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Results for “transactive energy, power distribution, energy storage”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Transactive Energy Rationing in an Islanded Electric Power System

A battery energy storage system (BESS) has been installed on Nantucket Island to provide service continuity during the N-1 contingency of partial electricity supply interruption from the mainland. During the N-2 contingency of complete interruption from the mainland, most of the loads will have to be disconnected so that a combustion gas turbine (CTG) can supply critical facilities. This work proposes an alternative transactive rationing mechanism that would provide some service to all of the loads, and still fully serve the critical loads, through market-based control during the N-2 contingency. A BESS operating strategy is proposed that would enhance the transactive rationing mechanism. The necessary enabling changes to communication systems, controls and utility tariffs are discussed, along with some ancillary benefits.

transactive energy, power distribution, energy sto↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transactive Energy Rationing in Islanded Electric Power Systems

Extreme weather events, many of which are climate change related, are occurring with increasing frequency and intensity and causing catastrophic outages. One of the major modern-day concerns of utilities is dealing with such extreme outages and consequently, its repercussions on the lives of people in society and social aspects. Traditionally, operators have been using rolling blackouts as a contingency plan to serve critical loads during such events when electricity supply is scarce. However, such blackouts practices are executed on a last-minute mandatory basis, depriving customers having low-capacity high priority loads (i.e. refrigeration, water, telecommunication, etc) that should also be serviced if at all possible. Historically, policymakers have often adopted quota-based regulatory actions or rationing for other commodities (such as gasoline, butter, sugar) to handle scarcity situations. Motivated from such quota based systems, our contribution presented in this work is an alternative transactive rationing mechanism that would provide some minimum level of service to all of the customers and serve the critical loads using market-based control during such scarcity-based contingencies. This is in contrast to the state-of-art TE mechanisms that allocate resources to customers solely based on their willingness-to-pay. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is demonstrated through simulation-based evaluation on two real-life use cases having feeder-level and microgrid-level configurations respectively. The simulation results clearly demonstrate the capability of the rationing scheme to serve customers’ high-priority loads through prolonged outages even during extreme scarcity scenarios.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Potential for Transactive Energy to Improve the Provisioning of Grid Services from Batteries

This study assessed the degree to which transactive energy systems could help reduce or remove barriers to the deployment of battery energy storage, and realize the full potential of battery resources to supply needed services to the grid and fairly compensate various types of battery owners. To enable this assessment, typical battery deployments were characterized, along with energy markets, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order rulings and implementations, grid services, and current deployment barriers. Finally, this study analyzed the value that accrues to batteries supplying today’s grid services as a function of the participation models associated with three primary types of battery ownership: merchant-owned transmission-connected batteries; utility-owned distribution-connected batteries; and customer-owned behind-the-meter batteries. This provided both quantitative and qualitative assessments comparing opportunities for battery storage in business-as-usual and transactive energy scenarios.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

BI-LEVEL OPTIMIZATION FOR ELECTRICITY TRANSACTION IN SMART COMMUNITY WITH MODULAR PUMP HYDRO STORAGE

Grid integration of the increasing distributed energy resources could be challenging in terms of new infrastructure investment, power grid stability, etc. To resolve more renewables locally and reduce the need for extensive electricity transmission, a community energy transaction market is assumed with market operator as the leader whose responsibility is to generate local energy prices and clear the energy transaction payment among the prosumers (followers). The leader and multi-followers have competitive objectives of revenue maximization and operational cost minimization. This non-cooperative leader-follower (Stackelberg) game is formulated using a bi-level optimization framework, where a novel modular pump hydro storage technology (GLIDES system) is set as an upper level market operator, and the lower level prosumers are nearby commercial buildings. The best responses of the lower level model could be derived by necessary optimality conditions, and thus the bi-level model could be transformed into single level optimization model via replacing the lower level model by its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) necessary conditions. Several experiments have been designed to compare the local energy transaction behavior and profit distribution with the different demand response levels and different local price structures. The experimental results indicate that the lower level prosumers could benefit the most when local buying and selling prices are equal, while maximum revenue potential for the upper level agent could be reached with non-equal trading prices.

