stream discharge and temperature data organized by location; (2) an InstallationMethods file (InstallationMethods.csv) describing metadata about the installation; (3) a file-level metadata (flmd.csv) file that lists each file contained in the dataset with associated metadata; (4) a data dictionary (dd.csv) file that contains terms/column_headers used throughout the files along with a definition, units, and data type; (5) a locations metadata file (locations.csv); (6) and a sensor metadata file (sensors.csv). All data files are in non-proprietary formats (csv, png, or pdf formats). Please contact Rosemary Carroll, Curtis Beutler, or Austin Shirley for any support in accessing the files. Update on 2023-05-12: Additional data from WYs 2021 and 2022 were added. Additionally, the dataset was converted using ESS-DIVE’s Hydrological Monitoring Reporting Format. Data files were reformatted to match reporting format guidance, new metadata files were added, and files were converted from excel to CSV. Update on 2025-05-16: Additional data from WYs 2022 (for locations not previously included), 2023, and 2024 were added. An additional descriptive PDF (WFSFA_Streamflow_Hydrograph_Disclaimer.pdf) was added. Metadata files were updated to reflect the addition of new data and locations. Update on 2026-05-18: Additional data from WY 2025 were added, including a new location Upper Trail Creek (TR-TCG2). Metadata files were updated to reflect the addition of new data.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1991

Mesospheric effects of solar ultraviolet variations - Further analysis of SME IR ozone and Nimbus 7 SAMS temperature data

In order to improve the constraints on models of the mesospheric response to solar UV variations, an analysis is conducted of the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) IR ozone data and Nimbus 7 stratosphere and mesosphere sounder (SAMS) temperature data. Maximum low-altitude ozone and temperature-response amplitudes occur at about the same altitude, where a strong coupling between photochemical and thermal components of the mesospheric response is suggested by the simultaneous positive temperature and negative ozone response maxima. Increased Lyman-alpha dissociation of water vapor and temperature feedback are theorized to account for the negative ozone response. HO(x) chemical heating can increase as ozone destruction increases, and can therefore account for the positive temperature response.

Hood, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

On the sensitivity of a residual circulation model to differences in input temperature data

The residual mean circulation (RMC) formulation of zonally averaged transport in the middle atmosphere produces a circulation which depends on the distributions of net diabatic heating and temperature. Such circulations are from two temperature data sets, using the same radiative transfer code (Rosenfield et al. 1987). These circulations are then used to transport N2O in a photochemical model. The circulations and the resulting N2O distributions are notably different during the Northern Hemisphere winter, with that based on the NMC temperatures producing too much upward transport in the tropical stratosphere, as judged by comparison with the stratospheric and mesoscale sounder data. The experiment demonstrates that model calculations, in general, and perturbation assessments, in particular, are likely to be quite sensitive to the choice of input temperature data (where this is not computed self-consistently). It also reveals what appears to be a seasonally dependent bias in NMC zonally averaged temperatures with respect to those obtained from the LIMS instrument during 1978/1979.

Guthrie, Paul D.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Evaluation of Global Surface Water Temperature Data Sets for use in Passive Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture

