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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Statistical Analysis of the Limiting Dynamics of Two dimensional Boussinesq Turbulent Systems

In the current study, we investigate rotational and stratified turbulent systems within the framework of the Boussinesq equations. The effects of rotation and stratification give rise to a variety of dynamical regimes in atmospheric and oceanic turbulence. To develop a better understanding of the fundamental flow properties through a more straightforward mathematical framework, we commence our research with a simplified two-dimensional Boussinesq model that incorporates rotation and stratification effects. We explore two distinct limiting dynamics, considering pure rotation and pure stratification separately. We examine these intriguing dynamics through numerical investigations, applying the exact solution theory of Boussinesq equations and examining small-scale perturbations to the exact solution under rotation and stratification. We conduct an analysis of statistical quantities associated with the turbulent state variables. The results indicate that, under weak rotation at the equilibrium statistical state, the flow field exhibits vortex flow. However, strong rotation transforms the flow into vertical shear flow. We observe both downscale and upscale energy transfers with a decay rate of k −3 in the absence of external forcing and dissipation. Furthermore, we delve into the study of internal gravity wave mode interactions in the simplified two-dimensional Boussinesq system, which is a crucial aspect of geophysical turbulence due to gravity. Our findings reveal that the time series of the mode coefficients exhibit wave-like interactions between wave modes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics of CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 Perovskite Nanoclusters

Exciton dynamics of perovskite nanoclusters has been investigated for the first time using femtosecond transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy. The TA results show two photoinduced absorption signals at 420 and 461 nm and a photoinduced bleach (PB) signal at 448 nm. The analysis of the PB recovery kinetic decay and kinetic model uncovered multiple processes contributing to electron-hole recombination. The fast component (~8 ps) is attributed to vibrational relaxation within the initial excited state, and the medium component (~60 ps) is attributed to shallow carrier trapping. The slow component is attributed to deep carrier trapping from the initial conduction band edge (~666 ps) and the shallow trap state (~40 ps). The TRPL reveals longer time dynamics, with modeled lifetimes of 6.6 and 93 ns attributed to recombination through the deep trap state and direct band edge recombination, respectively. In conclusion, the significant role of exciton trapping processes in the dynamics indicates that these highly confined nanoclusters have defect-rich surfaces.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Catabolism of lignin-related methoxylated compounds in white-rot fungi utilizes non-canonical oxidoreductases

White-rot fungi (WRF) are the most effective lignin-degrading organisms in nature, making them essential to Earth’s carbon cycle. Lignin is a highly methoxylated, heterogeneous biopolymer derived from plants. However, the pathways WRF use to metabolize methoxylated aromatic monomericcompounds as carbon sources remain unidentified. Here, we employ a systems biology approach to elucidate the intracellular catabolism of vanillate – a monomethoxylated aromatic compound – in two white-rot fungi (WRF), Gelatoporia subvermispora and Trametes versicolor. We identified and biochemically validated a four-enzyme pathway that converts vanillate into ß-ketoadipate – a metabolite that enters central carbon metabolism. This pathway deviates from typical bacterial pathways, where vanillate is initially demethylated and ring-cleaved by intradiol dioxygenases; instead, oxidative decarboxylation occurs prior to ring cleavage by extradiol dioxygenases. Thus, we conducted an in-depth investigation of ring cleavage and further downstream catabolism by the identified fungal enzymes using biochemical and structural approaches. This revealed non-canonical enzymes, including a highly substrate-specific extradiol dioxygenase and a metal-free, promiscuous reductase, the latter capable of acting on catabolic intermediates derived from both methoxylated and non-methoxylated aromatic compounds. This work emphasizes the potential of WRF and their enzymes to advance lignin valorization and enhance our understanding of their role during wood decay.