Chen, Yang↗
DOE OSTI2024

Security Constrained Distributed Transaction Model for Multiple Prosumers

Massive access of renewable energy has prompted demand-side distributed resources to participate in regulation and improve flexibility of power systems. With large-scale access of massive, decentralized, and diverse distributed resources, demand-side market members have transformed from traditional “consumers” to “prosumers”. To explore the distributed transaction model of prosumers, in this paper, a multi-prosumer distributed transaction model is proposed, and the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) theory is applied to quantify potential risks caused by the stochastic characteristics inherited from renewable energy. First, a prosumer model under constraints of the distribution network including photovoltaic units, fuel cells, energy storage system, central air conditioning and flexible loads is established, and a multi-prosumer distributed transaction strategy is proposed to achieve power sharing among multiple prosumers. Second, a prosumer transaction model based on CVaR is constructed to measure risks inherited from the uncertainty of PV output within the prosumer and ensure safety of system operation in extreme PV output scenarios. Then, the alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) is utilized to solve the constructed model efficiently. Finally, distributed transaction costs of prosumers are distributed fairly based on the generalized Nash equilibrium to maximize social benefits. Simulation results show the multi-prosumer distributed transaction mechanism established under the proposed generalized Nash equilibrium method can encourage power sharing among prosumers, increasing their own income and social benefits. Also, the CVaR can assist decision making of prosumers in weighting the risks and benefits, improving system resilience through energy management of prosumers.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Pricing and Energy Trading in Peer-to-Peer Zero Marginal-Cost Microgrids

Efforts to utilize 100% renewable energy in community microgrids require new approaches to energy markets and transactions to efficiently address periods of scarce energy supply. In this paper we contribute to the promising approach of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading in two main ways: analysis of a centralized, welfare-maximizing economic dispatch that characterizes optimal price and allocations, and a novel P2P system for negotiating energy trades that yields physically feasible and at least weakly Pareto-optimal outcomes. Our main results are 1) that optimal pricing is insufficient to induce agents with batteries to take optimal actions, 2) a novel P2P algorithm to addresses this while keeping private information, 3) a formal proof that this algorithm converges to the centralized solution in the case of two agents negotiating for a single period, and 4) numerical simulations of the P2P algorithm performance with up to 10 agents and 24 periods that show it converges on average to total welfare within 0.1% of the social optimum in on the order of 10s to 100s of iterations, increasing with the number of agents, time periods, and total storage capacity.

batteries↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transactive Campus Energy Systems: An R&D Testbed for Renewables, Integration, Efficiency, and Grid Services (CRADA 356 / Amendment 1)

The Clean Energy and Transactive Campus (CETC) work described in this report was done as part of Amendment 1 to Campus Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) 356, the Transactive Campus CRADA with the Washington State Department of Commerce (Commerce) between the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the Commerce through the Clean Energy Fund (CEF). The original project team consisted of PNNL, the University of Washington (UW) and Washington State University (WSU), to connect the PNNL, UW, and WSU campuses to construct and operate the testbed as both a regional flexibility resource and as a platform for research and development (R&D) for buildings/grid integration. Building on the foundational transactive system established by the Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration (PNWSGD), the purpose of the project was to construct the testbed as both a regional flexibility resource and as a platform for R&D on buildings/grid integration and information-based energy efficiency. The testbed supports the integration of renewables and other regional needs, using the flexibility provided by building loads, energy storage, and smart inverters for batteries and photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, at four physical scales: multiple campuses, campus, microgrid and building.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electric Access System Enhancement (EASE): Assessment of a Distributed Energy Resource Management System for Enabling Dynamic Hosting Capacity

The Electric Access System Enhancement (EASE) project demonstrated a scalable, interoperable, and cost-effective means of integrating high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs). The control architecture developed leveraged a Distributed Energy Resource Management System, Distribution System Operator for transacting energy, and 3rd Party DER Aggregator platform. The project identified ways to enhance the customer interconnection process to the grid and improve access to information from DERs and optimize the usage of DERs to provide energy services in a simulated day-ahead shadow market while maintain grid reliability. By integrating these capabilities into a scalable system of systems, the DSO can effectively balance DER generation and customer demand on the distribution network. This capability allows the grid to host more DER than traditionally possible on wires alone. Hosting more DER has the added benefit of supplying increased demand growth, sometimes beyond the capacity limits of the distribution network itself. This is known as a dynamic hosting capacity, which could help utilities manage the forecasted growth in electricity demand as California switch to electric vehicles and appliances. This could help to establish energy storage and PV generation as a “pseudo firm” generation resource mix if managed appropriately and provide sufficient resource adequacy for distribution capacity upgrade deferrals.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Safe and Private Forward-trading Platform for Transactive Microgrids