Inland open water bodies often pose a systematic error source in the passive remote sensing retrievals of soil moisture. Water temperature is a necessary variable used to compute water emissions that is required to be subtracted from satellite observation to yield actual emissions from the land portion, which in turn generates accurate soil moisture retrievals. Therefore, overestimation of soil moisture can often be corrected using concurrent water temperature data in the overall mitigation procedure. In recent years, several data sets of lake water temperature have become available, but their specifications and accuracy have rarely been investigated in the context of passive soil moisture remote sensing on a global scale. For this reason, three lake temperature products were evaluated against in-situ measurements from 2007 to 2011. The data sets include the lake surface water temperature (LSWT) from Global Observatory of Lake Responses to Environmental Change (GloboLakes), the Copernicus Global Land Operations Cryosphere and Water (C-GLOPS), as well as the lake mix-layer temperature (LMLT) from the European Centers for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA5 Land Reanalysis. GloboLakes, C-GLOPS, and ERA5 Land have overall comparable performance with Pearson correlations (R) of 0.87, 0.92 and 0.88 in comparison with in-situ measurements. LSWT products exhibit negative median biases of −0.27 K (GloboLakes) and −0.31 K (C-GLOPS), whereas the median bias of LMLT is 1.56 K. When mapped from their respective native resolutions to a common 9 km Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE) Grid 2.0 projection, similar relative performance was observed. LMLT and LSWT data are closer in performance over the 9 km grid cells that exhibit a small range of lake cover fractions (0.05–0.5). Despite comparable relative performance, ERA5 Land shows great advantages in spatial coverage and temporal resolution. In summary, an integrated evaluation on data accuracy, long-term availability, global coverage, temporal resolution, and regular forward processing with modest data latency led us to conclude that LMLT from the ERA5 Land Reanalysis product represents the most optimal path for use in the development of a long-term soil moisture product.

Runze Zhang↗
NASA NTRS2003

Unexplained Discontinuity in the US Radiosonde Temperature Data: Stratosphere - Part 2

In part I of this paper, the United States (US) radiosonde temperature data are shown to have significant and unexplained inhomogeneities in the mid-troposphere. This part discusses the differences between observations taken at 0 and 12 UTC especially in the stratosphere by the Vaisala RS80 radiosondes that are integrated within the National Weather Service's (NWS) Micro-ART system. The results show that there is a large maxima in the horizontal distribution of the monthly means of the 0/12 UTC differences over the central US that is absent over Canada and this maxima is as large as 5 C at 10 hPa. The vertical profiles of the root-mean-square of the monthly means are much larger in the US than those else where. The data clearly shows that the 0/12 UTC differences are largely artificial especially over the central US and originate in the post processing software at observing stations, thus confirming the findings in part I. Special flight data from the NWS's test facility at Sterling, Va. have been obtained. This data can be used to deduce the bias correction applied by Vaisala's post processing system. By analyzing the correction data, it can be shown that the inconsistencies with non-US Vaisala RS80 data as well as most of the large 0/12 UTC differences over the US can be accounted for by multiplying the reported elapsed time (i.e. time since launch) by the factor which is incorrectly applied by the post processing software. After being presented with the findings in this paper, Vaisala further isolated the source of the inconsistencies to a software coding error in the radiation bias correction scheme. The error effects only the software installed at US stations.

Redder, Christopher R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

A spectral approach to the unification of satellite and conventional temperature data

A method for combining temperature soundings derived from VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) radiance observations with conventional data is presented. Using data from the Atmospheric Variability Experiment/VAS Ground Truth Field Experiment, temperature profiles from rawinsonde and VAS observations were represented by Fourier cosine series, with harmonic-by-harmonic comparisons performed for collocated pairs as well as the spatial variations of harmonic coefficients. The zeroth and first harmonics in the VAS temperature soundings were combined with higher harmonics determined from conventional data to form a unified dataset. The quality of the unified data was examined by comparing the vertical motion fields derived from a linear balance model with satellite observations of cloud systems. Case studies at 1200 UTC on August 22, 23, and 24, 1983 over the western Atlantic gave good results.

