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NASA NTRS2022

Precious Cargo: Transporting Contamination-Sensitive Instruments & Optics

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a multi-national program with instruments and hardware supplied by companies all over the world and numerous states in the United States. In order to transport larger assemblies, like the Optical Telescope Element / Integrated Science Instrument Module (OTIS), and ultimately JWST, the Space Telescope Transporter for Air, Road and Sea (STTARS) was designed and constructed. STTARS is a massive mobile cleanroom (longer than 2 semi-trailers) that provides an ISO class 7 payload environment while being transported by road, airborne and marine vehicles. Temperature, humidity, and particle counts are controlled and continuously tracked, with fallout and NVR witness samples placed in strategic locations for confirmation. Instruments or sensitive hardware were purged continuously during transport. STTARS has 5 main components: the upper tent frame, lower tent frame, pallet, strong back and lid. After transporting OTIS to Northrup Grumman (NG), STTARS was modified to increase its height to house the JWST Observatory on its voyage to French Guiana. This new configuration was designated Observatory STTARS (OSTTARS). OSTTARS was too tall to travel by C5 aircraft, so the trip to the launch site was made by ship. Through JWST’s land, air, and sea transports, STTARS and OSTTARS kept JWST hardware exceptionally clean and safe.

James Webb Space Telescope↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Precious Cargo: Transporting contamination-sensitive instruments & optics

James Webb Space Telescope↗

NASA NTRS2022

Wallops Flight Facility Integration and Testing Customer Handbook

The Wallops Integration and Testing Handbook is a guide for planning operations at Wallops testing facilities. It provides a summary of the capabilities and technical specifications of available facilities. This handbook prescribes the information to be provided by the user that will enable the integration and testing team to effectively plan for and support the facility user’s project. Note that each facility plans for availability based on current workloads/ mission schedules. For example, sounding rockets may have between 20 and 35 missions in work at one time. Also note that special training, such as cleanroom certification, electrostatic discharge (ESD) or confined space training may be required for entrance to some facilities.

Adam Hammoudi↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Biogeochemistry, Planetary Protection, and Astromaterials Curation: A Story of Environmental Microbiology at NASA

The astromaterials curation office at the NASA Johnson Space Center is responsible for curating and allocating all of the extraterrestrial samples collected by NASA. This includes lunar samples, meteorites, cometary material, asteroid samples and individual atoms of the solar wind. Some of these collections are susceptible to biological alteration by terrestrial microbes. I will describe the microbial monitoring of the clean rooms used to store these samples and the ecology we find therein. This research is helping NASA design better cleanrooms for even more sensitive samples like those currently being collected on Mars. I will also discuss our group’s research on improved identification methods, biological alteration of meteorites, and efforts to sample microbes on the outside of the International Space Station.

Aaron B. Regberg↗

NASA NTRS2022

Electrical Ground Support Equipment for the Sampling Caching System of the Mars 2020 Rover

In this work we describe in detail the architecture, design, testing and operation of the Electrical Ground Support Equipment (EGSE) “Blue Box” used to test and validate the Sampling Caching System (SCS) of the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. The Blue Box architecture is centered around COTS motor controllers and COTS input-output modules communicating over an EtherCAT bus. A custom, low-level safety subsystem ensures no harm can be done to the flight articles. The modular architecture of the EGSE reduces cost and complexity while expediting assembly time. The Blue Box drives the 19 actuators of the SCS which span the main robotic arm, the corer system, the internal sample handling arm, the sample tube sealing system and the gas dust removal tool; mimicking the Rover Motor Control Assembly (RMCA). Due to the limited availability of RMCA’s, the EGSE enabled and performed the bulk of testing activities for SCS. The majority of the SCS actuators are composed of a 3-phase DC brushless motors, hall sensors for commutation, dual resolvers for output angular measurement, brakes, heaters and platinum thermistors. Additionally, the EGSE read 12 strain gauges forming part of a force torque sensor, and switches used for external positioning references. Over the 3-year span of the V&V campaign for the SCS, over 32 EGSE systems were built, tested and deployed to test venues at JPL and externally. The EGSE tested several families of the SCS subsystem, ranging from engineering units, life test units and two flight units. Test venues that this EGSE supported included lab benches, ultra-clean cleanrooms, ATLO facilities, and thermal vacuum chambers. Together with the test software systems, SSDEV and SSDEV-ECAT, the Blue Box EGSE enabled the team to efficiently test flight hardware and flight software together. We go over the safety features and fault management techniques employed to protect flight hardware. The effects of the long, 50-feet, EGSE harnesses on motor performance, EMI, electrical noise, and motor control performance are explained. Mitigations to these unwanted effects, including shielding strategy and inductance compensation, are summarized. We go over an excerpt of notable anomalies that this EGSE suffered through its operation, along with investigations and resolutions. Lessons learned, areas of improvement as part of future work, and recommendations for future implementations for similar EGSE’s, are shared.

