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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Type 5 Wind Turbine Technology: How Synchronised, Synchronous Generation Avoids Uncertainties About Inverter Interoperability under IEEE 2800:2022

Degradation of system strength because of inverter-based resources (IBRs) is a major concern facing the zero-carbon transition. A new standard released this year, IEEE Standard 2800, attempts to codify the relationship between IBRs and the Transmission System Operator (TSO). It is apparent from IEEE 2800:2022 that there remain fundamental problems with quantifying whether source impedance (the measure of "system strength" with which the standard is concerned) will present a problem for allowing an IBR to connect. This is "because of complex interdependencies between IBR and power system characteristics". So developers are increasingly required to adopt mitigation options such as adding synchronous condensers or curtailing IBRs. A proven Type 5 (synchronous) wind turbine exists and has been running at 0.5 MW scale in a 46 MW wind farm in New Zealand since 2006 and eight turbines in Scotland since 2013. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is conducting a study of the impacts on grid reliability, stability, and resilience of Type 5 wind turbines. The project has both simulation and testing tasks and will result in proposing a variable generation solution that will help system operators and utilities address all reliability and most resilience challenges in the evolving grid.

grid stability↗
NASA NTRS1994

Compressional ULF waves in the outer magnetosphere. 2: A case study of Pc 5 type wave activity

In previously published work (Zhu and Kivelson, 1991) the spatial distribution of compressional magnetic pulsations of period 2 - 20 min in the outer magnetosphere was described. In this companion paper, we study some specific compressional events within our data set, seeking to determine the structure of the waves and identifying the wave generation mechanism. We use both the magnetic field and three-dimensional plasma data observed by the International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE) 1 and/or 2 spacecraft to characterize eight compressional ultra low frequency (ULF) wave events with frequencies below 8 mHz in the outer magnetosphere. High time resolution plasma data for the event of July 24, 1978, made possible a detailed analysis of the waves. Wave properties specific to the event of July 24, 1978, can be summarized as follows: (1) Partial plasma pressures in the different energy ranges responded to the magnetic field pressure differently. In the low-energy range they oscillated in phase with the magnetic pressure, while oscillations in higher-energy ranges were out-of-phase; (2) Perpendicular wavelengths for the event were determined to be 60,000 and 30,000 km in the radial and azimuthal directions, respectively. Wave properties common to all events can be summarized as follows: (1) Compressional Pc 5 wave activity is correlated with Beta, the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure; the absolute magnitude of the plasma pressure plays a minor role for the wave activity; (2) The magnetic equator is a node of the compressional perturbation of the magnetic field; (3) The criterion for the mirror mode instability is often satisfied near the equator in the outer magnetosphere when the compressional waves are present. We believe these waves are generated by internal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities.

Zhu, Xiaoming↗
NASA NTRS2004

Structural Basis for the Catalytic Activity of Human Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase type 5 (PP5)

Serine/threonine protein phosphatase-5 (PP5) is a member of the PPP-gene family of protein phosphatases that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues and is highly conserved among eukaryotes. PP5 associates with several proteins that affect signal transduction networks, including the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90)-heterocomplex, the CDC16 and CDC27 subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex, elF2alpha kinase, the A subunit of PP2A, the G12-alpha / G13-alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and DNA-PK. The catalytic domain of PP5 (PP5c) shares 35-45% sequence identity with the catalytic domains of other PPP-phosphatases, including protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), -2A (PP2A), -2B / calcineurin (PP2B), -4 (PP4), -6 (PP6), and -7 (PP7). Like PP1, PP2A and PP4, PP5 is also sensitive to inhibition by okadaic acid, microcystin, cantharidin, tautomycin, and calyculin A. Here we report the crystal structure of the PP5 catalytic domain (PP5c) at a resolution of 1.6 angstroms. From this structure we propose a mechanism for PP5-mediated hydrolysis of phosphoprotein substrates, which requires the precise positioning of two metal ions within a conserved Asp(sup 271)-M(sub 1):M(sub 2)-W(sup 1)-His(sup 304)-Asp(sup 274) catalytic motif. The structure of PP5c provides a possible structural basis for explaining the exceptional catalytic proficiency of protein phosphatases, which are among the most powerful known catalysts. Resolution of the entire C-terminus revealed a novel subdomain, and the structure of the PP5c should also aid development of type-specific inhibitors.

