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At least 181 records · Page 10

Relative susceptibility of titanium alloys to hot-salt stress-corrosion

Susceptibility of titanium alloys to hot-salt stress-corrosion cracking increased as follows: Ti-2Al-11Sn-5Zr-0.2Si(679), Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo(6242), Ti-6Al-4V(64), Ti-6Al-4V-3Co(643), Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V(811), and Ti-13V-11Cr-3A1(13-11-3). The Ti-5Al-6Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.25Si(5621S) alloy was both the least and most susceptible depending on heat treatment. Such rankings can be drastically altered by heat-to-heat and processing variations. Residual compressive stresses and cyclic exposures also reduce susceptibility to stress-corrosion. Simulated turbine-engine compressor environmental variables such as air velocity, pressure, dewpoint, salt concentration, and salt deposition temperature have only minor effects. Detection of substantial concentrations of hydrogen in all corroded alloys confirmed the existence of a hydrogen embrittlement mechanism.

Gray, H. R.↗

Effects of hot-salt stress corrosion on titanium alloys.

Susceptibility of titanium alloys to hot-salt stress-corrosion cracking increased as follows: Ti-2Al-11Sn-5Zr-1Mo-0.2Si (679), Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (6242), Ti-6Al-4V (64), Ti-6Al-4V-3Co (643), Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V (811), and Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al (13-11-3). The Ti-5Al-6Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.25Si (5621S) alloy was both the least and most susceptible, depending on heat treatment. Such rankings can be drastically altered by heat-to-heat variations and processing conditions. Residual compressive stresses reduce susceptibility to stress-corrosion. Detection of substantial concentrations of hydrogen in all corroded alloys confirmed the generality of a previously proposed hydrogen embrittlement mechanism.

Gray, H. R.↗

A fluid--structure interaction finite element analysis of pulsatile blood flow through a compliant stenotic artery

A new model is used to analyze the fully coupled problem of pulsatile blood flow through a compliant, axisymmetric stenotic artery using the finite element method. The model uses large displacement and large strain theory for the solid, and the full Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid. The effect of increasing area reduction on fluid dynamic and structural stresses is presented. Results show that pressure drop, peak wall shear stress, and maximum principal stress in the lesion all increase dramatically as the area reduction in the stenosis is increased from 51 to 89 percent. Further reductions in stenosis cross-sectional area, however, produce relatively little additional change in these parameters due to a concomitant reduction in flow rate caused by the losses in the constriction. Inner wall hoop stretch amplitude just distal to the stenosis also increases with increasing stenosis severity, as downstream pressures are reduced to a physiological minimum. The contraction of the artery distal to the stenosis generates a significant compressive stress on the downstream shoulder of the lesion. Dynamic narrowing of the stenosis is also seen, further augmenting area constriction at times of peak flow. Pressure drop results are found to compare well to an experimentally based theoretical curve, despite the assumption of laminar flow.

Non-NASA Center↗

Thermal Testing of High Performance: Thermal Barrier Coatings for Turbine Blades

A 350 micron thick 7 wt.% Y 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 (7YSZ) ceramic Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) was manufactured in an argon atmosphere and with a strictly controlled substrate temperature on flat IN 600 samples and on IN 100 aircraft turbine blades. This new atmosphere and temperature controlled spraying (ATCS) allows the reduction of the residual stresses and an improvement in the microstructure and in the mechanical properties of the coating. The good performance of these new TBC's was assessed in thermal fatigue and in thermal shock tests carried out in air at 1100°C and at 1280°C respectively. The oxidation rate of the metal-ceramic interface was measured at 1100°C. Failure of the TBC's was induced only by the deterioration (like oxidation, cracking, ...) of the uncoated parts of the samples, as testing temperature was too severe for the base metals. Spalling was thereafter driven by compressive stresses near the aluminum oxide layer at the metal-ceramic interface. The results of these tests underline the good quality of the ceramic coating manufactured by the new ATCS technology.

L Bertamini↗

Observation of radiation induced changes in stress and electrical properties in MOS devices

Strain measurements using X-ray diffraction were performed on irradiated commercial and radiation-hardened metal gate CMOS devices in addition to polysilicon gate NMOS devices. I-V curves were taken and V(ot) and V(it) were separated using the subthreshold slope method for all devices. A correlation has been shown to exist between physical strain relaxation and the electrical properties as a function of radiation dose and recovery. Data shown suggest that the physical response (strain relaxation) in the silicon at the oxide interface is a measure of the type of damage induced and the recovery mechanism. Postradiation measurements of Delta V(it) and Delta V(ot) taken immediately after irradiation support the conclusions of V. Zekeriya and T.-P. Ma (1983) and K. Kasama et al. (1986, 1987); compressive stress at the silicon/SiO2 interface does reduce radiation damage in the device.

