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Winske, Dan

Publications and source records attributed to Winske, Dan.

At least 19 records

High repetition rate mapping of the interaction between a laser plasma and magnetized background plasma via laser induced fluorescence

In this work, the laminar coupling of energy between a laser-produced plasma and a background magnetized plasma was investigated via planar laser induced fluorescence diagnostic and magnetic flux probes. Experiments performed on the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles, mapped out the two-dimensional spatiotemporal evolution of the laser-plasma (debris) ion velocity distribution function (VDF) to assess debris-background coupling in a sub-Alfvénic regime. The acquisition of these data necessitates high repetition rate (1 Hz) as each dataset is the accumulation of thousands of laser shots, which would not be feasible in single-shot experiments. Fully kinetic, three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are compared to the measured VDFs to provide a framework in which we can understand the coupling of a sub-Alfvénic plasma flow through a preformed, magnetized plasma. The simulations display the same departure from the expected gyromotion of the debris plasma as observed in the experimental data, and in conjunction with the measured magnetic field traces, have led to the direct observation of the collisionless coupling via laminar fields.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Linear Theory of Electromagnetic Ion Beam Instabilities in the Earth’s Forshock: Peter Gary’s Contributions (1981–1991)

We discuss Peter Gary’s contributions to the understanding of the origin and properties of ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves in the Earth’s foreshock during the period when the International Sun Earth Explorer spacecraft (ISEE-1 and -2) provided unique data about the plasma and wave environment in this region. Peter’s work concerning the linear theory of electromagnetic ion beam instabilities is contained in five journal articles and then summarized in a review article, all of which are discussed here. Brief summaries of observations and theory prior to ISEE as well as to later work are also included.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Hybrid particle-in-cell simulations of electromagnetic coupling and waves from streaming burst debris

Various systems can be modeled as a point-like explosion of ionized debris into a magnetized, collisionless background plasma-including astrophysical examples, active experiments in space, and laser-driven laboratory experiments. Debris streaming from the explosion parallel to the magnetic field may drive multiple resonant and non-resonant ion-ion beam instabilities, some of which can efficiently couple the debris energy to the background and may even support the formation of shocks. We present a large-scale hybrid (kinetic ions + fluid electrons) particle-in-cell simulation, extending hundreds of ion inertial lengths from a 3D explosion, that resolves these instabilities. We show that the character of these instabilities differs notably from the 1D equivalent by the presence of unique transverse structure. Additional 2D simulations explore how the debris beam length, width, density, and speed affect debris-background coupling, with implications for the generation of quasi-parallel shocks.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Astrophysical Explosions Revisited: Collisionless Coupling of Debris to Magnetized Plasma

The coupling between a rapidly expanding cloud of ionized debris and an ambient magnetized plasma is revisited with a hybrid (kinetic ion/fluid electron) simulation code that allows a study over a wide range of plasma parameters. Over a specified range of hypothetical conditions, simple scaling laws in terms of the total debris mass and explosion speed are derived and verified for the maximal size of the debris cloud and the fraction of debris that free-streams from the burst along the magnetic field. Furthermore, the amount of debris that escapes from the burst with minimal coupling to the background magnetic field increases with the debris gyroradius. Test cases with two different debris species—including a heavy minority species with a relatively large gyroradius—highlight how the collisionless coupling of the debris depends on the single particle trajectories as well as the overall conservation of energy and momentum.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

