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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Design of a Combined Proportional Integral Derivative Controller to Regulate the Temperature Inside a High-Temperature Tubular Solar Reactor

Solar fuels are proven to be promising candidates for thermochemical energy storage. However, the transient nature of solar radiation is an obstacle to maintaining a stable operational temperature inside a solar reactor. To overcome this challenge, the temperature of a solar reactor can be regulated by controlling the incoming solar radiation or the feedstock flowrate inside the reactor. In this work, a combined proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is implemented to regulate the temperature inside a high-temperature tubular solar reactor with counter-current flowing gas/particles. The control model incorporates two control systems to regulate incoming solar radiation and gas flow simultaneously. The design of the controller is based on a reduced-order numerical model of a high-temperature tubular solar reactor that is vertically oriented with an upward gas flow and downward particle flow. The reactor receives heat circumferentially through its wall over a finite segment of its length. Formulation of the heat transfer model is presented by applying the energy balance for the reactor tube and considering heat and mass transfer inside. A set of governing differential equations are solved numerically by using the finite volume method to obtain reactor wall, particles, and gas temperatures along the reactor length with various boundary conditions. Simulation results are used to tune the PID controller parameters by utilizing the Ziegler–Nichols tuning method. Both the simulation results and the controller performance are visualized on the LABVIEW platform. The controller is challenged to track different temperature setpoints with different scenarios of transient solar radiation. Here, the performance of the PID controller was compared to experimental results obtained from an industrial PID controller embedded in a 7 kW electric furnace. Results show that the combined PID controller is successful in maintaining a stable temperature inside the reactor by regulating the incoming solar radiation and the flowrate via small steady-state error and reasonable settling time and overshoot.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Free-moving artificial eggs containing temperature loggers reveal remarkable within-clutch variance in incubation temperature

Incubation is a crucial aspect of avian parental care and measuring incubation temperature in the wild can improve our understanding of life history tradeoffs and inform conservation efforts. However, there are challenges associated with measuring the temperature of eggs in natural nests. Most studies to date have measured incubation temperature by using a single, stationary logger in each nest. However, real eggs are rotated and moved throughout the nest by the parent during the incubation period, and thus, a stationary logger may not accurately represent the temperature experienced by individual eggs within the entire clutch. We recorded incubation temperature in nests by using multiple, mobile artificial egg temperature loggers. We installed six mobile loggers and one stationary logger in wood duck Aix sponsa nests to compare the two logger types in the field. We found that at a given ambient temperature, mobile loggers recorded lower average and more variable temperatures than stationary loggers. Further, temperatures recorded by stationary loggers showed no relationship with clutch size, while mobile loggers captured temperatures that were lower and more variable as clutch size increased. Also, the multiple mobile loggers revealed that eggs within a nest experienced a substantial range of temperatures throughout the incubation period. Here, we discuss potential limitations of this method, but believe that it is a promising way to collect biologically-relevant incubation temperature data and provides an opportunity to advance our understanding of incubation temperature as a parental effect.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Low temperature dry reforming of methane using Ru-Ni-Mg/ceria-zirconia catalysts: Effect of Ru loading and reduction temperature

Dry reforming catalysts, especially those with activity at moderate temperatures, have been intensely investigated to enhance the conversion of biogas. Here, Ru is evaluated as a promoter for Ni-Mg based catalysts. Catalysts based on 1.4 wt%Ni-1.0 wt%Mg-Ce 0.6 Zr 0.4 O 2 with Ru (0.02–0.32 wt%) were prepared using incipient wetness. The reducibility of the catalysts and conversions increased with increasing Ru content. Increases in conversions with increasing Ru loading was attributed to the additional active sites and synergistic effect between Ru and Ni, which weakened Ni-Mg interactions. Samples showed dry reforming activity at low temperatures (450–510 °C). Reaction rates and activation energies of higher loading Ru samples (1.4 wt%Ni-1.0 wt%Mg/Ce 0.6 Zr 0.4 O 2 with 0.16 and 0.32 wt%Ru) decreased when the reduction temperature was raised from 300 to 400 °C. A 20 h TOS study showed stable catalytic activity with minimal coke deposition. Furthermore, the results suggest that Ru is an alternative to Pt in promoting low temperature dry reforming of methane.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Measurements of E-mode polarization and temperature-E-MODE correlation in the cosmic microwave background from 100 square degrees of SPTPOL data

