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Ye Zhang

Publications and source records attributed to Ye Zhang.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2024

Enhancing the Payload Development Process for Lunar Gateway and Lunar Surface Science & Exploration: Space Biology Beyond Low-Earth-Orbit Instrumentation and Science Series (BLISS) Science Working Group 2023-2024 Annual Report

Space biology BLEO research is inherently driven by the differences between the LEO and BLEO environments, which can be broadly characterized by the five-hazard “RIDGE” paradigm (Radiation, Isolation, Distance, Gravity, Environment, e.g., similar to Figure 2 in (1)). Thus, the envisioned goals over the next decade will include using the cislunar and lunar surface environments to (A) characterize deep-space environments including biological effects of radiation and other stressors, (B) gain experience from isolation of very small groups in very small enclosures, (C) learn to compensate for distance from Earth via in situ resource utilization (ISRU) and bioregenerative life support, (D) gain assurance that all aspects of deep-space exploration can proceed in altered or artificial gravity environments, (E) develop essential adaptation scenarios for the built (e.g., low pressure) and external (e.g., temperature extremes, dust) environments.

Biology↗
NASA NTRS2024

Designing Payload and Spaceflight Operations for Plants From Extreme 1 Terrestrial Environments

Terrestrial plants from the edges of the limits of life are likely to harbor genes that confer an advantage in deep space environments. These plants are seemingly capable of performing mission critical functions under prevailing deep space conditions while informing directed gene manipulation in target plant species. However, their adaptations to physiologically extreme habitats may hinder efficacy of routine laboratory techniques established for model plants. Here we present the development of Antarctic moss Ceratodon purpureus payload and flight operations for the ARTEMOSS experiment to the ISS astute of limited physical space and crew time. We demonstrate that the hydrophobic surface of Antarctic moss impedes chemical tissue fixation and precludes usage of RNAlater coupled with payload hardware deployed in standard plant spaceflight experiments. We show that deep-freezing the moss tissue on Petri plates provides adequate tissue fixation and allows for extraction of high-quality RNA suitable for gene expression profiling. We replaced hardware with stacks of Petri plates housing Antarctic moss and chemical fixation with deep-freeze in cryogenic GLACIER freezer. Our design can be translated to other plant species, expanding current techniques of experimentation with plants from extreme terrestrial environments aimed toward advancing human space exploration.

Agata K Zupanska↗
NASA NTRS2024

Impact of Simulated Microgravity on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation

Background Long term exposure to microgravity has adverse effects on human body such as bone loss. Due to the vital role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) in bone regeneration, studying MSC under microgravity conditions has been of interest during the past decade. However, high cost and limited access to space flight can dampen enthusiasm of researchers. Microgravity simulators provide a way to investigate the effects of microgravity in human physiology. Methods In this study, we compared MSC cultures under simulated microgravity using random positioning machine (RPM) and Gravite 3D simulators. Two culture durations, 1 week and 2 weeks, were selected for MSC cultures without media change. To evaluate impact of simulated microgravity on cell proliferation, cell counting was performed using trypan blue exclusion assay. Additionally, RNA samples and conditioned media were collected for further analysis. Results After 1 week and 2 weeks, no cell morphology change was observed from RPM and Gravite cultures compared to control. Notably, distinct lower cell confluence at the edge of the flasks on the RPM was observed, which could be caused by fluid sheer forces. MSCs cultured on both microgravity simulators showed decreased cell proliferation after 1-week culture. After 2-week culture, cells grown on the RPM showed no significant difference in cell proliferation compared with control while cells cultured on the Gravite bioreactor showed significantly enhanced MSC proliferation. Conclusion Type of microgravity simulator and duration of culture significantly affect MSC proliferation. Further investigation into how simulated microgravity influences MSC gene expression and cytokine secretion related to bone loss is currently on going in our lab.