A Summary of the UCLA HANE-Laser Experiment: 2011-2020

In the early years of this century, there was renewed interest at DTRA in artificial radiation belts, the dynamics of high altitude nuclear explosions that produced them, the development of large-scale kinetic plasma computer models at LLNL and LANL (particularly in the form of “hybrid” {i.e., particle ions, massless fluid electrons} algorithms), and the building of a laser facility at UCLA, under the direction of Prof. Niemann, which was connected to the Large Plasma Device (LAPD), a DOE user facility. These advances sparked the idea for a new laser experimental program to examine early-time HANE issues, reviving the concept from a former program at NRL in the 90’s. The basic motivation for this new effort can be traced back to the first DTRA artificial radiation belt workshop at Stanford in 2009. Subsequent discussions then led to a formal proposal from UCLA that was submitted to DTRA (Grant Jones) in 2010, vigorously reviewed, and finally approved in 2011, with funding begun in 2012. An historical perspective of this development process was presented at a DTRA review last year. In this document we review and summarize the major achievements of the DTRA-sponsored UCLA HANE-laser experiment over the past eight years. Our purpose is to briefly describe the major achievements of this program, as documented in the included extensive list of journal publications [which does not include all the publications nor any of the many invited and contributed presentations of the UCLA group], the role of the national laboratories in this effort, and how this work has impacted (and will continue to improve) our understanding of high altitude nuclear events.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Hybrid modeling of the formation and structure of thin current sheets in the magnetotail

Hybrid simulations are used to investigate the formation of a thin current sheet inside the plasma sheet of a magnetotail-like configuration. The initial equilibrium is subjected to a driving electric field which is qualitatively similar to what would be expected from solar wind driving. As a result, a new current sheet with the thickness of approximately the ion inertial length is formed. The current density inside the current sheet region is supplied largely by the electrons. Ion acceleration in the cross-tail direction is absent as the driving electric field fails to penetrate into the equatorial region.

Hesse, Michael↗

Hot proton anisotropies and cool proton temperatures in the outer magnetosphere

The hot protons of the outer magnetosphere typically exhibit a temperature anistropy such that T(sub perp)/T(sub parallel) greater than 1, where perpendicular and parallel symbols denote directions relative to the background magnetic field. If this anisotrpy is sufficiently large, the electomagneitc proton cyclotron anistropy instability may be excited. This instability is studied using linear Vlasov theory and one-dimensional hybrid simulations for a homogeneous plasma model representative of conditions in the outer magnetosphere with a hot anisotropic proton component (denoted by subscript h) and a cool, initially isotropic proton component (subscript c). Linear theory yields an instability threshold condition on the hot proton temperature anistropy where as the simulations imply an upper bound on T(sub perp h)/T(sub parallel h); both the threshold and the upper bound have similar scaling with the maximum growth rate gamma (sub m), the parallel beta of the hot component, beta(sub parallel h), and the relative density of the hot component n(sub h)/n(sub e). An anlysis of plasma observations from the Los Alamos magnetospheric plasma analyzer (MPA) in geosynchronous orbits finds that the maximum value of the hot proton temperature anisotropy approximately satisfies the predicted scaling with beta(sub parallel h) and nu(sub h)/n(sub e) and yields the proportionality factor that quantifies this upper bound. The simulations are also used to examine the heating of the cool proton cyclotron instability. The simulations yield a scaling for the dimensionless late-time cool proton average temperature T(sub c)/T(sub parallel h) as (n(sub h)/n(sub e))/beta(sub parallel h exp 0.5). Analysis of MPA data shows that the observed values of T(sub c)/T(sub parallel h) have similar scaling and again yield the proportionality factor which quantifies this relationship.

Gary, S. Peter↗

The proton cyclotron instability and the anisotropy/B inverse correlation

Spacecraft observations in the strongly compressed subsolar magnetosheath show an inverse correlation between the proton temperature anistrophy (T(sub perpendicular to p)/T(sub parallel to p) greater than 1 where perpendicular to and parallel to denote directions perpendicular and parallel to the background magnetic field) and the parallel proton beta (beta(sub parallel to p). This manuscript uses one-dimensional hybrid simulations of the proton cyclotron anisotropy instability in homogeneous electron-proton plasmas to study this correlation which may represent a limited closure relation for fluid theories of anisotropic space plasmas. The emphasis is on driven simulation which increase the temperature anisotropy by periodically reducing the magnetic-field-aligned velocities of the protons. The late-time states from ensembles of both initial value and driven simulations yield very similar expressions for the proton anisotropy/beta(sub parallel to P) inverse correlation, and provide a basis for explaining differences between sheath observations from different spacecraft. The driven simulations also yield expressions for the maximum instability growth rate and the fluctuating field energy as functions of beta (sub parallel to p) and a parameter characterizing the anisotropy driver.