Levine, Dan↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

First Generation Parabolic Deformable Mirror for the ExoSpec Project

The Exoplanet Spectroscopy (ExoSpec) project links four different tasks at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to facilitate efficient imaging and characterization of exoplanets. One of the tasks is the development of parabolic deformable mirrors to improve on the current state-of-the-art wavefront sensing and control implementations that are baselined to have two high-actuator count flat deformable mirrors (DMs). The current baseline has two DMs at a considerable separation distance to effectively control both amplitude and phase aberrations. This significant separation poses packaging challenges to the direct imaging missions. We can mitigate this issue by making the off-axis imaging elements in the optical train controllable. Besides addressing the packaging challenges, this technique reduces the risk of having the entire coronagraph instrument’s performance depend on two high-actuator count DMs. Simulations show that making imaging elements deformable increases the overall controllable bandwidth - it would be possible to control wavefront aberrations up to 35% bandwidth over a 5 - 12 λ/D. GSFC has worked with a commercial vendor to produce a first-generation parabolic DM and built a testbed in an environmentally controlled cleanroom to experimentally demonstrate the use of a parabolic DM in a coronagraph instrument. This versatile testbed is designed to test different DM architectures and various low-order wavefront schemes. This provides us with a basis for comparison with different DM configurations —1) flat DM, 2) parabolic DMs, and 3) flat DM and parabolic DMs. In this paper, we will provide an update on our parabolic DM work.

Deformable Mirror↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Marshall 100-Meter X-ray Beamline

The Marshall 100-Meter X-ray Beamline is a user facility for x-ray and EUV optics and instrumentation calibration, located at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Also known as the Stray Light Test Facility, the Marshall-100 provides a range of focal plane detectors, x-ray sources, translation stages, cleanrooms, and high-vacuum level capability to the high-energy astrophysics community. Facility time is made available to Astronomy and Physics Research and Analysis (APRA) funded projects and is also available to the broader community upon request made to beamline management. The beamline has successfully been employed in the calibration of larger scope projects such as the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma Astronomical Roentgen Telescope X-ray Concentrator (ART-XC) telescope and the Small Explorer (SMEX) class Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) Space Telescope. Additionally, the Marshall-100 is instrumental in supporting testing related to MSFC’s high-angular resolution optics development program.

X-ray Beamline, Test Facility, X-ray Calibration↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Testing of the ISS’s Charcoal HEPA Integrated Particle Scrubber (CHIPS) Filters to Ascertain an Efficiency Curve and Most Penetrating Particle Size

High air quality is a top priority in hermetically sealed environments, such as the International Space Station (ISS). Aerosol particulate filtration on the ISS is achieved via 21 HEPA filters. Traditional HEPA filters have an efficiency of 99.97%, but HEPA filters aboard the ISS have been found to achieve 99.99% efficiency. This may be due to the flight-grade HEPA filters chosen or, less likely, that they are combined with activated charcoal filters for siloxane removal in a combination referred to as Charcoal HEPA Integrated Particle Scrubbers (CHIPS) filters. All filters have a Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS), but, until now, the MPPS and efficiency curve of the CHIPS filters was not known. The efficiency curve of the CHIPS filters was ascertained at NASA Glenn Research Center through standard salt crystal aerosolization. This method was selected over aerosolized oil droplets due to a desire to preserve the filter’s function for further testing. The CHIPS filters were tested as they are oriented on the ISS (activated charcoal filter followed by a flight-grade HEPA filter), with the HEPA portion alone, and with the activated charcoal portion alone. The results of this experiment are generally useful but can be especially useful for the microbiology and Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS). This is due to microbial contamination being a potential concern in the air revitalization systems on the ISS. Knowing the MMPS of the CHIPS filters, in conjunction with levels of airborne microbes, is useful for predicting which and how many microbes are likely to get through the HEPA filters that sit in the beginning of the ISS airstream. It may also be useful to other groups at NASA to know how many particulates are able to pass through high-efficiency filtration, and even for healthcare cleanrooms and other air purification pursuits.