Shaw, D. C.↗

Experimental Investigation at Mach Number 3.0 of the Effects of Thermal Stress and Buckling on the Flutter of Four-Bay Aluminum Alloy Panels with Length-Width Ratios of 10

Skin-stiffener aluminum alloy panels consisting of four bays, each bay having a length-width ratio of 10, were tested at a Mach number of 3.0 at dynamic pressures ranging from 1,500 psf to 5,000 psf and at stagnation temperatures from 300 F to 655 F. The panels were restrained by the supporting structure in such a manner that partial thermal expansion of the skins could occur in both the longitudinal and lateral directions. A boundary faired through the experimental flutter points consisted of a flat-panel portion, a buckled-panel portion, and a transition point at the intersection of the two boundaries. In the region where a panel must be flat when flutter occurs, an increase in panel skin temperature (or midplane compressive stress) makes the panel more susceptible to flutter. In the region where a panel must be buckled when flutter occurs, the flutter trend is reversed. This reversal in trend is attributed to the panel postbuckling behavior.

Dixon, Sidney C.↗

Determining stress states using dike swarms: The Lauma Dorsa example

Initial examination of the Magellan coverage of Venus has revealed between 150 and 300 large, radially lineated landforms distributed across the planet's surface. Where the lineaments have been examined in detail, the majority fail to exhibit signatures indicative of relief at or above the resolution of the radar; however, when the sense of topographic relief may be ascertained, the lineaments commonly appear as fissures or flat-floored trenches interpreted as graben. Individual lineaments can display graben, fissure, and zero relief behavior along their length, suggesting either that these differences are a function of the resolution of the radar, or that the morphological distinctions are real but somehow genetically linked. In many instances, radial lineaments exhibiting these characteristics are directly associated with surface volcanism, including flanking and terminal flows, superimposed shield domes and pit chains, and central, calderalike topographic lows. These observable characteristics, as well as theoretical studies and comparison with similar terrestrial features, have led to the working hypothesis that many of the radial fracture systems on Venus are the surface manifestation of subsurface dikes propagating laterally from a central magma source. If this interpretation is correct, studies of terrestrial dikes suggest that the lineament directions, with localized exceptions and barring subsequent deformation, should be perpendicular to the orientation of the least compressive stress at the time of their formation. To test this hypothesis, we briefly examine a radial fracture system (63.7 degrees N, 195 degrees E) located between two deformation belts in Vinmara Planitia, and verify that the lineaments to the east behave in the expected manner. We have also chosen this feature, however, because of its proximity to Lauma Dorsa to the west. On the basis of Venera 15/16 data, both compressional and extensional origins for this deformation belt have been proposed. By examining the stratigraphy and applying our interpretation that the fracture system is linked to the presence of subsurface dikes, we present an independent evaluation of the stress state associated with Lauma Dorsa, and thus contribute to the assessment of its origin.

Grosfils, Eric B.↗

Circuit measures hysteresis loop areas at 30 Hz

Analog circuit measures hysteresis loop areas as a function of time during fatigue testing of specimens subjected to sinusoidal tension-compression stresses at a frequency of Hz. When the sinusoidal stress signal is multiplied by the strain signal, the dc signal is proportional to hysteresis loop area.

Hoffman, C.↗

Material Properties Measurements for Selected Materials

Hugoniot equation of state measurements were made on Coconino sandstone, Vacaville basalt, Kaibab limestone, Mono Crater, pumice and Zelux (a polycarbonate resin) for pressures to 2 Mb. A single data point was obtained for fused quartz at 1.6 Mb. In addition to the hugoniot studies, the uniaxial compressive stress behavior of Vacaville basalt and Zelux was investigated at strain rates from about 10(exp -5)/sec to 10(exp 3)/second. The data presented include the stress - strain relations as a function of strain rate for these two materials.

Green, S. J.↗

A discrete variable approximation to minimum weight panel designs subject to a supersonic flutter-speed constraint.

A numerical technique is presented that determines the minimum-weight thickness distribution for a one-dimensional, simply supported panel subjected to a parallel supersonic flow on one side. An aeroelastic eigenvalue, which characterizes flutter speed, is held constant. The governing differential equations are approximated by sets of difference equations adjoined to the weight function via a penalty function. A conjugate gradient method then solves the resulting sequence of unconstrained minimization problems. Numerical results are obtained without imposing a minimum thickness constraint; the effect of constant inplane tensile and compressive stresses is also investigated.