Gary, S. Peter↗

Kinetic simulation of plasma flows in the inner magnetosphere

A one-dimensional hybrid particle code is used to study the interactions between upflowing thermal ions from conjugate ionospheres. The simulation model allows for multiple species, convection of plasmaspheric flux tubes, and Coulomb self-collisions which conserve momentum and energy locally. The model incorporates a variable-flux boundary condition where the flux, at the boundaries, approaches zero as the plasmasphere fills and equilibrium conditions are reached. The effects of two important processes on plasmaspheric refilling have been considered. The first includes convection of the plasmaspheric flux tube. The second is the interaction of ionospheric thermal plasma and particle injection from an external source. Particle injection seems to play an important role in the evolution of the total particle distribution on the early timescales (t less than 1 hour); however, for late timescales (t larger than 8 days) the thermal plasma from the ionosphere dominates the particle distribution.

Miller, Ronald H.↗

Ion anisotropies in the magnetosheath

One- and two-dimensional initial value hybrid computer simulations are used with a magnetosheath parameter model to study the consequences of the growth of the mirror and ion cyclotron anisotropy instabilities. Magnetosheath observations have demonstrated inverse correlations between the proton and helium ion temperature anisotropies and the proton parallel beta. Using the maximum growth rate as a fitting pararamter, linear Vlasov instability theory for the proton cyclotron and helium cyclotron anisotropy instabilities reproduces both observed correlations. Furthermore, results from the asymptotic states of simulations of the ion cyclotron instabilities qualitatively reproduce both observations.

Gary, S. P.↗

Hybrid simulations of collisionless ion tearing

Ion tearing in a thin collisionless neutral sheet is investigated using hybrid (particle ion, massless fluid electron) simulations in which dissipation effects are included through a model of the full electron pressure tensor in which self-consistently generated anisotropies are reduced via an isotropization time factor. The linear growth rates and ion dynamics are in qualitative agreement with linear theory and one-component simulations. The reconnection rate increases with the isotropization time.

Hesse, Michael↗

Simulations of ion cyclotron anisotropy instabilities in the terrestrial magnetosheath

Enhanced transverse magnetic fluctuations observed below the proton cyclotron frequency in the terrestrial magnetosheath have been identified as due to the proton cyclotron and helium cyclotron instabilities driven by the T-perpendicular greater than T-parallel condition of the sheath ions. One-dimensional hybrid computer simulations are used here to examine the nonlinear properties of these two growing modes at relatively weak fluctuation energies and for wave vectors parallel to the background magnetic field. Second-order theory predicts fluctuating magnetic field energies at saturation of the proton cyclotron anisotropy instability in semiquantitative agreement with the simulation results. Introduction of the helium component enhances the wave-particle exchange rate for proton anisotropy reduction by that instability, thereby reducing the saturation energy of that mode. The simulations demonstrate that wave-particle interactions by the proton cyclotron and helium cyclotron instabilities lead to the anticorrelation observed by Anderson and Fuselier (1993).

Gary, S. P.↗

Ion cyclotron anisotropy instabilities in the magnetosheath - Theory and simulations

Second-order theory and 1D hybrid computer simulations are used to examine the nonlinear properties of proton and helium cyclotron anisotropy instabilities in the terrestrial magnetosheath at relatively weak fluctuations levels and at propagation parallel to the background magnetic field. The simulations confirm the second-order predictions that both instabilities yield efficient wave-particle interactions; the rate at which the driving species anisotropy is reduced is much greater than the rate at which that species loses kinetic energy. It is suggested that these instabilities should saturate at relatively low levels. An approximate expression is derived for the fluctuating field energy at saturation of the fastest growing modes, and it is found that it is in fair agreement with three computer simulations.