Swingle, Mark R.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Spin Reorientation in Antiferromagnetic MnPd 5 Se with an Anti-CeCoIn 5 Structure Type

MnPd 5 Se, a derivative of the anti-CeCoIn 5 -type phase, was synthesized from a high-temperature solid-state reaction, structurally determined by X-ray diffraction, and magnetically characterized with a combined magnetic measurement and neutron powder diffraction (NPD). According to the X-ray diffraction results, MnPd 5 Se crystallizes in a layered tetragonal structure with the same space group as CeCoIn 5 , P4/mmm (No. 123). MnPd5Se shows antiferromagnetic ordering around 80 K on the basis of the magnetic property measurements. An A-type antiferromagnetic structure was revealed from the analysis of neutron powder diffraction results at 300, 50, and 6 K. Moreover, a spin orientation rotation was observed as the temperature decreased. Pd L 3 X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy results for MnPd5Se semiqualitatively correlate with the calculated density of states supporting a nominal 0.2 electron transfer into the Pd d orbital from either Se or Mn in the compound. The discovery of MnPd 5 Se, along with our previously reported MnT 5 Pn (T = Pd or Pt; Pn = P or As), provides a tunable system for studying the magnetic ordering from ferromagnetism to antiferromagnetism with the strong spin–orbit coupling effect.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Interface Nucleus Templating of Modular Intermetallic Morphologies: Chemical Pressure Complementarity, Columnar Domains, and Complex Disorder in Y 13 Ag 42.7 Zn 29.7

One element of the diversity of intermetallic phases is the formation of complex structures from the assembly of fragments of simpler structures. Recently, we devised the Interface Nuclear Approach as a model for understanding such modular arrangements, in which the intergrowth of different structures is driven by chemical pressure (CP) relief at shared motifs at the domain interfaces, referred to as interface nuclei. In this Article, we present the synthesis, crystal structure, and CP analysis of a new compound that expands on this theme, Y 13 Ag 42.7 Zn 29.7 . Its hexagonal structure contains interpenetrating domains based on the CaPd 5+x and EuMg 5 types. The CaPd 5+x -based regions are reminiscent of the lamellar intergrowth structures previously observed in the Y−Ag−Zn system. In Y 13 Ag 42.7 Zn 29.7 , however, the domains have a different morphology, forming columns that adopt a hexagonal rod-packing. The geometrical features of the remaining spaces are assigned, using the program GrowDomain, to the cores of trigonal units of the EuMg 5 type, while layers of disordered atoms occur at heights along z where the parent structures are mismatched. At the CaPd 5+x -type/EuMg 5 -type interfaces, simple interface nucleus motifs with strong CP-complementarity can be identified, while their distribution within the parent structures supports the notion of templated architectures in modular intermetallics.

Chemical structure↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structural, vibrational, thermal, and magnetic properties of mullite-type NdMnTiO 5 ceramic