dioxygenase↗
DOE OSTI2025

Deuteron Evaporation from N = Z Compound Nuclei

Deuteron evaporation was observed from the N = Z compound nuclei 52 Fe ⋆ , 56 Ni ⋆ , and 64 Ge ⋆ in an experiment conducted at Argonne National Laboratory, USA. The experiment included a novel combination of two highly pixelated double-sided Si-strip detectors inside the Microball chargedparticle detection array, allowing for unequivocal discrimination of evaporated deuterons from protons and α particles. In conjunction with the Gammasphere array, Neutron Shell, and additional ancillary detectors, decay paths into various residual nuclei were investigated. The study provides insights into the competition of deuteron vs. proton-neutron evaporation as a function of available excitation energy and populated angular momentum. Results are interpreted using a statistical evaporation formalism for multiple subsequent particle emissions. The decisive factor in the comparison appears to be the available excitation energy in the residual system, with single nucleon evaporation preferred over deuteron evaporation for higher excitation energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Impact of fire on chemical properties and respiration of boreal forest soils

We collected both organic-rich and sandy soil cores from 12 sites (site_location_and_texture.csv) within Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta, Canada. Laboratory burns were conducted by exposing intact soil cores to 60 kW m^-2 in a mass loss calorimeter to simulate boreal forest crown fires in order to measure the effects of burning (temp_data.csv) on soil properties including pH, total C, and total nitrogen (N) (metadata.csv). We used 70-day soil incubations and two-pool exponential decay models to characterize the impacts of burning and burn-induced changes in soil properties on soil respiration (soil_moisture_at_end_of_incubation.csv; soil_mass_at_end_of_incubation.csv; respiration_data.csv). Laboratory burns successfully captured a range of soil temperatures that were realistic for natural wildfire events.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Charge Carrier Lifetime Determination in Graded Absorber Solar Cells Using Time‐Resolved Photoluminescence Simulations and Measurements

Thin‐film photovoltaic device efficiencies are limited by carrier recombination, thus understanding recombination mechanisms is critical for performance improvements. Bulk minority carrier lifetime ( τ bulk ) is a critical parameter for solar cells but is difficult to determine in P–N junction devices, especially for high doping. As doping ≥10 16 cm −3 is required for efficient drift‐charge‐carrier‐collection devices, a method for τ bulk determination in doped P–N junction devices is necessary. This work utilizes time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) simulations to quantify bulk and interface recombination properties in highly doped, graded absorber CdSeTe structures. The two methods developed here for τ bulk determination include utilization of an instantaneous lifetime representation to guide TRPL fitting and direct comparison between measured and simulated decays. Simulations verified that both methods are valid for state‐of‐the‐art device architectures which include graded bandgap absorbers, graded doping, and graded lifetimes. Shifts in the dominant recombination mechanism are identified for sufficiently long τ bulk , where front and back interface quality plays a more prominent role. Evaluation of surface recombination velocities and conduction band offset illustrate electro‐optical advantages of a positive conduction band offset and highlight the necessity of improved interfaces as bulk quality in photovoltaic devices improves.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Commissioning a time-gated camera for fast neutron beamline spatial-energy characterization at LANSCE-WNR spallation source

An energy-resolved fast neutron beam imaging diagnostic has been successfully commissioned at the Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) spallation source within the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) facility. This diagnostic replaces the existing analog phosphor image plates, which integrate across all neutron energies, as well as other particles, with a near-real-time energy-sensitive imaging capability. The system uses a fast plastic scintillator coupled with an intensified CCD camera. Specifically, the Teledyne Pi-MAX4 camera is coupled with either a 4 mm thick Eljen (EJ) 204 or 228 plastic scintillator. These scintillators are most sensitive to the fast neutrons (0.8-800 MeV) directly from the spallation source rather than low energy background radiation. Experimentally, these plastic scintillators were shown to have sufficiently fast decay to differentiate the bright gamma flash from the spallation neutrons. The spatial resolution is dominated by neutron beam divergence, with minimal additional contributions from scatter and light divergence. The system successfully resolved changes in neutron beam characteristics caused by intentional proton steering variations. Additionally, simulations of scintillator light yield as a function of thickness conducted using PHITS (with Scinful-QMD package) found that increasing scintillator thickness from 4 mm to 6 or 8 mm could potentially increase brightness ~ 3x. This may be explored if there is a need to reduce image acquisition time from several minutes to under one minute.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