A Nicolas Whitlock↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Experimental Verification of the Parabolic Deformable Mirror for the ExoSpec Project

For the Habitable Worlds Observatory, it is essential to broaden the controllable wavelength bandwidth for high-contrast imaging and spectroscopy to increase the exoEarth yield and characterization. The Parabolic Deformable Mirrors (PDM) under the NASA Headquarters directed ExoSpec Work package is specifically tailored to do so. We have successfully procured a generation 1 (Gen 1) PDM device and completed in-depth characterization of the device. This robust evaluation has become instrumental in informing subsequent stages of development, particularly in shaping the design and specifying requirements for the next generation, Gen2, PDM device. We have built a testbed in an environmentally controlled cleanroom to experimentally demonstrate the use of a parabolic DM in a coronagraph instrument as well an integral field spectrograph (IFS). This versatile testbed is designed to test different DM architectures, various low-order wavefront schemes, and a lenslet based IFS. This provides us with a basis for comparison with different DM configurations – 1) flat DM, 2) parabolic DMs, and 3) a flat DM and parabolic DMs. In this communication, we will discuss the testbed design and updates, parabolic DM characterization, Gen 2 requirement definitions, and different tests planned for the testbed.

Hari Subedi↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Experimental Verification of the Parabolic Deformable Mirror for the ExoSpec Project

For the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), it is essential to broaden the controllable wavelength bandwidth for high-contrast imaging and spectroscopy to increase the exoEarth yield and characterization. The Parabolic Deformable Mirrors (PDM) subpackage, under the NASA Headquarters-directed Exoplanet Spectroscopy (ExoSpec) Work Package, is specifically tailored to do so. We have successfully procured a first-generation (Gen 1) PDM device and completed in-depth characterization of the device. This robust evaluation has become instrumental in informing subsequent stages of development, particularly in shaping the design and specifying requirements for the next generation, Gen 2, PDM device. We have built a testbed in an environmentally controlled cleanroom to experimentally demonstrate the use of a PDM in a coronagraph instrument with an integral field spectrograph (IFS). This versatile testbed is designed to test different DM architectures, low-order wavefront sensing schemes, and a lenslet-based IFS. This provides us with a basis for comparison with different DM configurations: 1) flat DM, 2) PDMs, and 3) a flat DM and PDMs. In this communication, we will discuss the testbed design and updates, PDM characterization, and Gen 2 requirement definitions.

Hari B. Subedi↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

OSIRIS-REx Curation: The First Year with Bennu Samples on Earth

The OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security – Regolith Explorer) sample return capsule landed on the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR) on September 24, 2023. Preparations for the curation of the sample from asteroid Bennu inside of this capsule spanned more than a decade. On the morning of landing, the sample return capsule was brought to a temporary cleanroom at UTTR for initial de-integration and connection of the sample canister to a nitrogen gas purge to protect the sample from modification by the terrestrial atmosphere. In the week following landing, the sample canister was flown to Houston while on nitrogen purge, transferred to a nitrogen atmosphere glovebox at NASA Johnson Space Center in which the canister lid was removed revealing small amounts of sample on the inside of the canister lid and avionics deck, some of this sample was allocated rapidly to the mission sample analysis team as “quick look” samples. Next, the Touch-and-Go sample acquisition mechanism (TAGSAM) head was disassembled inside of a specially designed glovebox. A challenge arose during one of the last stages of disassembly when two fasteners resisted being loosened. The curation team was able to remove 70.3 grams of asteroid sample from the TAGSAM head with those fasteners in-place and began initial sample processing which supported long-term curation of hermetically sealed and frozen samples, transfer of some samples to remote storage, and allocation of aggregate samples to the mission sample analysis team. Meanwhile, curation engineers developed a tool to remove the stubborn fasteners without contaminating the remaining sample, enabling the remaining bulk sample to be transferred to long-term storage trays in January 2024. With this second part of the bulk sample, the returned bulk asteroid sample reached 121.6 grams. During disassembly and prior to sealing the bulk sample trays into long-term storage containers, archival photographs were collected. Select particles are gradually being XCT scanned while inside of containers that hold a nitrogen atmosphere. The initial OSIRIS-REx sample catalog was released in spring 2024 with an update in fall 2024. The curation team will be busy working to allocate samples to scientists around the world for the foreseeable future.