We present measurements of E-mode polarization and temperature-E-mode correlation in the cosmic microwave background using data from the first season of observations with SPTpol, the polarization-sensitive receiver currently installed on the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The observations used in this work cover 100 deg{sup 2} of sky with arcminute resolution at 150 GHz. We report the E-mode angular auto-power spectrum (EE) and the temperature-E-mode angular cross-power spectrum (TE) over the multipole range 500 < ℓ ≤ 5000. These power spectra improve on previous measurements in the high-ℓ (small-scale) regime. We fit the combination of the SPTpol power spectra, data from Planck, and previous SPT measurements with a six-parameter ΛCDM cosmological model. We find that the best-fit parameters are consistent with previous results. The improvement in high-ℓ sensitivity over previous measurements leads to a significant improvement in the limit on polarized point-source power: after masking sources brighter than 50 mJy in unpolarized flux at 150 GHz, we find a 95% confidence upper limit on unclustered point-source power in the EE spectrum of D{sub ℓ}=ℓ(ℓ+1)C{sub ℓ}/2π<0.40 μK{sup 2} at ℓ=3000, indicating that future EE measurements will not be limited by power from unclustered point sources in the multipole range ℓ<3600, and possibly much higher in ℓ.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Scaling between magnetic field and temperature in the high-temperature superconductor BaFe 2 (As 1- x P x ) 2

Many exotic metallic systems have a resistivity that varies linearly with temperature, and the physics behind this is thought to be connected to high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates and iron pnictides. Although this phenomenon has attracted considerable attention, it is unclear how the relevant physics manifests in other transport properties, for example their response to an applied magnetic field. We report measurements of the high-field magnetoresistance of the iron pnictide superconductor BaFe 2 (As 1- x P x ) 2 and find that it obeys an unusual scaling relationship between applied magnetic field and temperature, with a conversion factor given simply by the ratio of the Bohr magneton and the Boltzmann constant. This suggests that magnetic fields probe the same physics that gives rise to the T -linear resistivity, providing a new experimental clue to this long-standing puzzle.

Hayes, Ian M↗
DOE OSTI2025

Generation and Study of Am(IV) by Temperature-Controlled Electron Pulse Radiolysis

Used nuclear fuel (UNF) separation techniques that strive to separate radiotoxic americium (Am) from trivalent lanthanide fission products through oxidation state control have increased research efforts surrounding Am(V) and Am(VI). However, equivalent knowledge of the tetravalent state, Am(IV), has remained elusive, particularly in conditions more representative of UNF reprocessing, i.e., in concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). With this in mind, we have used electron pulse radiolysis to study the radiation-induced redox reaction of Am(III) with the oxidizing nitrate radical (NO3?) in 6 M HNO3: Am(III) + NO3? ? Am(IV) + NO3? . These experiments enabled us to observe the growth and decay of Am(IV) in a concentrated acidic solution for the first time. The transient Am(IV) species was found to have a lifetime of ~16 µs?sufficiently long-lived to play a critical mechanistic role in UNF reprocessing systems. Additionally, we performed the first-ever temperature-dependent kinetics study of an actinide element, elucidating unprecedented Arrhenius and Eyring activation parameters for the reaction of Am(III) with NO3?. This new knowledge provides much-needed molecular-level insights into the radiation-induced behavior of Am.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2015

Acoustic travel time gauges for in-situ determination of pressure and temperature in multi-anvil apparatus