Shin, Kyung-Sup↗
NASA NTRS1986

Derivation of photochemical information near 1 mbar from ozone and temperature data

An analysis procedure has been developed for derivation of information about the photochemical behavior of ozone near 1 mbar by explicitly accounting for the dynamical transport terms in the continuity equation for perturbations from the zonal mean. The procedure is shown to be valid using data from a numerical transport model and is then applied to LIMS ozone and temperature data, using geostrophic winds to estimate the transport terms. The data study is restricted to March at 2, 1, and 0.7 mbar. Because the temperature deviations are dynamically produced, large temperature deviations are associated with significant ozone transport terms. The anticorrelation between the deviations of ozone and temperature disappears when the transport terms are small. The derived photochemical information is compared to photochemical theory. Although there is overall agreement in the magnitude as well as the latitude, altitude, and time dependencies, discrepancies are suggested which may be related to the long-standing failure of photochemical models to calculate ozone accurately near 1 mbar. The theory suggests that the addition of Cl(x) to the stratosphere will affect the relationship of ozone and temperature at 2 and 1 mbar. Comparison of the photochemical information derived from future ozone and temperature measurements with the results of the present analysis should provide a critical test of the photochemical scheme thought to describe the behavior of odd chlorine in the stratosphere.

Douglass, Anne R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Geothermal flux through palagonitized tephra, Surtsey, Iceland - The Surtsey temperature-data-relay experiment via Landsat-1

The net geothermal flux through palagonitized basaltic tephra rims of the Surtur I and Surtur II craters at Surtsey, Iceland, in 1972, is estimated at 780 plus or minus 325 microcal/sq cm/s, indicating a decline since 1969 when a flux of 1500 microcal/sq cm/s was estimated. Heat flux in this range characterizes the postvolcanic environment on Surtsey in which the subaerial polagonitization of basaltic tephra is associated with mass transfer of hydrothermal vapor, either of meteoric or sea-water origin, only a few years after cessation of eruptive activity. The flux estimation is the result of the Surtsey data-relay experiment via Landsat-1 which was carried out in several phases. Temperature data were transmitted for a 38-day period in November and December 1972. A near-surface vertical gradient of 69.4 C/m was obtained, suggesting a mixed mechanism of heat transfer, partitioned between conduction and convection.

Friedman, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1995

OGCM Simulations of Equatorial Pacific Current and Temperature to ERS-1, FSU and NMC Surface Winds and to Assimilation of Subsurface Temperature Data

The relative accuracies of three surface wind data products for the tropical Pacific Ocean during April 1992 to March 1994 were examined by analyzing temperature and current fields along the equator, which were simulated with an ocean general circulation model. Simulations were made with and without assimilation of surface and subsurface temperature data. Simulated currents were compared with observations at three sites (170oW, 140oW, 110oW) at the equator. Model-generated currents and temperatures indicated that the ERS-1 westward wind speeds were low compared to the FSU and NMC winds. With data assimilation, the agreement between simulated and observed currents was highest at 170oW and lowest at 110oW.

ERS-1 FSU↗
NASA NTRS2001

HALOE Temperature Data Comparison with Rocket-Borne Falling Sphere Temperatures

Recent comparison of upper stratospheric and mesospheric temperatures measured with the HALOE instrument on UARS and the rocket-borne passive inflatable falling sphere launched from Wallops Island reveals a temperature bias of up to 10 K between about 66 and 72 km. Falling sphere measurements analyzed between 1991 and 1995 were used in the comparison, however, these measurements were processed with an earlier version of the reduction software that included temperature bias in the region of 70 km. The bias arose from a discontinuity in the falling sphere drag table. This discontinuity occurs when the sphere's fall velocity changes from the supersonic to the subsonic flow regime and has been called the MACH 1 problem. Improvement to the software employed and the availability of a new atmospheric model is now used to initiate reduction of the radar tracking data. It is possible new reduction of the existing data will reduce the bias currently observed. We plan to show changes, if any, in the size of the bias between HALOE and the falling sphere temperatures after reprocessing of the sphere measurements.

Schmidlin, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS2000

BOREAS TF-3 NSA-OBS Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature Data

The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study Tower Flux (BOREAS TF-3) team collected tower flux, surface meteorological, and soil temperature data at the BOREAS Northern Study Area-Old Black Spruce (NSA-OBS) site continuously from the March 1994 through October 1996. The data are available in tabular ASCII files.

Wofsy, Steven↗