Curation↗

NASA NTRS2024

Lessons Learned from Particulate Characterization Laboratory Anomalies

The White Sands Test Facility chemistry laboratory provides quality control for cleanroom operations including cleanliness verification of aerospace hardware by particulate counts and non-volatile residue determinations, particulate counts for liquid hypergolic propellants, gaseous helium and nitrogen propellant pressurizing agents used for ground support equipment and flight test article valve actuation, gaseous oxygen primarily used for component testing, and deionized water for refurbished propellant hardware flushing. Cleanliness verification includes particulate counts and non-volatile residue determinations to industry standard, NASA, and program specifications and levels. Particulate counts are typically to customer-specified specifications and levels including JPR 5322.1H (2016) Levels 50 and 100, Orion (MPCV 70156. Revision H (2018)) Level 100, RPTSTD-8070-0001 Revision 3 (2022), and IEST-STD-CC1246E (2013) Levels 50 and 100. The laboratory issues high pressure filter holders containing membrane filters to test operations personnel, who collect samples by flowing the required volumes of fluid through the filter holder, and the filter holder is returned to the lab for counting. A passing particulate count is required before testing may proceed. Rapid data reduction and issuing of reports indicating a pass or fail of the particulate specification are required. Corrective action and resampling invariably occurs if a sample fails. Consequently, the laboratory must maintain the highest degree of reliability to facilitate quality data used to decide if testing may proceed. Experience and continual improvements have enabled reliability. However, anomalies attributed to lab processes and hardware including filter holders, membranes, and Petri dishes have been encountered. This paper presents a summary of problems, solutions, successes, and lessons learned from particle counting experience for over 35 years.

Lessons Learned↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Need for Earth-Based Experiments to Inform Microbial Evolution on Planetary Surfaces

Introduction: Historically, the focus of planetary protection at NASA has been on unmanned, robotic missions. Such missions have paved the way for understanding how to implement planetary protection in a feasible and cost-sensitive way. However, with the introduction of crewed missions to Mars in the not-sodistant future, there is a need to better define and understand how to implement planetary protection under new circumstances, as well as understand the risk of contaminating Mars. One unavoidable fact is that microbes will go where humans go. Therefore, it is critical to understand how these microbes may (and will) impact our ability to conduct meaningful, reliable astrobiological science. Microorganisms have spent millions of years evolving to survive in extreme environments here on Earth. Already there are indications that microbes aboard the International Space Station evolve and adapt to life in low earth orbit. The microbes that are eventually taken to Mars with humans will also adapt, potentially causing harmful effects to crew and/or the planetary or astrobiological science conducted. Therefore, it is of critical interest that we evaluate and characterize the potential risks of microbial evolution on Mars. It is expected that microbes carried by humans will begin to evolve to new environments even before landing on Mars, during the several month cruise phase. Once landed, microbes will encounter different stressors within the crew habitats on Mars. During extravehicular activities, venting, or other release events, microbes will find their way out onto the Martian surface. The induced environments around crewed systems will create potentially-favorable conditions for microbes to continue evolving on Mars. Eventually, microbes may find their way beyond the close confines of the crewed area and continue evolving so as to fill new or distant niches on the Martian surface. It is challenging to replicate Martian environments here on Earth, making it nearly impossible to predict the evolutionary changes that microbes would undergo on Mars. But this work is critical. Serial passaging experiments performed by Richard Lenski on E. coli show the dramatic changes microbes can undergo even within a laboratory setting. Furthermore, experiments performed by Michael Baym also demonstrate the power of single mutations in microbial development of antibiotic resistance [3]. Long duration experiments should be performed on a suite of microbes exposed to environments likely to be experienced on the Martian surface. While simulating space environments can be challenging, facilities exist that can achieve individual and combinatorial environmental conditions to simulate space and planetary conditions. Such chambers should be employed for microbial studies. Currently, at the Marshall Space Flight Center, we have used various stressors like drying, vacuum, proton radiation, and ultraviolet light both separately and in combination, to evaluate the survival of cleanroom microbes. Shockingly, several non-spore forming isolates have demonstrated the ability to survive many extreme conditions (manuscript in preparation). These short duration exposures must be augmented with larger and more gradual studies to replicate what microbes might experience in the transition from cruise, to surface habitats, to induced surface environments, and finally true Martian environments. While no Earth-based experiment can perfectly replicate the Martian environment, nor could we test every possible microbe in simulation experimental regimes, efforts should be made to examine the evolutionary potential of the “usual suspects” seen on the ISS or in other crewed environments to begin to fill this important knowledge gap.