Cuiping Zhang↗
NASA NTRS2024

Gene Expression of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Crew Members During Long-Duration Space Missions Indicate Dysregulation of Immunological and Cell Survival Mechanisms

Lymphocytes are naturally exposed to genotoxic stresses. DNA damage occurs during the entire lymphocyte’s life span and is induced mainly by reactive oxygen species (ROS), replication fork collapse, or telomere shortening during the immune response or intense cell proliferation phases. Strong evidence for the influence of immune function on DNA repair comes from studies of SCID disease. SCID mice not only have a deficient V(D)J recombination but are also unable to repair double strand breaks, leading to increased radiation sensitivity. The leukocytes’ transcriptome of 8 ISS crew members revels a dysregulated immune function and activation of cellular survival pathways in response to space environment. We have performed PCR analysis in peripheral mononuclear cells from the same crew members. A list of 62 genes were carefully selected addressing immunological and cell survival pathways. Differentially expressed genes indicated changes in chemokine receptor activity, chemokine binding, toll-like receptors, adhesion molecules and cellular response to DNA damage.

María Moreno-Villanueva↗
NASA NTRS2023

Space Biology Beyond LEO Instrumentation & Science Series Science Working Group 2022 Annual Report

Humans are poised to explore deep space: the realm of space beyond Earth's orbit. NASA will soon send humans back to the Moon with the Artemis program, and is developing programs to support crewed missions to Mars. Human exploration of such new environments demands fundamental research that can provide the knowledge necessary to ensure the safety of explorers and aid in the development of a sustainable presence in space. Accordingly, the Agency's Moon to Mars objectives1 include three goals in the area of Human Biological Sciences (HBS-1, -2, -3), with the aim to "Advance understanding of how biology responds to the environments of the Moon, Mars, and deep space to advance fundamental knowledge, support safe, productive human space missions and reduce risks for future exploration." Advancing this understanding is a task that is both complex-- comprising diverse organisms, processes, and methods-- and difficult-- because the very aspects of deep space that we strive to understand are the aspects that make it hard to conduct research in that environment. This report of the Beyond LEO Instrumentation & Science Series Science Working Group (BLISS-SWG) represents input from a group of scientists from diverse disciplines within the space biology research and engineering community on the nature of the science and technology that can be used to achieve those aims.

Space Biology↗
NASA NTRS2021

Space Biology Beyond LEO Instrumentation & Science Series - Science Working Group 2021 Annual Report

Human space exploration was never intended to stop within low Earth orbit (LEO). Although nearly all of biological research in space has taken place in LEO, on the Space Shuttle, International Space Station (ISS), and free-flyer CubeSat missions, NASA's recent shift in emphasis toward human exploration of the Moon and ultimately Mars necessitates a shift in the focus of its research in the biological sciences [1]. Specifically, in 2022 and beyond, the Division of Biological and Physical Sciences seeks to pivot toward a focus on Thriving In DEep Space (TIDES), furthering the fundamental research necessary for understanding risks and mitigation strategies for deep-space stressors on human crew, plants, and their microbiomes. This effort entails both research on model organisms to elucidate the molecular processes underlying the biological consequences of deep-space exposure, and research on the organisms that will be necessary companions to sustain life and facilitate resource utilization in long-duration missions.

R Craig Everroad↗
NASA NTRS2021

A Dedicated, Long Duration Balloon Mission from Antarctica to Measure the Effects of Low Dose Galactic Cosmic Radiation on Biology

Antarctic long duration balloon missions flown by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate (SMD)can be used as a surrogate for the deep space radiation environment, reducing the need to launch orbital experiments to assess the impact of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) on biology. To date, over fifty NASA balloon missions flown from Antarctica have carried scientific payloads from Astrophysics (APD) and Heliophysics (HPD)in SMD. Only two life science experiments have been flown from Antarctica, and both were ride-along (piggyback) opportunities, limiting the sophistication and types of model organisms that can be incorporated into studies. Herein, we argue for establishing a large, dedicated Antarctic balloon mission for the Biological and Physical Sciences (BPS) Division in SMD to be launched in 2029/2030, with an “omnibus” gondola carrying dozens of independent Space Biology payloads that would receive a sustained exposure to low dose rate GCRs for 30+ days. Our unprecedented, protracted radiation experiment cannot be done using ground-based simulation facilities or in space; it can only be achieved through an Antarctic balloon mission dedicated to BPS Division payloads. By providing more access to radiation research platforms through existing NASA SMD access to Antarctic balloon flight opportunities, the Space Biology community will be better positioned to address unknowns associated with low dose rate GCR exposures in long duration spaceflight.