An investigation of the very rare ${K}^{+}\to {\pi}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu}$ decay

The NA62 experiment reports an investigation of the ${K}^{+}\to {\pi}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu}$ mode from a sample of ${K}^{+}$ decays collected in 2017 at the CERN SPS. The experiment has achieved a single event sensitivity of (0.389 ± 0.024) × 10 -10 , corresponding to 2.2 events assuming the Standard Model branching ratio of (8.4 ± 1.0) × 10 -11 . Two signal candidates are observed with an expected background of 1.5 events. Combined with the result of a similar analysis conducted by NA62 on a smaller data set recorded in 2016, the collaboration now reports an upper limit of 1.78 × 10 -10 for the ${K}^{+}\to {\pi}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu}$ branching ratio at 90% CL. This, together with the corresponding 68% CL measurement of (${0.48}_{-0.48}^{+0.72}$) × 10 -10 , are currently the most precise results worldwide, and are able to constrain some New Physics models that predict large enhancements still allowed by previous measurements.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

A heat and mass transfer model for evaluation of damaged cesium chloride radiological sources

Radiological sources are vital to many applications, and typically contain byproducts from waste streams which decay over time to form complex mixtures of elements. Daughter products resulting from these decay processes can introduce complicating factors to the integrity and safety of the vessel that contains the radiological material. Sources containing cesium 137 ( 137 Cs) are of particular interest, because the decay of this isotope produces barium metal which reacts readily and exothermically with oxygen. This work employs physics-based numerical tools to examine the thermal response of a radiological source containing a mixture of cesium and barium in the event that vessel walls are damaged and atmospheric gases contact source material. A parametric study was conducted to determine the sensitivity of the response to various factors, including vessel geometry, source material age, the degree of vessel damage, and other parameters. Here, it was found that the peak temperatures that occurred within the source material strongly depend on these parameters, particularly vessel geometry and age, which determine whether a breach would be a relatively minor accident or a catastrophic incident. Finally, the model’s sensitivity to uncertain thermophysical properties is discussed.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2021

Growth of Mesoscale Convective Systems in Observations and a Seasonal Convection-Permitting Simulation over Argentina

Abstract A 6.5-month, convection-permitting simulation is conducted over Argentina covering the Remote Sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations and Clouds, Aerosols, and Complex Terrain Interactions (RELAMPAGO-CACTI) field campaign and is compared with observations to evaluate mesoscale convective system (MCS) growth prediction. Observed and simulated MCSs are consistently identified, tracked, and separated into growth, mature, and decay stages using top-of-the-atmosphere infrared brightness temperature and surface rainfall. Simulated MCS number, lifetime, seasonal and diurnal cycles, and various cloud-shield characteristics including growth rate are similar to those observed. However, the simulation produces smaller rainfall areas, greater proportions of heavy rainfall, and faster system propagations. Rainfall area is significantly underestimated for long-lived MCSs but not for shorter-lived MCSs, and rain rates are always overestimated. These differences result from a combination of model and satellite retrieval biases, in which simulated MCS rain rates are shifted from light to heavy, while satellite-retrieved rainfall is too frequent relative to rain gauge estimates. However, the simulation reproduces satellite-retrieved MCS cloud-shield evolution well, supporting its usage to examine environmental controls on MCS growth. MCS initiation locations are associated with removal of convective inhibition more than maximized low-level moisture convergence or instability. Rapid growth is associated with a stronger upper-level jet (ULJ) and a deeper northwestern Argentinean low that causes a stronger northerly low-level jet (LLJ), increasing heat and moisture fluxes, low-level vertical wind shear, baroclinicity, and instability. Sustained growth corresponds to similar LLJ, baroclinicity, and instability conditions but is less sensitive to the ULJ, large-scale vertical motion, or low-level shear. Growth sustenance controls MCS maximum extent more than growth rate.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Semi-Annual Report for Horizontal Compact High Temperature Gas Reactor (HC-HTGR) Development during Performance Period April 2023 – September 2023