Mullite-type $R$Mn 2 O 5 ($R$ = Y, rare-earth element) ceramics are of ongoing research attention because of their interesting crystal-chemical and magnetic properties. We report nuclear and magnetic structures of NdMnTiO 5 together with its spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and magnetic properties. The polycrystalline sample is prepared by solid-state synthesis and characterized from neutron and X-ray powder diffraction data Rietveld refinements. NdMnTiO 5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group $Pbam$ with metric parameter $a$ = 755.20(1) pm, $b$ = 869.91(1) pm, $c$ = 582.42(1) pm, and $V$ = 382.62(1) 10 6 pm 3 . The Mn 3+ and Ti 4+ cations are observed to be located in the octahedral and pyramidal sites, respectively. The vibrational features in these polyhedral sites are characterized by Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopes. The higher decomposition temperature of NdMnTiO 5 , compared to other $R$Mn 2 O 5 phases, is explained in terms of the higher bond strength of Ti-O bonds than those of Mn-O bonds. Temperature-dependent DC magnetic susceptibility suggests a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic phase transition at 43(1) K. Inverse susceptibility in the paramagnetic region above 120 K follows the Curie-Weiss law, resulting in a magnetic moment of 6.33(1) μ B per formula unit. Neutron diffraction data collected at 7.5 K reveal that the magnetic moments of Nd 3+ and Mn 3+ in NdMnTiO 5 are incommensurately ordered with a propagation vector $k$ = (0, 0.238, 0.117).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effects of Grain Size and Interstitial Content on Recrystallization in Nb after Cold Rolling

A fully recrystallized microstructure with a fine grain size can improve the performance of superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities produced from high-purity Nb (ASTM B393–18 Type 5 Nb) while providing mechanical strength. Recrystallization depends on impurity content, initial microstructure, deformation state, and annealing conditions. To better understand how fine-grained, fully recrystallized microstructures may be produced, the recrystallization behaviors of Type 5 and Type 2 Nb materials were studied. Type 5 Nb specimens were produced with both fine and coarse initial grain sizes. All were cold rolled and then annealed under vacuum for one hour to determine the rolling reductions and temperatures required for recrystallization. The recrystallized fraction exceeded 95% in fine-grained Type 5 Nb rolled to a 30% or greater thickness reduction and then annealed at 800 °C or higher. The coarse grained Type 5 Nb required greater rolling reductions to produce any recrystallized grains at 800 °C. The higher interstitial content of the Type 2 Nb required a temperature of 1000 °C or higher to reach a recrystallized fraction greater than 95% in specimens rolled to a 60% reduction. Recrystallization is more easily achieved during annealing at a given temperature for a set time by increasing rolling reduction, decreasing interstitial content, and decreasing initial grain size prior to cold rolling. In conclusion, to avoid grain growth following recrystallization, which increases grain size, the minimum time and temperature necessary for complete recrystallization should be applied.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structural and magnetic properties of hard magnetic system Ce(Co 1 -Fe ) 4.4 Cu 0.6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.19)

The Ce(Co 1 -Fe ) 4.4 Cu 0.6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.19) is a composite, hard magnetic system that is based on the CaCu 5 -type structure (1:5). It shows both, unique magnetic and microstructural features that are essential for permanent magnets, e.g., exceptional squareness of the 2nd. quadrant of the magnetization loops and microstructural features typically needed for pinning. Samples solidified in alumina crucibles are coarse-grained and often clearly faceted and readily align in a magnetic field. X-ray, SEM, and TEM analyses show a 1:5-type single-phase material when quenched from high temperature, which, after heat treatment, transforms into a laminar coherent nanostructure through the formation of a dense array of extended intercalated regions. Furthermore, these extended intercalated regions are comprised of segments of the Ce 2 Ni 7 –type structure (2:7) which segregate into various closely related precipitates forming a nanostructure similar to the SmCo 5 - Sm 2 Co 17 composites seen in Sm-Co permanent magnets. Based on TEM and Lorentz microscopy of well-aligned single grain particles, the magnetic domains’ reversal mechanism is regulated by anisotropy fluctuations occurring along the easy direction of magnetization and strong exchange interactions between the matrix and defects (e.g.: stacking faults). Lorentz microscopy suggests the domain wall is not physically pinned by the defect, but rather is offset/deflected when it interacts with the defect. The Lorentz and magnetization data suggest that defects cause a bending of the moment away from the c axis inside the grains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Operating Wind Turbine as Synchronous Generator: Modeling and Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Demonstration