Gary, S. P.↗

A second-order theory for transverse ion heating and momentum coupling due to electrostatic ion cyclotron waves

A second-order theory for electrostatic instabilities driven by counterstreaming ion beams is developed which describes momentum coupling and heating of the plasma via wave-particle interactions. Exchange rates between the waves and particles are derived, which are suitable for the fluid equations simulating microscopic effects on macroscopic scales. Using a fully kinetic simulation, the electrostatic ion cyclotron instability due to counterstreaming H(+) beams has been simulated. A power spectrum from the kinetic simulation is used to evaluate second-order exchange rates. The calculated heating and momentum loss from second-order theory is compared to the numerical simulation.

Miller, Ronald H.↗

Correlation function ratios and the identification of space plasma instabilities

Wave-particle transport in a collisionless plasma is due to particle scattering by enhanced fluctuations associated with the growth of instabilities. In particular, relatively short wave-length kinetic instabilities are frequently invoked to explain many different types of plasma transport in space. Although there is an extensive theoretical and simulation literature describing the potential applications of many such instabilities, there are only a few cases of clear-cut identification of kinetic modes in space. The research described in this paper uses linear Vlasov dispersion theory to study correlation functions and dimensionless correlation function ratios for fluctuations or instabilities in three space plasma regimes. This research shows that both the compressibility and the parallel compressibility are likely to be useful in distinguishing modes in the magnetosheath as well as in the plasma sheet boundary layer and that helicity remains a useful identifier of electromagnetic ion/ion instabilities in the foreshock.

Gary, S. P.↗

The directional dependence of magnetic fluctuations generated by cometary ion pickup

The properties of low frequency magnetic fluctuations generated by cometary ion pickup are examined by means of one-dimensional hybrid simulations, in which newborn ions are created at a constant rate. The helicity and direction of propagation of magnetic fluctuations are investigated for various cometary ion injection angles, alpha, relative to the solar wind magnetic field. The parameter eta represents the relative contribution of wave energy density propagating in the direction away from the comet, parallel to the beam. For small (quasi-parallel) injection angles, alpha is about 0 deg and eta is of order unity, while for larger (quasi-perpendicular) angles, alpha is about 90 deg and eta is about 0.5. At intermediate angles, alpha is about 60 deg, eta can vary between 0 and 1, depending on the wave number. The wave properties are consistent with the instabilities expected from linear theory.

Miller, Ronald H.↗

Pitch angle scattering of cometary ions into monospherical and bispherical distributions

Low frequency magnetic fluctuations generated by solar wind/cometary ion distributions cause pitch-angle scattering of cometary ions. The nature of this pitch angle scattering is examined by means of one-dimensional hybrid simulations, in which newborn ions are created at a constant rate, and for various injection angles, alpha, relative to the magnetic field. Pitch angle scattering in the quasi-perpendicular regime (alpha above 60 deg) results in a bispherical velocity distribution while in the quasi-parallel regime (alpha between 0 and 60 deg), pitch angle scattering can result in either a monospherical or bispherical distribution, depending on the injection angle and initial beam velocity.

Miller, Ronald H.↗

Pitch-angle scattering of cometary ions - Computer simulations

The relationships between the rate of pitch-angle scattering induced by wave-particle interactions and two parameters, alpha, and the cometary ion interjection rate, Lambda-j, are studied with the aid of one-dimensional electromagnetic hybrid computer simulations of homogeneous plasmas. The simulations are done with relatively weak ion injection rates commensurate with those in the distant environment of the Comet Halley. In response to the linear temporal growth of the fluctuating magnetic field energy, the injected ions pitch-angle scatter toward isotropy in both the quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular regimes. For the injection of cometary oxygen ions, the simulations show pitch-angle scattering rates that increase as the square root of the injection rate. The oxygen ion pitch-angle scattering rates are roughly twice as large at perpendicular injection, again in qualitative agreement with observations.

Gary, S. P.↗