Horizontal Compact High Temperature Gas Reactor (HC-HTGR) is being designed by a multi-disciplinary team of nuclear, mechanical, and structural engineers under the support of a DOE-NE Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program’s Advanced Reactor Concepts-20 (ARC-20) award. The objective of this ARC-20 project is to deliver a conceptual design for the proposed HC-HTGR in 3 years and support its commercialization as a safe, low-cost HTGR. Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) is responsible for the design and analysis of the reactor cavity cooling system (RCCS) as a safety system for passive decay heat removal of the reactor concept. Additionally, Argonne is providing analysis of the primary coolant system to ensure temperatures within the core remain below safety margins during steady-state and potential accident scenarios. This fourth semi-annual report summarized the progress made at Argonne on the two tasks during the second half of FY23. As a part of the RCCS design task, recent efforts have been made to complete a conceptual design of the RCCS for the HC-HTGR, including the design update of the water panel and system configuration favorable in point of view of fabrication and system operation. Design calculations were conducted under various heat load conditions to validate the system design. Transient simulations using RELAP5-3D were conducted to investigate system dynamics under transients of interest and to evaluate the system performance in the design condition. The results demonstrated the overall system feasibility that the RCCS design maintains structures temperatures lower than maximum allowable temperature with sufficient system inventory without any active heat sink. In the primary system thermal hydraulics task, the preliminary analysis was performed for a long term pressurized conduction cooldown (PCC) transient. This analysis used a combination of a fully resolved and coarse homogenized mesh to predict the temperature distribution for the steady-state initial condition and the PCC transient. The steady-state initial condition was determined using a fully resolved full core model with 3D solid to 1D fluid coupling. The fully resolved mesh was also used to model the first 20 seconds of the PCC. The temperature difference between fuel pins and the graphite matrix becomes minimal and the dominant heat transfer shifts to a larger scale radially towards the RCCS. After 20 seconds, a homogenized coarse mesh is used, greatly reducing the computational costs of the model. These results demonstrate that the core is designed to passively remove enough decay heat in a protected loss of primary coolant flow to prevent an unsafe rise of core temperatures.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Vapor-Phase Intercalation of Cesium into Black Phosphorous

Cesium vapors were charged into black phosphorous (BP) flakes at varied times and at a temperature gradient of 150 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of these samples suggest a reduction in the strength of van der Waal interactions between BP layers leading to the loss of coherence of out-of-plane peaks. At the same time, the three main Raman modes of BP (A g 1 , B 2 g , and A g 2 ) steadily redshifted as exposure times were increased, with modes B 2 g and A g 2 shifting faster than A g 1 . After initial rapid downshifts of active BP phonon modes, this intercalation strategy showed its limits following prolonged exposure times. Saturation of BP flakes by Cs vapors ensued and the kinetics was fitted with an exponential decay function. Furthermore, the thermoelectric power (TEP) of cesiated BP exhibited an inversion in sign from positive to negative around 400 K, lending credence to the transformation of as-prepared BP which is a p-type semiconductor to an n-type equivalent due to Cs atom intercalation driven shifting of the Fermi level toward the conduction band of BP and the donation of electrons from Cs. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to delve deeper into understanding Cs intercalation on the structural evolution of BP.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Lagrangian perspective on tropical anvil cloud lifecycle in present and future climate