Grid-forming (GFM) control of Type 3 and Type 4 wind turbine generators (WTGs) has attracted substantial attention in power systems research; however, the limited overcurrent capability of power electronics converters continues to deteriorate the grid strength of the evolving power systems. Synchronous wind, also referred to as a Type 5 WTG, offers a unique GFM solution to address grid integration and grid strength issues by keeping the grid largely synchronous at very high integration levels of renewable generation. A Type 5 WTG interfaces with the electric grid via a synchronous generator driven by a variable speed hydraulic torque converter; hence, the wind rotor operates in variable-speed mode for maximum power generation, and the generator shaft remains synchronous to the grid. This paper develops and tests a high-fidelity model of a Type 5 WTG in a power-hardware-in-the-loop testing environment, and it presents its operation characteristics under different grid contingencies. The power-hardware-in-the-loop demonstration shows that a Type 5 WTG inherently behaves as a GFM unit and can obtain similar performance in terms of power response, wind rotor dynamics, and stability enhancement compared to a Type 3 WTG in GFM control mode. Furthermore, the paper provides further insight into how Type 5 WTGs can support the smooth transition to power systems with high integration levels of inverter-based resources.

17 - WIND ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1972

Oxygen isotope temperatures of 'equilibrated' ordinary chondrites.

Measurements have been made of O-18/O-16 ratios of coexisting minerals (plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine) from nine ordinary chondrites. The O-18 content of a given mineral increases systematically from H through L to LL group. Isotope fractionations for mineral pairs fall on a concordancy line, suggesting that these minerals were crystallized in oxygen isotope equilibrium. The isotopic temperature is estimated to be 950 (plus or minus 100) C for seven of the type 5 and type 6 chondrites.

Onuma, N.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Contrasting magnetic properties of polymorphic TbPt 3

Here, in this work, we report the contrasting magnetic behaviour of a bimorphic intermetallic compound TbPt 3 that undergoes a structural phase transformation from cubic AuBe 5 -type structure to the cubic AuCu 3 -type structure on annealing at high temperature for a very short time. The magnetic ground state configuration of TbPt 3 changes from ferromagnetic (FM) in AuBe 5 -type crystalline phase to antiferromagnetic (AFM) in AuCu 3 -type phase. However, the AFM ground state of the AuCu 3 -type compound is unstable, as a moderate magnetic field can induce the FM character through metamagnetic transformation. To understand the said crystallographic as well as magnetic transformations, structural and magnetic ab-initio calculations have been carried out for both phases. From theoretical calculations we have proposed that although the AuBe 5 -type structure of TbPt 3 irreversibly transforms to the AuCu 3 -type TbPt 3 by a very short heat treatment, the application of moderate magnetic field on AuCu 3 -type structure may result in recovering the magnetic properties of AuBe 5 -type structure of TbPt 3 . As the two different polymorphs exist simultaneously at ambient condition, TbPt 3 thus provides us a great opportunity to study directly the effect of crystal structure on its physical properties and vice versa.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1972

Manufacture and quality control of interconnecting wire hardnesses, Volume 1

A standard is presented for manufacture, installation, and quality control of eight types of interconnecting wire harnesses. The processes, process controls, and inspection and test requirements reflected are based on acknowledgment of harness design requirements, acknowledgment of harness installation requirements, identification of the various parts, materials, etc., utilized in harness manufacture, and formulation of a typical manufacturing flow diagram for identification of each manufacturing and quality control process, operation, inspection, and test. The document covers interconnecting wire harnesses defined in the design standard, including type 1, enclosed in fluorocarbon elastomer convolute, tubing; type 2, enclosed in TFE convolute tubing lines with fiberglass braid; type 3, enclosed in TFE convolute tubing; and type 5, combination of types 3 and 4. Knowledge gained through experience on the Saturn 5 program coupled with recent advances in techniques, materials, and processes was incorporated.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2001

