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2018 Innovation Summit: Weather Based Dynamic Line Rating with Computational Fluid Dynamics using INL’s General Line Ampacity State Solver (GLASS) software
2018 Innovation Summit Presentation: Weather Based Dynamic Line Rating with Computational Fluid Dynamics using INL’s General Line Ampacity State Solver (GLASS) software.
The Influence of Line Mixing on the j and k Dependencies of Halfwidths and Temperature Exponents in N2-broadening Coefficients of CH3F Spectral Lines
The N2-broadening halfwidths of CH 3 F in the ν 5 and ν 6 perpendicular bands have been calculated, along with their temperature exponents. These calculations utilize a modified and refined version of the Robert-Bonamy formalism, developed by the current authors within a semi-classical line shape framework. Extensive comparisons between the predicted halfwidths from the model and experimental measurements at 296 K and 183 K are presented. Our latest model accurately predicts the dependencies of the halfwidths on both the j and k quantum numbers. Furthermore, by extending our calculations to two additional temperatures, namely 240 K and 350 K, the temperature exponent N is determined for various sub-branches. The dependencies of N on j and k are analyzed, and theoretical explanations are provided to elucidate the predicted behaviors of N.
A new 3D Dirac nodal-line semi-metallic graphene monolith for lithium ion battery anode materials
Design of a new 3D Dirac nodal-line semi-metallic graphene monolith with potential for a high performance lithium ion battery anode material.
The effect of gradients at stagnation on K-shell x-ray line emission in high-current Ar gas-puff implosions
We report that argon gas puffs have produced 330 kJ ± 9% of x-ray radiation above 3 keV photon energy in fast z-pinch implosions, with remarkably reproducible K-shell spectra and power pulses. This reproducibility in x-ray production is particularly significant in light of the variations in instability evolution observed between experiments. Lastly, soft x-ray power measurements and K-shell line ratios from a time-resolved spectrum at peak x-ray power suggest that plasma gradients in these high-mass pinches may limit the K-shell radiating mass, K-shell power, and K-shell yield from high-current gas puffs.
Measuring correlated electronic and vibrational spectral dynamics using line shapes in two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy
Two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectroscopy is an experimental technique that shows great promise in its ability to provide detailed information concerning the interactions between the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom in molecular systems. The physical quantities 2DEV is particularly suited for measuring have not yet been fully determined, nor how these effects manifest in the spectra. In this work, we investigate the use of the center line slope of a peak in a 2DEV spectrum as a measure of both the dynamic and static correlations between the electronic and vibrational states of a dye molecule in solution. We show how this center line slope is directly related to the solvation correlation function for the vibrational degrees of freedom. We also demonstrate how the strength with which the vibration on the electronic excited state couples to its bath can be extracted from a set of 2DEV spectra. These analytical techniques are then applied to experimental data from the laser dye 3,3′-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide in deuterated chloroform, where we determine the lifetime of the correlation between the electronic transition frequency and the transition frequency for the backbone C = C stretch mode to be ∼1.7 ps. Furthermore, we find that on the electronic excited state, this mode couples to the bath ∼1.5 times more strongly than on the electronic ground state.
Is there a connection between broad absorption line quasars and narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies?
We consider whether broad absorption line quasars (BAL QSOs) and narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) are similar, as suggested by Brandt and Gallagher and Boroson. For this purpose, we constructed a sample of 11 BAL QSOs from existing Chandra and Swift observations. We found that BAL QSOs and NLS1s both operate at high Eddington ratios L/L{sub Edd}, although BAL QSOs have slightly lower L/L{sub Edd}. BAL QSOs and NLS1s in general have high Fe ii/Hβ and low [O iii]/Hβ ratios following the classic “Boroson and Green” eigenvector 1 relation. We also found that the mass accretion rates M-dot of BAL QSOs and NLS1s are more similar than previously thought, although some BAL QSOs exhibit extreme mass accretion rates of more than 10 M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}. These extreme mass accretion rates may suggest that the black holes in BAL QSOs are relativistically spinning. Black hole masses in BAL QSOs are a factor of 100 larger than NLS1s. From their location on a M−σ plot, we find that BAL QSOs contain fully developed black holes. Applying a principal component analysis to our sample, we find eigenvector 1 to correspond to the Eddington ratio L/L{sub Edd}, and eigenvector 2 to black hole mass.