Power grids are evolving at an unprecedented pace due to the rapid growth of distributed energy resources (DER) in communities. These resources are very different from traditional power sources, as they are located closer to loads and thus can significantly reduce transmission losses and carbon emissions. However, their intermittent and variable nature often results in spikes in the overall demand on distribution system operators (DSO). To manage these challenges, there has been a surge of interest in building decentralized control schemes, where a pool of DERs combined with energy storage devices can exchange energy locally to smooth fluctuations in net demand. Building a decentralized market for transactive microgrids is challenging, because even though a decentralized system provides resilience, it also must satisfy requirements such as privacy, efficiency, safety, and security, which are often in conflict with each other. As such, existing implementations of decentralized markets often focus on resilience and safety but compromise on privacy. In this article, we describe our platform, called TRANSAX, which enables participants to trade in an energy futures market, which improves efficiency by finding feasible matches for energy trades, enabling DSOs to plan their energy needs better. TRANSAX provides privacy to participants by anonymizing their trading activity using a distributed mixing service, while also enforcing constraints that limit trading activity based on safety requirements, such as keeping planned energy flow below line capacity. We show that TRANSAX can satisfy the seemingly conflicting requirements of efficiency, safety, and privacy. We also provide an analysis of how much trading efficiency is lost. Trading efficiency is improved through the problem formulation, which accounts for temporal flexibility, and system efficiency is improved using a hybrid-solver architecture. Lastly, we describe a testbed to run experiments and demonstrate its performance using simulation results.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Power Grid Simulation Testbed for Transactive Energy Management Systems

To effectively engage demand-side and distributed energy resources (DERs) for dynamically maintaining the electric power balance, the challenges of controlling and coordinating building equipment and DERs on a large scale must be overcome. Although several control techniques have been proposed in the literature, a significant obstacle to applying these techniques in practice is having access to an effective testing platform. Performing tests at scale using real equipment is impractical, so simulation offers the only viable route to developmental testing at scales of practical interest. Existing power-grid testbeds are unable to model individual residential end-use devices for developing detailed control formulations for responsive loads and DERs. Furthermore, they cannot simulate the control and communications at subminute timescales. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel power-grid simulation testbed for transactive energy management systems. Detailed models of primary home appliances (e.g., heating and cooling systems, water heaters, photovoltaic panels, energy storage systems) are provided to simulate realistic load behaviors in response to environmental parameters and control commands. The proposed testbed incorporates software as it will be deployed, and enables deployable software to interact with various building equipment models for end-to-end performance evaluation at scale.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Security-Constrained Unit Commitment for Electricity Market: Modeling, Solution Methods, and Future Challenges

This paper summarizes the technical activities of the IEEE Task Force on Solving Large Scale Optimization Problems in Electricity Market and Power System Applications. This Task Force was established by the IEEE Technology and Innovation Subcommittee to first review the state-of-the-art of the security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) business model, its mathematical formulation, and solution techniques in solving electricity market clearing problems. The Task Force then investigated the emerging challenges of future market clearing problems and presented efforts in building benchmark mathematical and business models.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Building Energy Systems as Behind-the-Meter Resources for Grid Services: Intelligent load control and transactive control and coordination

To mitigate the impacts of climate change, significant reductions in emissions from all sectors of the economy are needed. The electricity generation sector has embarked on an ambitious plan to include renewable generation as part of its decarbonization efforts, and many cities and states are mandating all-electric buildings. While renewable resources will reduce emissions, they are not dispatchable, they vary temporally, and their generation is uncertain. Under these conditions, traditional approaches to managing grid reliability, where supply follows demand, will not be efficient and may not be cost-effective. Further, there is a more efficient alternative for balancing the supply–demand imbalance and for absorbing variability and uncertainty of renewable energy using distributed energy resources (DERs) as opposed to reserve generation. Because buildings consume more than 75% of total U.S. annual electricity consumption, behind-the-meter (BTM) DERs have a load flexibility of 77 GW of power and 90 GWh of virtual energy storage capacity nationwide (Kalsi, 2017). Therefore, some portion of the supply–demand imbalance can be met by these DERs at a lower cost compared to business-as-usual solutions.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Power Sector Transformation Pathways: Exploring Objectives, Factors, and Technology Innovations to Inform Power Sector Pathway Decisions