Thermographic Data Analyses for Karst Watersheds

Aerial thermography is an emerging technology unsurpassed for locating groundwater discharges. Thermography can be used to locate submerged discharges that are extremely difficult to find by other means. In two large projects, thermography was used to identify almost every significant spring at sites underlain by karst aquifers. This technology effectively converts Brown's Type 5 topology to types 1 or 2 (all discharges known), which has a significant impact on dye tracing. At a north Alabama site, springs located by thermography quadrupled the known groundwater discharge in and around the site. For submerged discharges, thermographic temperatures can be measured down the center of the groundwater plume that rises to the surface in the winter. Using the Cornell Mixing (CORMIX) model, flow rate for one submerged spring was estimated. Once identified, estimates of spring recharge area were desired. The size of the area of recharge was estimated by hydrograph separation of flow data from nearby, unregulated surface streams. Monthly recharge estimates were also made and used to show that in north Alabama the mean annual recharge/discharge occurs during May and December. Spring flow measurements for the same county of north Alabama were averaged to obtain mean flows. Then measurements for May only, were averaged. The two averages usually agreed to within 20 percent. This provides evidence that hydrograph separation determinations of recharge are valid.

Campbell, C. Warren↗
NASA NTRS1993

Pyroxene equilibration temperatures in metamorphosed ordinary chondrites

Ordinary chondrites are divided into petrographic types based on observed mineralogical and textural properties consistent with progressive thermal metamorphism from low grade (type 3) to high (type 7). Regardless of the exact cause of the metamorphism, higher-type chondrites should retain information concerning peak temperatures reached and for what duration. Using the two-pyroxene geothermometer of Lindsley, we have calculated the equilibration temperatures for 26H, L and LL type 5 and 6 ordinary chondrites, to investigate the relative peak temperatures and equilibration-states reached by these various meteorite classes. The Lindsley thermometer relies on a detailed accounting of non-quadrilateral components in pyroxenes, whose recalculated compositions are then plotted onto an empirically-derived polythermal diagram from which temperatures can be interpolated. The reported uncertainty of this method is plus or minus 50 C; in addition, close spacing of isotherms on the graph (particularly for orthopyroxene compositions) increase this uncertainty. We have parameterized the Lindsley polythermal quadrilateral for 1 atm pressure (less than 2 bar), and interpreted recalculated coordinates directly in terms of 25 C temperature intervals. Meteorites selected for this study include both relatively shocked and unshoked specimens; heavily weathered or visibly brecciated specimens were avoided. Temperatures were calculated from orthopyroxene (opx) and clinopyroxene (cpx) analyses within one relative percent of ideal sums and stoichiometry. Histograms summarizing the calculated temperatures for type 5 and 6 ordinary chondrites are shown.

Harvey, R. P.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fermilab's controls development with virtual accelerator

Control Systems development is often the last thing considered when designing and building new equipment, e.g. a new detector or superconducting RF LINAC; however when the new equipment is installed, it is the first thing desired to be operational for testing. Due to frequent delays in building new equipment and project deadlines, control system development and testing is often curtailed. A way to alleviate this problem is to simulate the control system, though this will be challenging for complex systems.The Fermilab PIP-II (proton improvement plan - II) project is being constructed at Fermilab to deliver $800\,MeV$ protons of $>1\,MW$ beam power to replace the present LINAC for the remainder of the existing accelerator complex. The new LINAC consists of a warm front end (WFE), 23 superconducting RF cryomodules (of 5 types), and a beam transfer line (BTL) to the existing complex.The accelerator physics group has a parallel project to create a digital twin (DT) of the PIP-II accelerator. We have coupled the EPICS controls to this DT and are developing both the DT and EPICS software in parallel. This will allow us to develop the EPICS software framework, the HMIs, sequences, high level physics applications, and other services for use in a fully functional control system.This presentation will detail the work that we have performed to date and show demonstrations of controlling and monitoring the status of the accelerator, as well as future plans for this work.

Hanlet, Pierrick [Fermilab]↗