The evolution of tropical anvil clouds from their origin in deep convective cores to their slow decay determines the climatic effects of clouds in tropical convective regions. Despite the relevance of anvil clouds for climate and responses of clouds to global warming, processes dominating their evolution are not well understood. Currently available observational data reveal instantaneous snapshots of anvil cloud properties, but cannot provide a process-based perspective on anvil evolution. We therefore conduct simulations with the high resolution version of the Exascale Earth System Model in which we track mesoscale convective systems over the Tropical Western Pacific and compute trajectories that follow air parcels detrained from peaks of convective activity. With this approach we gain new insight into the anvil cloud evolution both in present day and future climate. Comparison with geostationary satellite data shows that the model is able to simulate maritime mesoscale convective systems reasonably well. Trajectory results indicate that anvil cloud lifetime is about 15 hours with no significant change in a warmer climate. The anvil ice mixing ratio is larger in a warmer climate due to a larger source of ice by detrainment and larger depositional growth leading to a more negative net cloud radiative effect along detrained trajectories. However, the increases in sources are counteracted by increases in sinks of ice, particularly snow formation and sedimentation. Furthermore, we find that the mean anvil cloud feedback along trajectories is positive and consistent with results from more traditional cloud feedback calculation methods.

climate, weather, mesocale cellular convection↗
DOE OSTI2023

Capacitive discharge in flash experiments: A discussion of the charged species

Abstract We report on the discharge of the capacitance formed at the electrodes in flash experiments with yttria stabilized zirconia. The experiments were carried out by disconnecting the current, and, instead, short circuiting the electrodes through a resistor. The time dependent voltage across the resistor was measured; the ratio yielded the discharge current. The current decayed exponentially with time, as expected in an RC circuit, which allowed the measurement of the capacitance. Experiments were carried out in two ways. In one case the specimens were flashed within a glove box filled with Ar (< 1 ppm O 2 ): these yielded electronic conductors. In the other case the specimens were flashed in ambient air: while electronically conducting in‐flash these specimens recover their prior insulating behavior as soon as the current is turned off. The stored charge was two orders of magnitude greater in the Ar experiments. Rather unexpectedly, the sign of the voltage expressed at the electrodes was opposite in experiments carried out in air and in Ar. The capacitance measured in the discharge experiments is attributed to the formation of space charge adjacent to the electrodes. In the case of Ar experiments, the capacitance is very large, approaching 1 F; in this case the space charge is expected to be constituted from ions. In the air experiments the specimen becomes insulating, trapping the electrons as a space charge. Hall effect measurements of the carrier density and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of electronically conducting single crystal specimen of cubic zirconia are reported.

Materials Science↗
DOE OSTI2021

Stabilized Lithium, Manganese-Rich Layered Cathode Materials Enabled by Integrating Co-Doping and Nanocoating

While lithium, manganese-rich (LMR) layered oxide cathode materials offer high energy density (>900 Wh kg –1 ) and low cost, LMR is susceptible to continuous capacity and voltage decay from the oxygen migration and side reaction with aqueous electrolyte at high voltage. Herein, the integration of Na/F co-doping (CD) and AlF 3 coating on LMR is achieved without the need of complex atomic layer deposition. Akin to pristine and CD samples, CD with 1 wt % AlF 3 (CD-1.0 wt %) shows excellent electrochemical performance with the capacity and voltage retentions of 93 and 91% after 150 cycles at 0.5C, respectively, and increased ionic conductivity. Spectroscopic analysis indicates that the coating mainly influences the Co distribution, where Co is enriched on the surface, and partial diffusion of Al 3+ ions toward the bulk, leading to a slight change of transition-metal (TM) valence states at the nanometer scale and the formation of a stable Li x (CoAl)O y phase. Post-cycling analysis reveals that CD-1.0 wt % can alleviate the formation of rock-salt structure and Mn dissolution. Besides, little to no metal segregation is detected for the cycled CD-1.0 wt % sample. This finding presents the first instance to apply co-doping and AlF 3 coating as a new strategy to enhance the structural homogeneity and takes another step toward their commercial viability.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Laser Crystallization and Dopant Activation of a-Si:H Carrier-Selective Layer in TOPCon Si Solar Cells