The power and heating sectors are responsible for around 30% of global CO2 emissions and this share is likely to grow as countries move towards electrification of the transportation and building sectors. Therefore, enabling forward-thinking, long term strategies in the power sector is a crucial area for international collaboration and support. The rapid transition of power systems toward modern, low-carbon pathways and technologies will be necessary to meet key climate goals while also enabling other critical objectives such as economic development, energy access, and energy system resiliency, among others. Many developed and developing countries are well-poised to champion power sector transformation (PST), however, further support is needed to identify pathways and implement critical near and long-term actions. To address this need, the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP) together with an expert team including Agora Energiewende, Energy Innovation, European Climate Foundation, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research , Prayas Energy Group and LEDS Latin America and Caribbean Platform, developed a framework identifying four key pathways that can be integrated and combined to support low-carbon PST. These four pathways are: (1) Distributed Energy Resource Revolution, (2) Bulk Power Transformation, (3) Transmission and Distribution Interactivity, and (4) Distributed Transactional Future. To support exploration of pathways, this study examines PST objectives and factors that may lead countries or jurisdictions to place a greater relative emphasis on certain pathways as well as a framework and complementary tool for considering the emphasis in a hands on manner. The report provides case studies on application of the approach to bring life to the topic. The case studies include Haiti, Kenya, Mexico, Southeast Asia, and the European Union, among others. The report also presents actions to-be-taken in the near-, medium- and long-term to support the realization of pathways and long-term transformation of the power sector. The report, together with a complementary spreadsheet tool developed under the effort, can be used to enable stakeholder engagement and visioning for the power sector over the long-term, taking into account key factors and potential innovations. It can also be used to understand and inform relevant analysis tools and models based on which pathways are emphasized, and to identify key actions in the near- and medium-term to avoid lock-in of carbon-intensive technologies.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts Use for Photovoltaic Energy Trade Transactions

In recent decades, interest in renewable energy via solar energy has increased, especially in California and Nevada. In a region that can produce enough solar power for self-use, prosumers must use or sell surplus energy. Solar energy self-consumption is essential in modern energy transactions in the grid. This paper proposes an approach towards grid services that includes photovoltaic hardware to store the excess energy in battery storage. Such energy can then be sold to power companies while the transaction is handled using blockchain. Software, security architecture and data flow requirements based on the Ethereum Blockchain are included. Furthermore, this solution protects the private information of seller and buyer and secures transactions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Guest Editorial Special Section on Advanced Medium-Voltage Power Electronics for Grid Interactive Applications

Medium-voltage power electronics (MVPE) plays essential roles in power grid modernization and links the MV distribution grid with low-voltage consumers and prosumers. Various MVPE devices, such as solid-state transformers or circuit breakers, inverter-based resources, power flow controllers, etc., bring the benefits of voltage conversion and power regulation in small footprint, power quality and efficiency improvements, and enhancements of grid controllability, flexibility, stability, and resilience. The MVPE also makes it possible for sustainable energy systems, such as solar/wind farms and energy storage generating facilities, to directly access to MV grids without multistage conversions. With their intrinsic intelligence and communications, MVPE enables many new smart grid functions and applications, e.g., dc interconnections and electric vehicle charging, which were not envisioned by traditional power grids otherwise. In addition, the integration of physical power processing units with cyber components forms a cyber-physical system, which is essential for long-term sustainability, development, and environmental preservation. Nonetheless, technical challenges on MVPE device reliability, scalable and efficient converter topologies, control stability, large-scale modeling and simulation, to name a few, need to be addressed and advanced to the next level. In conclusion, this Special Section on Advanced MV Power Electronics for Grid Interactive Applications in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (TPEL) provides an insight on some of the recent advances in MVPE and emerging challenges and potential solutions.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Pilot Demonstration of an Attestation and Anomaly Detection Framework using Distributed Ledger Technology for Power Grid Infrastructure