The corona of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 390.3
We present the results from a joint Suzaku/NuSTAR broadband spectral analysis of 3C 390.3. The high quality data enables us to clearly separate the primary continuum from the reprocessed components allowing us to detect a high energy spectral cut-off (E{sub cut}=117{sub −14}{sup +18} keV), and to place constraints on the Comptonization parameters of the primary continuum for the first time. The hard over soft compactness is 69{sub −24}{sup +124} and the optical depth is 4.1{sub −3.6}{sup +0.5}, this leads to an electron temperature of 30{sub −8}{sup +32} keV. Expanding our study of the Comptonization spectrum to the optical/UV by studying the simultaneous Swift-UVOT data, we find indications that the compactness of the corona allows only a small fraction of the total UV/optical flux to be Comptonized. Our analysis of the reprocessed emission show that 3C 390.3 only has a small amount of reflection (R ∼ 0.3), and of that the vast majority is from distant neutral matter. However, we also discover a soft-X-ray excess in the source, which can be described by a weak ionized reflection component from the inner parts of the accretion disk. In addition to the backscattered emission, we also detect the highly ionized iron emission lines Fe xxv and Fe xxvi.
A 3.55 keV line from DM →a→γ: predictions for cool-core and non-cool-core clusters
We further study a scenario in which a 3.55 keV X-ray line arises from decay of dark matter to an axion-like particle (ALP), that subsequently converts to a photon in astrophysical magnetic fields. We perform numerical simulations of Gaussian random magnetic fields with radial scaling of the magnetic field magnitude with the electron density, for both cool-core 'Perseus' and non-cool-core 'Coma' electron density profiles. Using these, we quantitatively study the resulting signal strength and morphology for cool-core and non-cool-core clusters. Our study includes the effects of fields of view that cover only the central part of the cluster, the effects of offset pointings on the radial decline of signal strength and the effects of dividing clusters into annuli. We find good agreement with current data and make predictions for future analyses and observations.
Non-abelian dark matter solutions for Galactic gamma-ray excess and Perseus 3.5 keV X-ray line
We attempt to explain simultaneously the Galactic center gamma-ray excess and the 3.5 keV X-ray line from the Perseus cluster based on a class of non-abelian SU(2) DM models, in which the dark matter and an excited state comprise a “dark” SU(2) doublet. The non-abelian group kinetically mixes with the standard model gauge group via dimensions-5 operators. The dark matter particles annihilate into standard model fermions, followed by fragmentation and bremsstrahlung, and thus producing a continuous spectrum of gamma-rays. On the other hand, the dark matter particles can annihilate into a pair of excited states, each of which decays back into the dark matter particle and an X-ray photon, which has an energy equal to the mass difference between the dark matter and the excited state, which is set to be 3.5 keV. The large hierarchy between the required X-ray and γ-ray annihilation cross-sections can be achieved by a very small kinetic mixing between the SM and dark sector, which effectively suppresses the annihilation into the standard model fermions but not into the excited state.
3.55 keV line in minimal decaying dark matter scenarios
We investigate the possibility of reproducing the recently reported 3.55 keV line in some simple decaying dark matter scenarios. In all cases a keV scale decaying DM is coupled with a scalar field charged under SM gauge interactions and thus capable of pair production at the LHC. We will investigate how the demand of a DM lifetime compatible with the observed signal, combined with the requirement of the correct DM relic density through the freeze-in mechanism, impacts the prospects of observation at the LHC of the decays of the scalar field.
Search for gamma-ray lines towards galaxy clusters with the Fermi-LAT
We report on a search for monochromatic γ-ray features in the spectra of galaxy clusters observed by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Galaxy clusters are the largest structures in the Universe that are bound by dark matter (DM), making them an important testing ground for possible selfinteractions or decays of the DM particles. Monochromatic γ-ray lines provide a unique signature due to the absence of astrophysical backgrounds and are as such considered a smoking-gun signature for new physics. An unbinned joint likelihood analysis of the sixteen most promising clusters using five years of data at energies between 10 and 400 GeV revealed no significant features. For the case of self-annihilation, we set upper limits on the monochromatic velocity-averaged interaction cross section. These limits are compatible with those obtained from observations of the Galactic Center, albeit weaker due to the larger distance to the studied clusters.
Striking isotope effect on the metallization phase lines of liquid hydrogen and deuterium
Liquid atomic metallic hydrogen is the simplest, lightest, and most abundant of all liquid metals. The importance of nucleon motions or ion dynamics can be studied by comparing the metallization phase lines of the dissociative insulator-metal transitions of hydrogen and deuterium. We use static compression to study the optical properties of dense liquid metallic deuterium in the pressure region of 1.2–1.7 Mbars and measured temperatures up to ~3000 K. At the same pressure (density) for the two isotopes, the phase lines of this transition reveal a prominent isotopic shift of ~700 K. Furthermore, our paper shows the importance of quantum nuclear effects in the metallization transition and conduction properties in dense hydrogen isotopes at conditions of giant planetary interiors and provides an invaluable benchmark for ab initio calculations.