In this study, we developed a new method for in-situ pressure determination in multi-anvil, high-pressure apparatus using an acoustic travel time approach within the framework of acoustoelasticity. The ultrasonic travel times of polycrystalline Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} were calibrated against NaCl pressure scale up to 15 GPa and 900 °C in a Kawai-type double-stage multi-anvil apparatus in conjunction with synchrotron X-radiation, thereby providing a convenient and reliable gauge for pressure determination at ambient and high temperatures. The pressures derived from this new travel time method are in excellent agreement with those from the fixed-point methods. Application of this new pressure gauge in an offline experiment revealed a remarkable agreement of the densities of coesite with those from the previous single crystal compression studies under hydrostatic conditions, thus providing strong validation for the current travel time pressure scale. The travel time approach not only can be used for continuous in-situ pressure determination at room temperature, high temperatures, during compression and decompression, but also bears a unique capability that none of the previous scales can deliver, i.e., simultaneous pressure and temperature determination with a high accuracy (±0.16 GPa in pressure and ±17 °C in temperature). Therefore, the new in-situ Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} pressure gauge is expected to enable new and expanded opportunities for offline laboratory studies of solid and liquid materials under high pressure and high temperature in multi-anvil apparatus.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Low reheating temperatures in monomial and binomial inflationary models

We investigate the allowed range of reheating temperature values in light of the Planck 2015 results and the recent joint analysis of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data from the BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck experiments, using monomial and binomial inflationary potentials. While the well studied ϕ{sup 2} inflationary potential is no longer favored by current CMB data, as well as ϕ{sup p} with p>2, a ϕ{sup 1} potential and canonical reheating (w{sub re}=0) provide a good fit to the CMB measurements. In this last case, we find that the Planck 2015 68% confidence limit upper bound on the spectral index, n{sub s}, implies an upper bound on the reheating temperature of T{sub re}≲6×10{sup 10} GeV, and excludes instantaneous reheating. The low reheating temperatures allowed by this model open the possibility that dark matter could be produced during the reheating period instead of when the Universe is radiation dominated, which could lead to very different predictions for the relic density and momentum distribution of WIMPs, sterile neutrinos, and axions. We also study binomial inflationary potentials and show the effects of a small departure from a ϕ{sup 1} potential. We find that as a subdominant ϕ{sup 2} term in the potential increases, first instantaneous reheating becomes allowed, and then the lowest possible reheating temperature of T{sub re}=4 MeV is excluded by the Planck 2015 68% confidence limit.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

A novel high-temperature MAS probe with optimized temperature gradient across sample rotor for in-situ monitoring of high-temperature high-pressure chemical reactions

We present a novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe design focused on optimizing the temperature gradient across the sample for high temperature magic angle spinning (MAS) experiments using standard rotors. Computational flow dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to assess and optimize the temperature gradient across the sample under MAS conditions. The chemical shift and linewidth of 207 Pb direct polarization in lead nitrate were used to calibrate the sample temperature and temperature gradient, respectively. A temperature gradient of less than 3 °C across the sample was obtained by heating bearing gas flows and adjusting its temperature and flow rate during variable temperature (VT) experiments. A maximum temperature of 350 °C was achieved in this probe using a Varian 5 mm MAS rotor with standard Vespel drive tips and end caps. Time-resolved 13 C and 1 H MAS NMR experiments were performed at 325 °C and 60 bar to monitor an in-situ mixed phase reverse water gas shift reaction, industrial synthesis of CH 3 OH from a mixture of CO 2 and H 2 with a Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst, demonstrating the first in-situ NMR monitoring of a chemical system at temperatures higher than 250 °C in a pressurized environment. Lastly, the combination of this high-temperature probe and high-pressure rotors will allow for in-situ NMR studies of a great variety of chemical reactions that are inaccessible to conventional NMR setup.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2015

Saturation curve of SiO{sub 2} component in rutile-type GeO{sub 2}: A recoverable high-temperature pressure standard from 3 GPa to 10 GPa