This report summarizes the design and pilot demonstration of a framework called Grid Guard that was created to provide increased data and device trustworthiness to electric grid devices by leveraging distributed ledger technology (DLT), specifically blockchain. Grid Guard contains a combination of core cryptographic methods such as the secure hash algorithm (SHA), and asymmetric cryptography, private permissioned blockchain, baselining configuration data, consensus algorithm (Raft) and the Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) framework. The system implements a low energy, fast, and robust enhancement to system trustworthiness within and across electric grid systems such as substations, control centers and metering infrastructures. Blockchain is a distributed database structured that provides a practically unalterable (immutable) timeline of stored transactions. By relying on hashing and the Raft consensus algorithm, if an entity tries to illegitimately alter a record at one instance of the database the other ledger nodes are not altered. They work to cross-reference each other and easily locate any incorrectly added data and remove it. The bulk raw data is stored in an off-chain storage (outside of the blockchain ledger) and a hash of this baseline data is stored in the Blockchain ledger via hashing windows of time-series and configuration data, after aggregation and filtering. The bulk off-chain data repository is then considered to be trust-anchored using the hashes stored in the blockchain. To secure the electric grid testbed devices and data, device configuration baselines were compared to those baselines that had been previously stored in the ledger. Statistical baselines for device configurations, network communication patterns, and high-speed sensor data are calculated and then stored off-chain and hashes stored in the ledger. Measurements such as three-phase voltage and current, frequency, breaker status, protection scheme settings, network configuration settings (and other device configuration artifacts) and network traffic features (packet interarrival times) are compared every minute or other selected time windows. During phase 1 of the Grid Guard DLT project different DLT technologies were studies, and an assessment was performed on DLT technology vulnerabilities, uses, and key characteristics. DLT consensus protocols were studies (e.g., RAFT, named after Reliable, Replicated, Redundant, And Fault-Tolerant). Also, cryptography, public, private and permissioned or permissionless systems were assessed. Grid Guard implements a permissioned private DLT. Consensus algorithm selection and choice of DLT implementation depended heavily on the use-case. For this use-case, parameters were selected to measure performance and existing tools for assessment. Benchmarking was performed theoretically and practically. During phase 2 hashed transactions/blocks were inserted into the ledger every second. During phase 2 of the Grid Guard DLT project, a prototype framework was developed and demonstrated for attestation of critical substation devices and data using precision timing systems that use PTP and IRIG-B protocols) on a testbed of operational devices that emulated a distribution substation, control center, and power metering infrastructure using real Operational Technology (OT). The testbed includes OT devices such as protective relays, human machine interfaces (HMI), and power meters. To determine when to collect and compare system and network baselines, an initial examination of an anomaly detection capability to identify malicious manipulation of data streams was conducted. The resulting anomaly detection was demonstrated in a set of experiments and leveraged to trigger device artifact attestation checks. Attestation checks occur against device configuration baselines when compared with the immutable blockchain-stored baselines, which provided a cryptographically supported means by which to store baselines. The electrical substation-grid testbed was created to test the Grid Guard framework. The testbed emulates the operations of a portion of a power grid and SCADA systems as closely as possible. The testbed integrates real protocols, mainly IEC 61850 standard protocols, such as the Sampled Value (SV) and the GOOSE protocols. The testbed also supports DNP3 and other layer 2 and layer 3 protocols such as Telnet, SSH, SFTP/FTP and other proprietary protocols needed to connect to industrial control system equipment. The testbed emulates real power conditions using the OpalRT hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) device which can create fault situations that cannot be easily tested on real systems. The electrical substation-grid testbed was created using real measurement, communication, and protection devices that electrical utilities commonly use.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Future energy infrastructure, energy platform and energy storage

Today fossil energy dominates energy consumption across the world. There has been an increasing momentum to reduce fossil energy consumption and increase renewable energy utilization to more than 70%. Such high penetrations of distributed renewable resources bring large uncertainty and complexity that cannot be easily handled by the current infrastructure. For the last two decades, telecommunication industry has gone through a similar transition from centralized to distributed systems, and more recently to platform approaches, which become the corner stone of today’s vibrant platform economy. Based on telecommunication history, we believe that a platform-based approach, called the energy platform, is a viable solution for addressing the renewable energy challenges. The energy platform consists of an array of computational algorithms, sensing and control technologies for key industry, energy generators and users to jointly manage and control the complex energy infrastructure. It includes the following key components: (1) the hardware and software to generate, store, control and transmit electricity/data (the energy cloud), (2) the digital platforms and tools for key energy producers, digital, service and communication industry to share the assets, participate in and manage the complex infrastructure, and for customers to participate in energy transactions, (3) the transaction platform for new service and business models. Additionally, the energy platform requires breakthroughs in large scale energy storage and many other areas including efficient power electronics, sensors and controls, new mathematical and computational tools, and deep integration of energy technologies and information sciences to control and stabilize such complex chaotic systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