Herein, we present a pulsed-laser processing method for crystallization and dopant activation of a highly n-doped amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) carrier-selective layer in a tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) Si solar cell structure. Here, the laser method provides enhanced conductivity and implied open circuit voltage while reducing emitter saturation current density and surface heating, as opposed to conventional high-temperature furnace annealing of the bulk Si wafer with a TOPCon structure. We identify an appropriate laser wavelength, fluence, and layer thickness using modeling and simulations. Raman and Hall effect measurements demonstrate increased crystallinity and dopant activation, whereas photoconductive decay shows enhanced surface and interface passivation quality. Additionally, we examine the role of subsequent SiNx deposition on further improving the passivation of laser-processed TOPCon layers to achieve a 5.9 kΩ/sq film sheet resistance, 2 ms effective carrier lifetime, 718 mV implied open-circuit voltage (iVOC), and 8.6 fA/cm 2 one-side recombination current density (J0) with the potential for further passivation improvement via laser process and a-Si layer thickness optimization.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Status of ICARUS NUMI Interaction Cross-Section Analysis

The ICARUS experiment, utilizing Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) technology, has been installed at Fermilab in Chicago, Illinois, following its initial operation in Italy and subsequent refurbishment at CERN. ICARUS completed commissioning in June 2022. Currently, the experiment is in the phase of analyzing data from its two runs of physics data acquisition and gearing up for the third run. While its primary objective is to function as the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program (SBN), seeking sterile neutrino signatures, ICARUS also offers diverse physics capabilities, including searches beyond the standard model and measurements of cross-sections. In addition to being exposed to the common Booster Neutrino (BNB) beamline, ICARUS also receives off-axis neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) beam. Due to the off-axis angle between NuMI and ICARUS, coupled with contributions from both pion and kaon decays to neutrino fluxes, interactions of NuMI neutrinos within ICARUS can be detected over a range of several GeV in energy. These interactions present opportunities for crucial cross-section measurements and model tests within an energy range that overlaps both the SBN oscillation search and a portion of the DUNE spectrum. This poster presentation will delve into our efforts to conduct a muon-neutrino cross-section measurement, where the signal is defined by events with no pions produced in the final state of the interaction, along with some preliminary muon-neutrino inclusive measurements. Additionally, it will provide updates on the current status and future plans, including reconstruction, selection, and analysis procedures.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Time-Evolved Hetero-Alkali Interphases Enable Long-Life Sulfide-Based Anode-Free Solid-State Batteries

Sulfide-based anode-free solid-state batteries (AFSSBs) offer compelling advantages in terms of energy density and safety, yet their practical implementation is severely hindered by undesirable interfacial reactions between sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) and freshly plated lithium (Li), as well as non-uniform Li plating/stripping behavior. Herein, an effective interfacial stabilization strategy by incorporating sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI) additive into the Li5.4PS4.4Cl1.6 (LPSC) is investigated. Unlike conventional Li-based additives that form static passivation layers, NaFSI introduces a transient hetero-alkali chemistry that kinetically governs interphase evolution during fresh Li plating. NaFSI induces a timesequenced interphase evolution: an initial NaF/LiF-rich layer that suppresses early sulfide reduction, followed by a LiF/Li3N-rich layer that optimizes Li⁺ transport during repeated anode-free cycling. This evolved robust and fast ion conducting layer mitigates interfacial impedance growth, enhances Li + transport kinetics, and suppresses localized Li growth and filamentary shorting. As a result, the anode-free full cell with NaFSI modified LPSC as the interlayer exhibits an excellent cycling stability over 500 cycles at 0.2 C with a capacity retention of 77.6%, whereas the cell with bare LPSC suffers from rapid capacity decay after 100 cycles, retaining only 32.1% of its initial capacity. This work establishes dynamic heteroalkali additive chemistry as a general strategy to kinetically program solid-solid interphases, guiding the interface design in anode-free solid-state batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