Chelsi D. Cassilly↗

NASA NTRS2026

Adaptive Curation at NASA Johnson Space Center: Preparing for Artemis Samples by Leveraging Proven Practices and Innovative Solution

The proper curation of returned astromaterial samples is essential to ensure that high-quality scientific investigations can be conducted for decades, enabling future generations to address evolving research questions. The Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office at NASA Johnson Space Center (hereafter JSC Curation) is responsible for curating all of NASA’s extraterrestrial samples. Under the governing document, NASA Procedural Requirement (NPR) 7100.5 “Curation of Extraterrestrial Materials”, JSC Curation is charged with “The curation of all extraterrestrial material under NASA control, including future NASA missions.” The Directive goes on to define Curation as including “...documentation, preservation, preparation, and distribution of samples for research, education, and public outreach.” JSC Curation has a long-standing legacy of curating extraterrestrial materials, including but not limited to Apollo and Luna lunar samples, Genesis solar wind samples, Stardust comet samples, asteroid samples (Hayabusa1, Hayabusa2, and OSIRIS-REx), and Antarctic Meteorite samples from a variety of parent bodies. Building on this foundation, the Artemis program introduces new challenges and opportunities for sample curation, requiring both the application of proven practices and the development of innovative solutions. The Artemis Collection will be curated using established protocols refined through decades of experience with Apollo and subsequent sample collections, including but not limited to the utilization of cleanrooms, custom nitrogen gloveboxes, specialized storage containers and tools; all of which have strict material utilization and prohibition requirements. These practices provide a robust framework for contamination control, documentation, and long-term preservation. However, Artemis samples may present unique scientific and operational requirements, including enhanced contamination control measures (relative to Apollo) driven by evolving science objectives. To meet these needs, JSC Curation is actively developing new technologies and protocols that extend beyond traditional approaches, ensuring that the integrity of samples is maintained under increasingly stringent standards. One critical area of innovation is the development of cold sample curation capabilities. Certain Artemis samples, particularly those from Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) and cold environments, are expected to contain ices and volatile components that require preservation and handling at sub-zero or even cryogenic temperatures. JSC Curation is leveraging best practices from the cold and cryogenic sample industries, as well as other government agencies and academic experts, to design facilities and handling procedures that maintain sample integrity while enabling scientific access. The goal is to develop capabilities to allow researchers to investigate volatiles and other temperature-sensitive materials while minimizing chemical and physical alterations from their returned state. In summary, adaptive curation at JSC combines the reliability of proven methodologies with forward-looking innovations to meet the scientific and operational demands of Artemis. Through enhanced contamination control, advanced cold curation capabilities, and an understanding of known and evolving future science priorities, NASA is preparing to maximize the scientific return from Artemis samples and preserve their value for generations of researchers.

