Nonlinear dynamics experiments

Abstract

The goal of nonlinear dynamics experiments is to improve the understanding of single particle effects that increase the particle amplitude and lead to loss. Particle motion in storage rings is nearly conservative and for transverse dynamics the Hamiltonian in action angle variables (I{sub x},I{sub y},{phi}{sub x},{phi}{sub y}) near an isolated resonance k{nu}{sub x} + l{nu}{sub y} {approx} p is H = I{sub x}{nu}{sub x0} + I{sub y}{nu}{sub y0} + g(I{sub x}, I{sub y}) + h(I{sub x}, I{sub y})cos(k{phi}{sub x} + l{phi}{sub y} - p{theta}), (1) where k, l, p are integers, {theta} = 2{pi}s/L is the azimuth, and s and L are the path length and circumference respectively. The amplitude dependent tunes are given by {nu}{sub x,y}(I{sub x},I{sub y}) = {nu}{sub x0,y0} + {partial_derivative}g(I{sub x},I{sub y})/{partial_derivative}I{sub x,y} (2) and h(I{sub x},I{sub y}) is the resonance driving term (RDT). If the motion is governed by multiple resonances, h(I{sub x},I{sub y}) has to be replace by a series of terms. The particle motion is completely determined by the terms g and h, which can be calculated from higher order multipoles (Sec. ??), or obtained from simulations. Deviations from pure Hamiltonian motion occur due to synchrotron radiation damping (Sec. ??) in lepton or very high energy hadron rings, parameter variations, and diffusion processes such as residual gas and intrabeam scattering. The time scale of the non-Hamiltonian process determines the applicability of the Hamiltonian analysis. Transverse nonlinearities are introduced through sextupoles or higher order multipoles and magnetic field errors in dipoles and quadrupoles. Sextupoles can already drive all resonances. The beam-beam interaction and space charge also introduce nonlinear fields. Intentionally introduced nonlinearities are used to extract beam on a resonance or through capture in stable islands. Localization and minimization of nonlinearities in a ring is a general strategy to decrease emittance growth and increase the beam lifetime. The minimization of nonlinear effects can be done locally or globally. Except for resonant extraction, amplitude increase and particle loss is the result of chaotic particle motion. Large chaotic regions allow particles to increase their amplitudes, and ensures their ultimate loss. However, chaotic particles can, on average, still survive the time period of interest, i.e. the storage time. Nonlinear dynamics experiments aim to determine either the detuning and driving terms g and h directly, or their effect on other quantities. Nonlinear phenomena observed in experiments include phase space deformations and resonant islands in Poincare surfaces of section, nonlinear phase advances, amplitude detuning g, decoherence (Sec. ??), resonance driving terms h, smear, halo formation, echoes (Sec. ??), the tune response matrix, dynamic aperture (Sec. ??), emittance growth, and particle loss. Nonlinear experiments can also be done in the longitudinal plane.