Beam Performance of the Positron Transport Line for CEBAF Positron Upgrade
The Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) at Jefferson Lab, formerly operated for the Free-Electron Laser program, has been proposed as the injector complex for the planned 12 GeV CEBAF positron upgrade (Ce+BAF), with an additional pathway to support a potential 22 GeV CEBAF electron upgrade. In this configuration, LERF would generate and pre-accelerate positrons to 123 MeV, matching the present injection energy into the North Linac. Due to the relatively large emittance expected from the positron source, a comprehensive acceptance study has been performed from LERF through the CEBAF recirculating linacs and beam transport lines to the experimental halls. The objective is to establish the positron phase-space acceptance and provide design feedback to the positron production and capture systems. Furthermore, given CEBAF’s capability to deliver highly polarized beams, spin-tracking simulations have been carried out including magnet imperfections, alignment errors, and synchrotron-radiation–induced energy spread. Particular attention is given to the evolution of the spin tune and the corresponding depolarization mechanisms along the beam delivery path, especially for providing longitudinal polarization at the experimental halls. These results inform injector design choices and assess the overall feasibility of delivering high-polarization positron beams in CEBAF.
Line Faults Classification Using Machine Learning on Three Phase Voltages Extracted from Large Dataset of PMU Measurements
An end-to-end supervised learning method is developed to classify transmission line faults in a twoyear field-recorded dataset that includes synchronized measurements of three-phase voltages recorded by 38 Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) sparsely located in in the US Western Grid interconnection. Statistical analysis is performed to extract features from this large dataset to train Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) classifiers initially. The training further leverages a simulated dataset from a synthetic grid with 12 PMUs to increase the number of faults of types infrequently seen in the field-recorded dataset. Training the classification models with the combined dataset resulted in a classification accuracy of 97.7%. This is a significant improvement over 89.7% to 92.5% accuracy obtained by relying on the field-recorded dataset alone.
FLASH SPECTROSCOPY: EMISSION LINES FROM THE IONIZED CIRCUMSTELLAR MATERIAL AROUND <10-DAY-OLD TYPE II SUPERNOVAE
Supernovae (SNe) embedded in dense circumstellar material (CSM) may show prominent emission lines in their early-time spectra (≤10 days after the explosion), owing to recombination of the CSM ionized by the shock-breakout flash. From such spectra (“flash spectroscopy”), we can measure various physical properties of the CSM, as well as the mass-loss rate of the progenitor during the year prior to its explosion. Searching through the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF and iPTF) SN spectroscopy databases from 2009 through 2014, we found 12 SNe II showing flash-ionized (FI) signatures in their first spectra. All are younger than 10 days. These events constitute 14% of all 84 SNe in our sample having a spectrum within 10 days from explosion, and 18% of SNe II observed at ages <5 days, thereby setting lower limits on the fraction of FI events. We classified as “blue/featureless” (BF) those events having a first spectrum that is similar to that of a blackbody, without any emission or absorption signatures. It is possible that some BF events had FI signatures at an earlier phase than observed, or that they lack dense CSM around the progenitor. Within 2 days after explosion, 8 out of 11 SNe in our sample are either BF events or show FI signatures. Interestingly, we found that 19 out of 21 SNe brighter than an absolute magnitude M{sub R} = −18.2 belong to the FI or BF groups, and that all FI events peaked above M{sub R} = −17.6 mag, significantly brighter than average SNe II.
Magnetar-powered Supernovae in Two Dimensions. II. Broad-line Supernovae Ic
Nascent neutron stars (NSs) with millisecond periods and magnetic fields in excess of 10{sup 16} Gauss can drive highly energetic and asymmetric explosions known as magnetar-powered supernovae. These exotic explosions are one theoretical interpretation for supernovae Ic-BL, which are sometimes associated with long gamma-ray bursts. Twisted magnetic field lines extract the rotational energy of the NS and release it as a disk wind or a jet with energies greater than 10{sup 52} erg over ∼20 s. What fraction of the energy of the central engine go into the wind and the jet remain unclear. We have performed two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of magnetar-powered supernovae (SNe) driven by disk winds and jets with the CASTRO code to investigate the effect of the central engine on nucleosynthetic yields, mixing, and light curves. We find that these explosions synthesize less than 0.05 M{sub ⊙} of {sup 56}Ni and that this mass is not very sensitive to central engine type. The morphology of the explosion can provide a powerful diagnostic of the properties of the central engine. In the absence of a circumstellar medium, these events are not very luminous, with peak bolometric magnitudes of M{sub b}∼−16.5 due to low {sup 56}Ni production.