David J Smith↗
NASA NTRS2021

Customized Science Carrier Modules and Accessories Developed for Microgravity Simulation Devices

Because the access to the true weightless environment of the ISS and other Low Earth Orbit (LEO) vehicles is limited and cost prohibitive, the need for ground-based microgravity simulation analogs to bridge the gravity continuum gap between 1g gravity and costly space flight studies with true weightlessness was realized. As such, the Microgravity Simulation Support Facility (MSSF) was established at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to fulfill the need of the scientific community. Our facility provides the US science community with a focal point in the field of gravitational research by granting access to an array of two-dimensional(2D) and three-dimensional (3D)clinostats, and Random Positioning Machine (RPM) platforms developed by teams throughout the world. The availability of these capabilities will allow further understanding the role of altered gravity vectors from “functional weightlessness”, partial gravity conditions (1 x 10-3to 0.9g, and Moon and Mars ‘g vectors), to hypergravity (up to3g) on biological processes. We have designed and 3D printed a variety of specialized attachments(and associated “static control” hardware)to allow researchers to mount their samples onto these microgravity simulation devices to meet their unique science requirements. A summary of each attachment module will be presented below. Note: All software or code information should be requested to the author Ye Zhang, Kennedy Space Center ye.zhang-1@nasa.gov

Ye Zhang↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Students Planting Research Of Use To Space (SPROUTS) Networking and Engagement of Interns at Kennedy Space Center

While Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has had summer interns in the life sciences for many years, beginning in 2016, the internship program was re-envisioned. Rather than having many interns in the summer with numerous innovative small projects created primarily for this purpose, the current model is to offer internship opportunities every semester (Spring, Summer, and Fall), so that research is continuous and sustained. Since 2016 we have had 64 internship opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students in the areas of space crop production and microgravity simulation support. Some students have participated in more than one opportunity, so 52 separate individuals have participated in this program. While interns primarily worked with individual mentors on a main project, most also worked on group projects with other interns or developed smaller secondary projects on their own initiative. In addition, all interns participated in a weekly Lunch, Learn, and Discuss seminar series where they were encouraged to present their research, learn from scientists at KSC, and engage with members of the space life sciences community. When the face-to-face spring internship of 2020 ended prematurely, we resumed the weekly seminar series as a virtual event, and this led to the concept of engaging former interns. Current and former interns were invited to participate in the on-going virtual series, and 46 asked to be included on the mailing list. Our current seminar series involves remote seminars or hosted discussions from contacts within and outside of the agency, and engages a large network of current scientists and former interns with an weekly participation averaging 40-50 people. Speakers include experts from industry, academia, and other space agencies working on topics of interest to KSC space life science researchers. In addition, this series has served as a brain trust and brainstorming mechanism for KSC scientists to invite and discuss new ideas and concepts. The advent of remote work and virtual platforms has allowed us to engage with interns in a new way that will continue as future interns are integrated into this network of individuals interested in space research. This work is funded by NASA’s Space Biology Program.

Internships↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Understanding the Impacts of Deep Space Environment on Crop Production

NASA’s goal of developing sustainable habitats to support long duration, deep space missions requires advanced science, technology, and engineering. Understanding the integrated, long-term effects of deep space environments on biological systems is needed. Sustainable habitats require the production of food and oxygen on site.