The accuracy and precision of pressure measurements and the pursuit of reliable and readily available pressure scales at simultaneous high temperatures and pressures are still topics in development in high pressure research despite many years of work. In situ pressure scales based on x-ray diffraction are widely used but require x-ray access, which is lacking outside of x-ray beam lines. Other methods such as fixed points require several experiments to bracket a pressure calibration point. In this study, a recoverable high-temperature pressure gauge for pressures ranging from 3 GPa to 10 GPa is presented. The gauge is based on the pressure-dependent solubility of an SiO{sub 2} component in the rutile-structured phase of GeO{sub 2} (argutite), and is valid when the argutite solid solution coexists with coesite. The solid solution varies strongly in composition, mainly in pressure but also somewhat in temperature, and the compositional variations are easily detected by x-ray diffraction of the recovered products because of significant changes in the lattice parameters. The solid solution is measured here on two isotherms, one at 1200 °C and the other at 1500 °C, and is developed as a pressure gauge by calibrating it against three fixed points for each temperature and against the lattice parameter of MgO measured in situ at a total of three additional points. A somewhat detailed thermodynamic analysis is then presented that allows the pressure gauge to be used at other temperatures. This provides a way to accurately and reproducibly evaluate the pressure in high pressure experiments and applications in this pressure-temperature range, and could potentially be used as a benchmark to compare various other pressure scales under high temperature conditions. - Graphical abstract: The saturation curve of SiO{sub 2} in TiO{sub 2} shows a strong pressure dependence and a strong dependence of unit cell volume on composition. This provides an opportunity to use this saturation curve as a measurement of pressure during a high-pressure experiment. The curve is a sensitive measure of pressure from 3 GPa to 10 GPa at high temperatures. The pressure is derived from lattice parameter measurements on the recovered solid solution, meaning that in-situ measurements are not necessary to evaluate the pressure of the experiment. - Highlights: • The unit cell of a saturated GeO{sub 2}–SiO{sub 2} solid solution is used as a pressure sensor. • We measure nine bracketed pressure points on the GeO{sub 2}–SiO{sub 2} saturation surface. • We provide a pressure calibrant from 3 GPa to 10 GPa at two temperatures. • Four points are measured at 1200 °C and five points at 1500 °C. • A thermodynamic model is developed for use of the calibrant at other temperatures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel rapidly solidified, high-temperature Al-alloy

Rapid solidification (RS) processing, as a production method, offers a variety of unique properties based on far-from-equilibrium microstructures obtained through rapid cooling rates. In this study, we seek to investigate the microstructures and properties of a novel Al-alloy specifically designed for high temperature mechanical stability. Synthesis of, AlFe{sub 11.4}Si{sub 1.8}V{sub 1.6}Mn{sub 0.9} (wt.%), was performed by two approaches: rotating cup atomization (“shot”) and melt spinning (“flake”). These methods were chosen because of their ability to produce alloys with tailored microstructures due to their inherent differences in cooling rate. The as-solidified precursor materials were microstructurally characterized with electron microscopy. The results show that the higher cooling rate flake material exhibited the formation of nanocrystalline regions as well additional phase morphologies not seen in the shot material. Secondary dendritic branching in the flake material was on the order of 0.1–0.25 μm whereas branching in the shot material was 0.5–1.0 μm. Consolidated and extruded material from both precursor materials was mechanically evaluated at both ambient and high (300 °C) temperature. The consolidated RS flake material is shown to exhibit higher strengths than the shot material. The ultimate tensile strength of the melt spun flake was reported as 544.2 MPa at room temperature and 298.0 MPa at 300 °C. These results forecast the ability to design alloys and processing approaches with unique non-equilibrium microstructures with robust mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. - Highlights: • A novel alloy, AlFe{sub 11.4}Si{sub 1.8}V{sub 1.6}Mn{sub 0.9} was fabricated by rapid solidification. • Room temperature yield strength exceeded 500 MPa. • Elevated temperature (300 °C) yield strength exceeded 275 MPa. • Forging, after extrusion of the alloy resulted in microstructural coarsening. • Decreased strength and ductility was identified as a result of forging.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