Andrea D Harrington↗

NASA NTRS2012

Bacterial, Achaeal, and Fungal Diversity of Spacecraft-Associated Surfaces

No abstract available

planetary protection↗

NASA NTRS2012

Survival of B. Horneckiae Spores Under Ground-simulated Space Conditions

To prevent forward contamination and maintain the scientific integrity of future life detection missions, it is important to characterize and attempt to eliminate terrestrial microorganisms associated with exploratory spacecraft and landing vehicles. Among the organisms isolated from spacecraft-associated habitats, spore-forming microbes are highly resistant to various physical and chemical conditions, which include ionizing and UV radiation, desiccation and oxidative stress, and the harsh environment of outer space or planetary surfaces. Recently a radiation resistant, spore forming bacterial isolate, Bacillus horneckiae, was isolated from a clean room of the Kennedy Space Center where the Phoenix spacecraft was assembled. The exceptionally high tolerance of extreme conditions demonstrated by sporeforming bacteria highlighted the need to assess the viability of these microbes in situ (in real) space. The proposed BOSS (Biofilm Organisms Surfing Space) project aims to understand the mechanisms by which biofilm forming organisms, such as B. horneckiae, will potentially be able to withstand harsh space conditions. As previously stated, the spore producing ability of these species gives them increased survivability to harsh conditions. Some of the spores will have the protective exosporium layer artificially removed before the test to determine if the existence of this layer significantly changes the survivability during the mission. In preparation for that experiment, we analyzed spores which were exposed during a ground simulation, the EXPOSE R2 Biofilm Organisms Surfing Space (BOSS). Previous to exposure, spores were deposited onto spacecraft grade aluminum coupons in a spore suspension calculated to contain between 10(exp 7) and 10(exp 8) spores. This precursor series will be used to establish a baseline survivability function for comparison with the future flight tests during EXPOSE-R. For each coupon, a 10% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film was applied and peeled from the coupon to recover the spores. One hundred μl of sterile 10% PVA was applied to the surface of the coupon and allowed to dry for 1 hour at 37 C. The films were then removed using sterile scalpel and forceps and placed into a glass test tube containing 2 milliliters of sterile deionized water. The PVA film process was then repeated on each coupon one additional time to ensure recovery of the majority of spores. The second PVA film was added in the same glass tube as in the previous round. If the spores remained 100% viable, the test tubes should now contain between 5 X 10(exp 6) and 5 X 10(exp 7) spores per millimeter; however, it is expected that some loss of viability has occurred. In order to assess this loss, the number of colony forming, viable spores was counted. To count the colony forming units (CFUs), the spore containing solution was diluted in a process of 10-fold serial dilution by mixing successive solutions in a 100 microliter spore suspension to 900 microliter deionized H2O ratio. A sample dilution series revealed that 10(exp -3) and 10(exp -4) concentrations would be necessary for an accurate CFU count to be taken. For those two concentrations, a spread on a TSA plate was prepared and incubated at 32 C. For the samples exposed to UV radiation, the cell survivability was too low to establish a count from 100 microliter spread plating. Instead, no dilutions were performed and the entire 2 milliliter spore suspension was plated and incubated at 32 C. The plate's CFU counts were taken at 24 hours and 48 hours from the time of plating. At the end of the CFU counting the total surviving spores in each sample were calculated based on the number of CFUs that were observed per 100 microliters, or per 2 milliliters for the UV irradiated samples. The results of these calculations are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

cleanroom↗

NASA NTRS2011

Technical Facilities Management, Loan Pool, and Calibration

My work at JPL for the SURF program began on June 11, 2012 with the Technical Facilities Management group (TFM). As well as TFM, I worked with Loan Pool and Metrology to help them out with various tasks. Unlike a lot of other interns, I did not have a specific project rather many different tasks to be completed over the course of the 10 weeks.The first task to be completed was to sort through old certification reports in 6 different boxes to locate reports that needed to be archived into a digital database. There were no reports within these boxes that needed to be archived but rather were to be shredded. The reports went back to the early 1980's and up to the early 2000's. I was looking for reports dated from 2002 to 2012

Technical Facilities Management group (TFM)↗

NASA NTRS1998

Interferometer Software Development at JPL: Using Software Engineering to Reduce Integration Headaches

This paper describes some of the software engineering practices that are being used by the Realtime Interferometer Control Systems Testbed (RICST) project at JPL to address integration and integratability issues.

interferometry↗