Bruce M Link↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Microbiological Analysis of Mizuna Grown in the Veggie Hardware to Define Critical Control Points and Ensure the Safety of Space Grown Crops

The Veggie facility on the International Space Station has been utilized as a “pick and eat” plant growth system to provide fresh produce for crew consumption. The VEG-04 experiments completed in 2019 examined the effect of red-rich and blue-rich light treatments on the growth of mizuna as well as harvest method and resulting yield. Analysis was performed on plant tissues and associated hardware to evaluate the influence of these experimental variables on the microbial population. VEG-04A plant pillows with pre-planted Mizuna mustard seeds were launched on SpaceX-16 in December 2018. The pillows were initiated, and a single 35-day harvest was performed. Veg 04B pillows were pre-planted with Mizuna seeds and launched on SpaceX-18 in July 2019, initiated and subsequently harvested at days 29, 43 and 58. The crew consumed approximately half of the produce, and the remainder was frozen and returned for analysis. Leaves, swabs, wicking material, substrate, and roots were processed and plated on media for the enumeration and isolation of bacteria and fungi. Isolated bacterial colonies were identified using Biolog Micro ID system or MicroSEQ16S rDNA sequencing technique. Fungal colonies were identified using the MicroSEQ D2 rDNA kit. Sample extracts were plated onto specialized media to identify Escherichia coli/coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. Results indicate that bacterial and fungal counts were higher in plants grown in red-rich lightin VEG-04A, while the opposite was true in the Veg-04B third harvest. Microbial counts increased with the repeated harvest method used in Veg-04B. These data support the understanding of environmental and horticultural practices that can affect the microbiological quality of space-grown produce grown and aid in identification of critical control points for the development of a hazard analysis critical control point plan for ISS-grown crops. This research was co-funded by the NASA’s Human Research Program and Space Biology.

Mary E Hummerick↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Students Planting Research Of Use To Space (SPROUTS) Networking and Engagement of Interns at Kennedy Space Center

Beginning in 2016, the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) internship program for life sciences was re-envisioned. Rather than hosting interns in the summer only with numerous innovative small projects, the current model is to offer internship opportunities every semester, so that research is continuous and sustained. Since 2016 we have had 64 internship opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students in space crop production and microgravity simulation. 52 separate individuals have participated in this program, with some participating in more than one term. While interns primarily worked with individual mentors on a main project, most also worked on group projects or developed smaller secondary projects on their own initiative. Additionally, interns participated in a weekly Lunch, Learn, and Discuss seminar series where they presented their research, learned from scientists at KSC, and engaged with members of the space life sciences community. When the face-to-face spring 2020 internship ended prematurely, the weekly seminar series continued as a virtual event, which led to the concept of engaging former interns. Current and former interns were invited to participate in the on-going virtual series, and 46 asked to be included on the mailing list. Our current seminar series involves remote seminars from contacts within and outside of the agency, and engages a large network of current scientists and former interns with weekly participation averaging ~40 people. Speakers include experts from industry, academia, and other space agencies working on topics of interest to KSC researchers. This series has also served as a brainstorming platform for KSC scientists to discuss new ideas and concepts and invite feedback. Remote work and virtual platforms have allowed engagement in a new way that will continue as future interns are integrated into this network of individuals interested in space research. This work is funded by NASA’s Space Biology Program.

Space Crop Production↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Testing of the Veggie Vegetable Production System on the International Space Station

The Veggie vegetable production system has been flying on the International Space Station since 2014, with a second Veggie chamber added in 2017. Veggie is a simple, low power, flexible platform for space plant cultivation. Since 2014, over a dozen crop cycles have been conducted in Veggie. Primarily leafy green crops have been grown, and many of these have been used to supplement the crew diet. Flowers were also grown, and the seeds returned produced viable progeny. In addition to the crop plants, Veggie has been used as a platform for model plants grown in Petri dishes or custom magenta jar chambers. Other used have included algal culture and an education seed germination experiment. Science in Veggie has focused on the plant microbiome, the chemistry and food safety of space-grown produce, the impacts of light quality on crop growth, and the behavioral health benefits of cultivating and eating space crops. Veggie is allowing testing and maturation of NASA’s early-stage space crop production research in a relevant environment, and the lessons that we are learning from this research are helping to shape future exploration scenarios. This research was funded by NASA Space Biology and NASA’s Human Research Program.

Veggie↗