Pierson, B. L.↗

Evaluation of feasibility of mapping seismically active faults in Alaska

The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 imagery is proving to be exceptionally useful in delineating structural features in Alaska which have never been recognized on the ground. Previously unmapped features such as seismically active faults and major structural lineaments are especially evident. Among the more significant results of this investigation is the discovery of an active strand of the Denali fault. The new fault has a history of scattered activity and was the scene of a magnitude 4.8 earthquake on October 1, 1972. Of greater significance is the disclosure of a large scale conjugate fracture system north of the Alaska Range. This fracture system appears to result from compressive stress radiating outward from around Mt. McKinley. One member of the system was the scene of a magnitude 6.5 earthquake in 1968. The potential value of ERTS-1 imagery to land use planning is reflected in the fact that this earthquake occurred within 10 km of the site which was proposed for the Rampart Dam, and the fault on which it occurred passes very near the proposed site for the bridge and oil pipeline crossing of the Yukon River.

Gedney, L. D.↗

Study of an experimental technique for application to structural dynamic problems

An experimental program was conducted to determine the feasibility of using subscale plastic models to determine the response of full-scale aerospace structural components to impulsive, pyrotechnic loadings. A monocoque cylinder was impulsively loaded around the circumference of one end, causing a compressive stress wave to propagate in the axial direction. The resulting structural responses of two configurations of the cylinder (with and without a cutout) were recorded by photoelasticity, strain gages, and accelerometers. A maximum dynamic stress concentration was photoelastically determined and the accelerations calculated from strain-gage data were in good agreement with those recorded by accelerometers. It is concluded that reliable, quantitative structural response data can be obtained by the experimental techniques described in this report.

Snell, R. F.↗

Some aspects of active tectonism in Alaska as seen on ERTS-1

ERTS-1 imagery is proving to be exceptionally useful in delineating structural features in Alaska which have never been recognized on the ground. Previously unmapped features such as seismically active faults and major structural lineaments are especially evident. Among the more significant results of this investigation is the discovery of an active strand of the Denali fault. The new fault has a history of scattered seismicity and was the scene of a magnitude 4.8 earthquake on October 1, 1972. Perhaps of greater significance is the disclosure of a large scale conjugate fracture system north of the Alaska Range. This fracture system appears to result from compressive stress radiating outward from around the outside of the great bend of the Alaska Range at Mt. McKinley.

Gedney, L. D.↗

Unsteady viscous effects in the flow over an oscillating surface

A theoretical model for the interaction of a turbulent boundary layer with an oscillating wavy surface over which a fluid is flowing is developed, with an application to wind-driven water waves and to panel flutter in low supersonic flow. A systematic methodology is developed to obtain the surface pressure distribution by considering separately the effects on the perturbed flow of a mean shear velocity profile, viscous stresses, the turbulent Reynolds stresses, compressibility, and three-dimensionality. The inviscid theory is applied to the wind-water wave problem by specializing to traveling-wave disturbances, and the pressure magnitude and phase shift as a function of the wave phase speed are computed for a logarithmic mean velocity profile and compared with inviscid theory and experiment. The results agree with experimental evidence for the stabilization of the panel motion due to the influence of the unsteady boundary layer.

Lerner, J. I.↗

Thermal fatigue behavior of T-111 and ASTAR 811C in ultrahigh vacuum

The thermal fatigue behavior of the tantalum alloys T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf) and ASTAR 811C (Ta-8W-1Re-0.7Hf-0.025C) has been evaluated using completely reversed push-pull fatigue tests conducted in ultrahigh vacuum with independently programmed temperature and strain cycles. Test results showed that cycling of the test temperature simultaneously with the mechanical strain in most cases significantly reduced the cycles to failure of both alloys compared to isothermal testing. Notched specimens had reduced lives under isothermal conditions, but the presence of a notch or use of a 1-h holdtime provided only a small further decrease in life for the temperature cycled tests. Compressive stress at the maximum temperature produced longer lives than tensile stress. ASTAR 811C was more fatigue resistant than T-111 isothermally and did not have as great a decrease in life with thermal cycling. Results are analyzed by partition of plastic strains into creep and creep-independent components and considering where each component was active in the hysteresis cycle.

Sheffler, K. D.↗

Strengthening silicon carbide by quenching

Quenching was used to form compressive surface layers in hot-pressed silicon carbide. The presence of the compressive stresses was verified by slotted rod tests. The slotted rod tip deflection was retained at temperatures to at least 1380 C, showing that the stresses are not relieved immediately at elevated temperatures. The flexural strength and impact resistance of specimens quenched from moderate temperatures (2000 C) were increased. Frequently, specimens quenched from higher temperatures were weakened by thermal shock damage.

Gruver, R. M.↗